Place of work and working conditions
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Incidence of working away from workplace
EU level
One of the main sources of comparable EU-wide data on working away from the normal place of work is the Fourth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), 2005, which shows that only 50% of the working population in the EU work at their place of work all of the time and that a total of 21% never work at their workplace. Furthermore, 9% of workers always work in locations that are outside the home and the company premises, while 60% never do. Some 1% of workers always work at home with a personal computer (PC), while 84% never do, and 2% always work at home without a PC, while 79% never do.
According to data from the EWCS, only 2.07% of male and 2.1% of female respondents stated in 2005 that their main job involved working at home with a PC all or almost all of the time (Figure 1). A further 7.46% of men and 4.72% of women reported that their main job involved working at home with a PC for between one quarter and three quarters of the time.
Figure 1: Main job involves teleworking from home with PC (%)
Source: EWCS, 2005
Main job involves teleworking from home with PC
When respondents were asked whether their main job involved working at home, excluding telework, 2.24% of men and 3.93% of women stated that it did all or almost all of the time (Figure 2). A further 9.45% of men and 8.53% of women reported that it did between one quarter and three quarters of the time.
Figure 2: Main job involves working at home, excluding telework (%)
Source: EWCS, 2005
Main job involves working at home, excluding telework
National level
Measuring the incidence of working away from the place of work and comparing it across countries is problematic, due to different types of analyses used. A distinction also needs to be drawn between the incidence of full-time teleworking, which remains low in the majority of countries, and the incidence of part-time teleworking, which is usually more prevalent than full-time teleworking. Overall, it is clear that considerable variations emerge between the European countries examined in this survey.
According to the EWCS 2005, the incidence of working at home – both with a PC and not teleworking – varies substantially from country to country (Figure 3). The country with the highest number of respondents teleworking all or almost all of the time from home with a PC was the Czech Republic, at 9.11%, followed by Austria, at 5.05%, and Slovakia, at 4.97%. The countries with the lowest number of respondents teleworking all or almost all of the time from home with a PC were Bulgaria, at 0.17%, Romania, at 0.51%, and Portugal, at 0.55%.
The country with the highest number of respondents teleworking between one quarter and three quarters of the time from home with a PC was Estonia, at 12.92%, followed by Denmark, at 12.91%, and Latvia, at 11.35%. The countries with the lowest number of respondents teleworking between one quarter and three quarters of the time from home with a PC were Romania, at 1.48%, Portugal, at 1.53%, and Bulgaria, at 1.77%.
Figure 3: Main job involves teleworking from home with PC, by country
Source: EWCS, 2005
Main job involves teleworking from home with PC, by country
Respondents were also asked whether they worked at home, excluding teleworking (Figure 4). The country with the highest number of respondents who stated that they did such work all of the time or almost all of the time was Ireland, at 5.2%, followed by Belgium, at 5.07%, and Finland, at 4.83%. The countries with the lowest number of respondents who reported that they did such work all or almost all of the time were Portugal, at 0.32%, Malta, at 1.10%, and Latvia, at 1.16%.
The country with the highest number of respondents citing that they worked at home, excluding teleworking, for between one quarter and three quarters of the time was Belgium, at 14.32%, followed by the Netherlands, at 13.3%, and Denmark, at 11.46%. The countries with the lowest number of respondents stating that they worked at home excluding teleworking for between one quarter and three quarters of the time were Bulgaria, at 1.91%, Portugal, at 1.95%, and Malta, at 2.95%.
Figure 4: Main job involves working at home, excluding telework, by country
Source: EWCS, 2005
Main job involves working at home, excluding telework, by country
The national correspondents of the European Working Conditions Observatory (EWCS) contributing to this comparative analysis on place of work also provided data where possible. In some countries, such as Austria, the incidence of working away from the normal place of work is relatively low: only around 1.6% of all employees and self-employed people work from home on a PC for at least eight hours a week, transmitting their work to the company by data transmission lines, telephone and fax. In the Czech Republic too, working away from the place of work in the case of workers who are normally office-based remains the exception. In Belgium, according to data based on commuting patterns, around 83% of employees work most of the time at their employer’s place of work. Of the remaining 17%, it may be presumed that most employees work at external locations or on the road, while a small proportion may work at home. In Hungary and Italy, the incidence of working at home is also low, at 2% and 2.2%, respectively.
Nevertheless, the incidence of working at home is higher in some countries. For example, in Finland in 2003, some 31% of employees worked at home at least occasionally or partly. However, only 15% of Finnish employees worked solely at home. In Denmark, 24% of employees work usually or sometimes from home while, in the Netherlands, 23% of employees carry out part of their job at home. In Estonia, 9.4% of employees worked at home in 2005, and 5.4% of employees teleworked. In France, 7% of workers are estimated to be teleworkers.
Sector
In terms of sector, employees working away from the normal place of work tend to be concentrated in certain sectors. These include the construction sector, agriculture, home care (care of elderly or sick people), real estate and transport. In terms of people who telework or work from home, a large number tend to work in the IT, financial or business and services sectors, where access to IT is high.
The results of the EWCS 2005 largely support these findings, showing that people were most likely to telework with a PC in their main job all or almost all of the time in the real estate sector, at 5.03%, followed by the financial services sector, at 3.89%. People were most likely to telework with a PC in their main job between one quarter and three quarters of the time in real estate (14.16%) and education (12.37%).
The sectors where people were the least likely to telework with a PC in their main job all or almost all of the time were agriculture and fishing, at 0.38%, and hotels and restaurants, at 0.65%. The sectors where people were the least likely to telework with a PC in their main job between one quarter and three quarters of the time were agriculture and fishing (1.57%) and electricity, gas and water supply (3.2%).
Gender
In terms of gender, in the majority of countries where data were available, men were slightly or considerably more likely than women to telework or work at home. The exceptions to this – where women were more likely than men to work at home or to telework – were the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, Slovenia and Spain. In Germany, according to micro census data from 2005, full-time women were slightly more likely to work mainly from home (1.92% compared with 1.4%), although full-time men were slightly more likely to work sometimes from home (7.67% compared with 6.8%).
Age
In terms of age, a very mixed picture emerges. In some countries, there appears to be a concentration of teleworkers and homeworkers in the middle age groups (30 to 44 years), with the incidence declining with age. This is the case in Austria, Slovakia and also in Finland and the Netherlands (35–44 year age group). In Spain, the vast majority (87%) of teleworkers are in the 25–40 year age group.
However, in some countries, such as Bulgaria, teleworkers tend to be younger, in the under-35 year age group.
Conversely, in some countries, older workers – those aged 55 to 65 years – are more likely to work at home, possibly as a result of initiatives to promote the inclusion of older age groups. For example, older workers are more likely to work at home in the Czech Republic. In Estonia too, the incidence of working at home appears to increase with age. In Greece, the incidence of working at home increases with age in the case of men, but peaks in the 30–44 year age group in the case of women. In Romania, workers over the age of 50 years are most likely to work away from the normal place of work. In the UK, teleworking is more common – and is growing at a faster rate – among workers aged over 50 years and is least common among workers aged less than 24 years.
Educational level
In the majority of countries, teleworkers and people working at home are more likely to be educated to a comparatively high level and are commonly managers and professionals. In Estonia, workers with tertiary education are more likely to telework. In the Netherlands, Spain and Slovakia, it has been found that the incidence of teleworking increases according to educational level.
Nevertheless, in Germany, the majority of workers working in multi-locational jobs do not have an academic degree, according to 2002 data.
Workers who work in the manufacturing sector and perform manual work at home tend to have lower educational levels. For example, in the Czech Republic, low levels of education are prevalent in the case of women who perform small-scale manual work from home.
Occupation
In terms of white-collar homeworkers and teleworkers, this category overlaps to some extent with the previous category of educational level. Using the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), in general, senior managers, managers and professionals are more likely to work at home and to telework than other occupational categories of worker are.
In terms of employee status – that is, being an employee or self-employed – a mixed picture emerges across the countries studied. In Austria, employees are more likely to telework, whereas in countries such as the UK, Denmark, Bulgaria and Estonia, teleworkers are more likely to be self-employed.
According to data from the EWCS 2005, professionals were most likely to telework at home using a PC all or almost all of the time (4.43%), followed by legislators, senior officials and managers (3.3%). Professionals were also most likely to telework at home using a PC between one quarter and three quarters of the time (14.61%), followed by legislators, senior officials and managers (12.21%).
The types of employees least likely to telework at home using a PC all or almost all of the time were those in elementary occupations (0.43%), followed by plant and machine operators and assemblers (0.54%). The types of employees least likely to telework at home using a PC for between one quarter and three quarters of the time were skilled agriculture and fishery workers (0.73%), followed by plant and machine operators and assemblers (1.73%).
Trends
Evidence suggests that the incidence of working away from the place of work and of teleworking is increasing. In percentage terms, workers are more likely to work away from the workplace than they are to telework.
In Austria, the number of teleworkers rose from 21,800 personnel in 1997 to 57,800 in 2000, defined as those who work at least eight hours a week from home on a PC. In Portugal, the incidence of teleworking increased from 0.6% of the working population in 1994 to 2.2% by 1998–1999. In the UK, the proportion of teleworkers (defined as those who work mainly in their own home or mainly in different places using home as a base, who use both a telephone and a computer to carry out their work at home) rose from 4% of the workforce in 1997 to 8% in 2005.
In terms of homeworking, in Denmark, the number of employees working from home increased from 20% to 24% between 2000 and 2005, according to Statistics Denmark (Danmarks Statistik). Likewise, in Finland, the proportion of employees working at home at least occasionally or partly increased from 26% in 1990 to 31% in 1997, remaining at 31% in 2003.
In the new EU Member States, working away from the main workplace has increased over the past decade, following restructuring and the development of the IT and services sectors. This has been the case in Hungary since the early 1990s, with the proportion of people working at premises other than the company premises increasing from 1.3% in 2002 to 2% by 2004. In Poland, although no accurate data are available, the incidence of working away from the workplace is estimated to have increased significantly over the past decade.
In some countries, however, the trend has been downward. In Germany, according to a 2002 study, the percentage of workers working away from the employer’s premises declined from 6% in 1993 to 3% in 1997 in western Germany and from 8% to 5% in eastern Germany.
The following table summarises data on the incidence of working away from the place of work. The level of detail of the data varies from country to country, resulting in some blank boxes. The date of surveys referred to also varies, as do national measures and definitions of what constitutes workers who work away from the workplace.
| Incidence | Main sectors | Gender | Age | Educational level | Employment status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT | 1.6% of all employees and self-employed people (those teleworking for at least eight hours a week) | Services sector (75%–80%). 21% of services-sector workers telework for at least eight hours a week | 76.8% male and 23.2% female (those teleworking for at least eight hours a week) | More than 50% of all teleworkers are aged between 30 and 44 years. The share of teleworkers decreases with age | Two thirds of all teleworkers have either a high school diploma or a college or university degree | 74% of those teleworking for at least eight hours a week are employees |
| BE | 83% of employees work most of the time at the employer’s premises. 10% of the workforce is engaged in telework | Construction industry, home care workers, temporary workers and those performing telework | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| BG | Data not available | Accounting services to small and micro-enterprises (8%), researchers (12%), software development specialists (30%) | Data not available | Most teleworking takes place among the 18–35 year age group | Data not available | Teleworking and working away from the workplace is particularly prevalent among self-employed people such as analysts, freelance architects, translators and journalists |
| CY | In 2005, 2,620 people usually worked from home, 548 people sometimes worked from home and the majority, 344,863, never worked from home | The highest incidences of people working from home in 2005 were found in manufacturing, wholesale, retail trade and repair, services, and real estate and business activities. In addition, an increase has been found over the past five years in the number of physical therapists, occupational therapists and accountants working away from the workplace | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| CZ | According to data from 2001, 4.7% of employees worked from home, 4% combined working from home with working elsewhere, 41% worked within a different locality to which they commute, 0.3% worked abroad and 5.1% worked in differing places | Working away from the workplace is most common in sectors such as real estate, wholesale and retail trade, and financial services (excluding insurance and pensions) | According to data from 2001, 4.6% of men and 4.9% of women worked from home | Working at home was most common in the 55–65 year age group (6% according to 2001 data), followed by the 25–34 year age group (5.5%). The incidence of those combining working at home and elsewhere was 5.1% in the 55–65 year age group and 5% in the 35–44 year age group | Low levels of education are prevalent in the case of women who perform small-scale manual work from home. Specialists and managers who work from home have higher levels of education | According to the PriceWaterhouseCoopers PayWell survey 2005, specialists in 15% of enterprises could combine work in the office with work from home. This fell to 13% of companies in the case of senior managers and 10% in the case of middle management and sales staff |
| DE | In total, 31.8% of employees in Germany are mobile workers, spending some paid working time away from their company’s premises. 16.3% of employees spend more than 10 hours of paid working time per week away from their company’s premises and 5.7% are mobile teleworkers (2002 data) | Working at home is most prevalent in the community, social and personal services sector (3.3% work mainly at home and 13% sometimes at home). In the real estate, renting and business activities sector, 2.5% work mainly at home and 11% sometimes at home (2005 figures) | According to micro census data from 2005, full-time women are slightly more likely to work mainly from home (1.92% compared with 1.4% for men), although full-time men are slightly more likely to work sometimes from home (7.67% compared with 6.8% for women). Female civil servants are most likely to work from home (9.3% mainly and 35.2% sometimes) | Data not available | The majority of workers working in multi-locational jobs do not have an academic degree, according to 2002 data | Civil servants are most likely to work at home (6.2% mainly and 24.2% sometimes). 2% of white-collar workers work mainly at home and 8.1% sometimes at home, while 0.8% of blue-collar workers work mainly at home and 0.4% sometimes at home |
| DK | 24% of employees worked usually or sometimes from home in 2005, according to the Danish labour force survey | Working from home is most prevalent in the education and research sector (38%) | The labour force survey shows that men are far more likely to work from home, although a different survey (DWECS 2000, DK0312SR01) shows that women were slightly more likely than men to work at home | Data not available | Working from home is particularly prevalent among professionals, teachers and managers. Around 60% of these employees state that they work from home, compared with only 6% of employees with vocational or no education | Working from home is most widespread among primary and lower secondary school teachers, followed by self-employed workers in services |
| EE | 9.4% of employees worked at home in 2005, and 5.4% of employees teleworked, according to the Estonian labour force survey | The highest incidence of working at home is in the education sector (18.6% in 2005). The highest incidence of teleworking is in the real estate, renting and business activities sector (11.7% in 2004) | Overall, men are slightly more likely than women to work at home (9.9% of all employees compared with 9.8% for men). However, female employees are more likely to work at home (7.4% compared with 5.9% for male employees). Men are more likely to telework than women are (5.3% compared with 3.3% in 2004) | The incidence of working at home appears to increase with age – 6.8% in the 15–24 year age group, 10.2% in the 25–54 year age group and 10.3% in the 55–74 year age group | Workers with tertiary education were more likely to telework, at 7.5%, according to the 2004 labour force survey, compared with 2.9% of workers with upper secondary education and 1.3% of workers with education below the level of upper secondary | Working at home is most prevalent among self-employed workers (41%). Teleworking is most prevalent among legislators, senior officials and managers (15.1%), professionals (9.2%), and technicians and associate professionals (7.2%) |
| EL | A total of 205,489 workers work from home, including teleworkers, although 64% of these work only occasionally from home (LFS survey 2006) | Working from home is most prevalent in the education, real estate management and agriculture sectors | Women account for around 51% of workers who work from home and they also work from home on a more permanent basis than men do | The incidence of working at home increases with age in the case of men, but peaks in the 30–44 year age group for women | Data not available | Workers who work from home are most likely to work in scientific and artistic occupations, followed by skilled farmers and technical workers |
| ES | An estimated 4.1% of workers always work at home, 3.4% work at home half of the time and 7.9% do so occasionally (2004 figures). 4.9% of workers telework (2006 figures) | Teleworking is most prevalent among added value services (1.7%), IT industries (5.5%) and traditional services (5.2%) | Women comprise 65.7% of teleworkers | 87% of teleworkers are aged between 25 and 40 years old | 65.5% of teleworkers have tertiary-level education, 33.9% have secondary-level education and 0.7% primary-level education only | Two thirds of teleworkers are engaged in sales, commercial and marketing activities. 12.1% of teleworkers are self-employed |
| FI | The proportion of employees working at home at least occasionally or partly was 31% in 2003. However, only 15% of employees worked solely at home | 51% of employees in the public sector worked at home in 2004, compared with 30% in private services and 27% in manufacturing and construction | According to the Finnish Quality of work life survey 2003, 31% of men and 30% of women worked occasionally or partly at home | The highest incidence of working occasionally or partly at home was in the 35–44 year age group (37%), followed by the 45–54 year age group (33%) | Data not available | In terms of socio-economic class, upper white-collar workers were far more likely (70%) to work occasionally or partly at home than were lower white-collar (27%) or blue collar workers (8%) |
| FR | 7% of employees in France are teleworkers (broken down into 2% who work from home and 5% who work in other places), according to data relating to 1999–2003 | Corporate services, banks and insurance companies are most likely to use teleworkers. In addition, the level of work in the home help sector is increasing | Men are more likely than women to telework | Data not available | Teleworkers are more likely to be highly qualified | Executives and middle managers make up a large proportion of teleworkers |
| HU | 2% of employees worked at premises other than their company premises in 2004 | The incidence of working away from the company premises is higher than average in the financial services sector (16%) and lowest in catering, accommodation, services, transport, storage, post, telecommunications and the construction industry | Men are slightly more likely than women to work away from the company premises (2.1% compared with 1.8% in 2004) | People working away from the company premises are mainly in the 25–29 year and 45–49 year age groups | Among people working at different premises, the proportion of workers who have a university or college degree is higher than that among the overall workforce. However, a large number of employees with secondary educational qualifications also work away from the company premises | The incidence of working away from the workplace is highest among professionals, (representing 34% of all such workers) and legislators, senior officials and managers (19%) |
| IE | According to data from February 2003 (Quarterly National Household Survey Module on Teleworking), nearly 10% (148,100) of people in non-agricultural employment worked away from home to some extent and almost 60,000 of these used a computer with a telecommunications link. Of the latter group, 38,700 were home-based teleworkers | A total of 6.8% of workers in the financial and other services sector telework. Furthermore, teleworkers account for 2.6% of workers in education, 1.9% of those in manufacturing and 1.5% of those in construction | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | According to 2003 data, teleworkers comprised 6.3% of managers or administrators, 5.5% of professionals, 4.4% of associate professional or technical workers and 1.3% of clerical and secretarial workers |
| IT | According to data from 2002, 2.2% of workers work at home and 16% do not work in a fixed place, defined as mobile workers | The sector where working at home is most prevalent is real estate and business activities (9.9%), followed by commerce (3%) and services (2.8%). Mobile working is most prevalent in construction (63.8%) and transport and communications (40.5%) | Women are slightly more likely to work at home than men are (2.4% compared with 2.1%). Men are much more likely to be mobile workers (22.5% compared with 5.1% in the case of women) | Data not available | Working at home is more likely in the case of professionals (10.9%) than unskilled workers (2.8%) | Technical workers are most likely to work at home (47.4%), followed by legislators, managers and entrepreneurs (21.3%). People working in trade occupations are least likely to work at home (1.7%). Workers in the general category of blue-collar workers are most likely to be mobile workers (28.2%); craft and skilled workers are least likely to be mobile workers (1.5%) |
| LV | Data not available | Occupations such as drivers and mobile plant operators, architects and town and traffic planners are most likely to work away from the employer’s premises | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| LT | It is estimated that 1.6% of the workforce works at home | High incidence in the construction sector and in real estate, renting and business activities | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| LU | A 2004 household survey found that 4% of people worked at home. 12% of companies used teleworking | Teleworking is most prevalent in the IT sector, where one third of companies use teleworking | Men are slightly more likely than women to telework (4 out of 10 men, compared with 3 out of 10 women) | Data not available | Professionals and senior managers are more likely to use the internet for work-related activities away from the place of work than blue-collar workers are | Senior executives and independent professionals are most likely to use the internet for work-related activities away from the place of work |
| MT | Around 3.8% of employers use some form of telework (2004/2005 data). Around 11.4% of employees state that they regularly telework | Working away from the workplace is most prevalent in real estate, renting and business activities, energy, transport, storage and communications, and financial services (banking and insurance) | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Working away from the place of work is most prevalent among professionals and managers, including teachers |
| NL | 23% of employees carry out a part of their job at home and 2.7% work mainly from home. 4.1% of employees are teleworkers (2004 figures) | The incidence of teleworking is highest in the financial/business services sector (10.8%), while working partly or mainly at home is most prevalent in the public and education sector (35.5%) and the financial/business services sector (22.3%) | Slightly more men than women work partly or mainly at home or telework from home (24.6% for men and 18.3% for women) | Working at a distance is most common for workers in the 35–44 year age group. It is least common among workers aged under 25 years | The incidence of teleworking and working at home increases according to educational level, from 7.9% in the lowest educational group, to 54.1% in the case of those with a university degree | Working at home is most prevalent among supervisors (35.8%) and professionals (28.2%) |
| NO | 2000 data (based on people earning income from working at home) show that 10% of employees work at home, broken down into 7% working both at home and in other places and 3% working only at home. A different survey, also relating to 2000 (the Norwegian survey of living conditions), shows that 14% of employees work away from the employer’s premises, with 5.6% working at home and 1% working only at home | The incidence of employees working away from the employer’s workplace is highest in real estate (23.5%) and construction (20.5%) | No significant difference between the incidence of men and women working at home during the week. However, men are more likely than women to work at home at the weekends | Data not available | The likelihood of working at home increases according to educational level. 23% of employees with tertiary education are reported to work at home, compared with 7% of those with secondary education | Working away from the employer’s premises is most prevalent among craft workers (25%) |
| PL | In 2004, 7.8% of the workforce had more than one workplace | 9.1% of men and 6.2% of women had more than one workplace in 2004 | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| PT | The incidence of teleworking was 2.2% of total employment in 1998–1999 | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available | Data not available |
| RO | A total of 13.7% of workers work from home, in addition to a further 3% who work at the home of the employer or client (2006 figures) | People working away from the place of work are more likely to be found in agriculture, forestry and fisheries | 15.8% of women and 11.9% of men work at home | People who work from home are most commonly found in the 50 years and over age group, accounting for 25.8% of these types of worker | Data not available | Data not available |
| SK | An estimated 1% of employees telework | Data not available | No statistical difference between the incidence of teleworking in the case of men and women | The most interest in teleworking is expressed by people in the 33–44 year age group | Interest in teleworking increases according to the level of educational attainment | Data not available |
| SL | 4.9% of workers telework at home (2002 figures). According to a 2001 study, 20% of employees mainly worked at a location away from their workplace (5.7% of employees worked at home) | The majority of teleworkers (80%) work in the services sector (2004 figures) | According to data from 2004, the incidence of teleworking among women was 3.1%, compared with 2.2% for men (this study gave an overall teleworking figure of 2.6%). However, a 2002 study found that 63% of regular teleworkers were male | Data not available | A 2002 study found that 43% of teleworkers had a university education (compared with 17% of the workforce nationally). A 2004 study found that 50% of teleworkers had a higher education qualification | A 2002 study found that 12% of teleworkers were managers and experts. A 2004 study found that half of teleworkers were professionals |
| UK | The proportion of teleworkers has increased from 4% of the workforce in 1997 to 8% in 2005 | 24% of teleworkers work in real estate, renting and business activities, 23% in construction, 11% in manufacturing and 11% in education | Around two thirds of teleworkers (65%) are male. In spring 2005, the teleworking rate for men was 11%, compared with 6% for women | Teleworking is most common among older workers (aged over 50 years) and is increasing at a faster rate than for other age groups, from 5% in spring 1997 to 12% by spring 2005. Teleworking is least common among 16–24 year-olds (2%) | Teleworking and working at home appears to be more common among workers with higher levels of education. For example, 23% of managers and senior officials and 26% of professional and technical staff telework mainly from home, compared with 1% of process plant and machine operatives and no statistically significant number of those in elementary occupations | The majority of homeworkers are self-employed (64%). 27% are skilled workers, 16% are managers and senior officials, 13% are professionals, and 17% work in associated professional and secretarial roles. In terms of teleworkers, 62% are self-employed. 23% are managers and senior officials, 18% are professionals, and 23% work in associated professional and technical roles |
Source: EWCO national correspondents, 2006
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