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First candidate countries survey on working conditions (2001)

Thematic areas Structure of the workforce: Sector breakdown (NACE) Occupation (ISCO) Employment status: Employed and self-employed Types of contract (employees only) Gender Nature of work Health problems Physical risk factors Work organisation Time

Factsheet for Romania

Note: Figures shown for the Candidate Countries (CC) are drawn from the survey carried out in the CCs in the year 2001. Figures shown for the European Union (EU 15) are drawn from the Survey carried out in the 15 EU Member States in the year 2000.

1 STRUCTURE OF THE WORKFORCE

Table 1: Sector breakdown (NACE) (%)

NACE (Q.3)	Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Agriculture	45	18	5
Mining and quarrying and manufacturing	20	20	21
Electricity, gas and water supply	2	3	1
Construction	4	6	8
Wholesale and retail trade, repairs	8	11	15
Hotels and restaurants	1	4	4
Transportation and communication	5	7	6
Financial intermediation	1	3	3
Real estate and business activities	1	5	8
Public administration	4	7	8
Other services	9	18	22

Table 2: Occupation (ISCO) (%)

ISCO (Q.2a)	Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Legislators and managers	4	4	8
Professionals	20	9	13
Technicians	8	16	14
Clerks	8	8	14
Service and sales workers	12	13	13
Agriculture and fishery workers	10	7	4
Craft related trades workers	23	21	16
Plant and machine operators	6	9	9
Elementary occupations	8	12	9
Armed forces	2	1	1

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2 EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Table 3: Employed and self-employed (%)

	Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Employed	79	77	83
Self-employed	19	22	16
Other	2	1	1

Table 4: Types of contract (employees only) (%)

ISCO (Q.2a)	Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Unlimited contract	92	85	86
Fixed-term contract	3	11	10
Temporary agency contract	3	3	2
Other	2	1	2

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3 GENDER

Table 5: Female workers

	Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Percentage of female workers	47	47	42

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4 NATURE OF WORK

Table 6: Nature of work (%)

Question number		Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Q9.4*	Working with computers	7	12	19
Q9.7	Dealing directly with clients	36	36	43
Q19.1	Pace of work depending on colleagues	43	42	43
Q19.2	Pace of work depending on clients	53	58	69
Q19.3	Pace of work depending on numerical production targets	35	31	31
Q19.4	Pace of work depending on machines	24	20	20
Q19.5	Pace of work depending on direct control of a boss	45	38	32

*all the time or almost all of the time

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5 HEALTH PROBLEMS

Table 7: Health outcomes (%)

Question number		Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Q9.4	Health at risk	44	42	27
Q9.7	Stress	36	28	28
Q19.1	Backache	30	34	33
Q19.2	Muscular pains in neck and shoulder	19	23	23
Q19.3	Overall fatigue	42	41	23
Q19.4	Satisfied with working conditions	68	73	84
Q19.5	Not able or not willing to do the same job at 60	51	50	40

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6 PHYSICAL RISK FACTORS

Table 8: Physical factors (%)

Question number		Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Q8.2	Noise	28	34	29
Q8.6	Handling dangerous substances	13	14	16
Q9.2	Moving heavy loads	33	37	37
Q9.3	Repetitive movements	59	53	57
Q9.1	Painful positions	51	48	47

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7 WORK ORGANISATION

Table 9: Work organisation (%)

Question number		Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Q18.b.1	Working with high speed	64	61	56
Q18.b.2	Working to tight deadlines	61	57	60
Q21.4	Monotonous work	36	42	40
Q21.6	Learning new things	57	65	71
Q22.2	Not able to choose work methods	42	38	29
Q22.3	Not able to choose pace of work	29	28	30
Q23.5	Not enough time to do the job	17	17	21
Q26	Having received training over the last 12 months	12	24	31

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8 TIME

Table 10: Time (%)

Question number		Romania	CC 12	EU 15
Q11	Workers doing < 30 hours/week	13	10	16
	Workers doing > 45 hours/week	44	38	20
Q13.a	Night work	23	21	19
Q13.b	Evening work	47	45	46
Q13.c	Sunday work	38	36	27
Q13.d	Saturday work	68	61	52
Q14	Part-time work	9	7	17
Q15.a.4	Shift work	26	23	20