Employment and working conditions of migrant workers - Slovak Republic

Disclaimer: This information is made available as a service to the public but has not been edited or approved by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. The content is the responsibility of the authors.

Employment and working conditions of migrant workers, is a new phenomenon in Slovakia. However, the migration in and through the country has an increasing tendency. At present, information on this topic is available from researches based on inquiry surveys and conducted at the national level. Some other information is available from statistics of the labour offices and police dealing with foreigners. Employment and working conditions of migrant workers, are regulated by Labour Code. Presently, more and more institutions and NGOs are dealing with the issue.

This Report intends to investigate the employment and working conditions of migrant workers, that is of persons who migrate from one country to another for any reasons and work as employees or self-employed in the country of destination. Clearly, migrants workers include both EU citizens and non-EU citizens moving from their country of origin to one of the countries covered by this study. In other words, you should consider both migration across EU member states, Bulgaria, Romania and Norway and (im)migration from outside this area. The general objective is to compare the employment and working conditions of non-nationals and nationals

Please stick as much as possible to the definition above. However, if this definition does not reflect an interest or the debate on migrants’ working conditions in your country, consider whether using a narrower (eg only non-EU citizens) or broader definition (eg also migrants who acquired your country’s nationality and “second generations”) would provide insights on the employment and working conditions of migrants workers or on the closely related issue of workplace discriminations based on ethnicity. In the latter case, you should report data and information on these narrower or broader groups, stating clearly the definition of migrants you are using and providing indications on how the employment and working conditions of such groups can approximate those of migrants workers as defined above.

This study aims to analyse quality of work and employment of migrants in the European Union, Bulgaria, Romania and Norway. In particular, it will cover:

• The distribution of migrant workers, by gender, across sectors and occupations, with a view to identify possible concentrations and their reasons, such as skill shortages filled by migrants (like in healthcare), or difficulties in filling positions in some jobs with lower skilled roles.

• The contractual relations of migrants

• An assessment of working conditions of migrants.

• Entry job positions, training and career opportunities.

Answers to this questionnaires should refer to data sources other than those already integrated in Eurostat data sets. Of course, this information will be included in the final report, but the authors will access these data sets directly, with a view to concentrate your efforts on less accessible sources. In practice, you should not refer to Population and Labour Force statistics provided by your national statistical service, as long as they are already included in the Eurostat data sets. This means that questions 2.1, 2.3 and 2.4 should be answered only if sources other that those already integrated in the Eurostat data sets are available and significant.

Before responding to this questionnaire, you may want to check at the following Eurostat web pages the presence and scope of your country’s data which are already available:

Population and social conditions, under:

• Population and International migration and asylum;

• Labour market.

General and regional statistics, under:

• Regions and Migration statistics.

As a consequence, your answers should refer to any specific research or studies carried out by public or private bodies, selecting the most authoritative and relevant ones in terms of significance and/or coverage. Please, consider both quantitative and qualitative studies in order to cover the different issues addressed by the questionnaire. Qualitative data may replace or complement quantitative data. You will list such sources in Section 1. We are looking for national information on migrants’ working conditions based on validated sources. You will provide this information under Section 2. Please, keep into account that the questionnaire is quite open and leaves ample space for specific national input, with a view to provide a picture as complete as possible of the employment and working conditions of migrants workers and of the national debates on such issue in the countries covered by the present study. Section 3 gives room to illustrate national contexts and provide further information and comments on sources and on the presence/lack of data.

Of course, any information or analyses carried out by national statistical offices on Population or Labour Force data-sets which integrate or complement standard data should be covered (for instance, ad-hoc analyses on the labour market conditions of migrants workers recently released by a national statistical office should be included).

Please provide clear and complete references of data sources.

1. Sources of information on migrant workers

1. Are there studies or analyses in your country which cover the employment and working conditions of migrant workers?If so, please specify for each of these sources:

2. The type: 1) specific chapters in general working conditions’ surveys; 2) ad-hoc surveys on migrants’ working conditions; 3) case studies - ie studies of specific situations, such as on certain nationalities, local areas and the like - on migrants’ working conditions, 4) other relevant reports on migrants’ working conditions which have been regularly or recently published.

In Slovakia, there was not published any work which would methodologically, comprehensively, complexly and into details handle issues of foreign migrants into the country.

1. the authors of such studies or analyses (national statistical office - only if distinct from regular surveys which are included in Eurostat data sets, like Labour Force Surveys -, labour inspectorates, bodies responsible for health and safety at the workplace, social security bodies, other public bodies, employers, trade unions and NGOs, universities or research institutes);

2. In 2006 the collective of authors: Miroslav Popper, Gabriel Bianchi, Ivan Lukšík a Petra Szeghy have elaborated the study: "Migrant needs in Slovakia". The study informs about results of research which was implemented in the framework of the project: Migrants information centre to help integration of migrants and victims of trading with people into the labour market and the society. The project was implemented through the EU initiative Equal.

1. the definition of migrant worker they use. Are migrant workers who acquired citizenship or “second generations” included in such definition?;

2. authors use the definition of the United Nations Organisation: "Person that due to any reason has changes the country of his/her permanent or usual residence, has moved from her/his home country to another country (in this case to the Slovak Republic).

1. at which level these studies are carried out (national, sector, regional, other); and

2. was implemented on the national level.

1. present briefly the methodology and structure of such studies or analyses, including the scope and focus of the questions on migrant workers.

The research sample was composed of 43 migrants (out of it 25 migrants participated in individual interviews and 18 migrants participated in four focus group discussions), 13 representatives of institutions and 8 employers. Selection of participants-migrants was done by the method of snow ball, with usage of selection criterion whose aim was to reach representation of the most possible number of migrant types in Slovakia. The research sample included in total 16 women and 27 men. Concerning institutions, it was a planned selection of workers of the relevant institutions dealing with migrants. Combination of quantitative and qualitative methodological approach was used in research. The questions referred mainly to the reason of decision for migration, knowledge of languages, contacts with institutions, knowledge and know-how, issues of labour and job seeking, self-realisation, social networks, participation in civil life, services and their usage, quality of life, cultural differences, vision about the future, issue of a need to establish information centre for migrants.

1. If available, please provide links to relevant websites.

www.iom.sk

1. In September 2005 the author Boris Divinský issued the publication: "Foreign migration in the Slovak Republic – status, trends, social context. The publication was prepared with the support of the Friedrich Eber Stiftung and the Research Institute of the Slovak Society for Foreign Policy.

The author presents in his publication a complex analysis of the issue of the foreign migration in Slovakia and its various context – legal, institutional, economic, safety, demographic, social and cultural, of foreign policy and others. He deals with the actual migration trends, asylum policy, illegal migration, approach of citizens SR towards foreigners, impact of the foreign migrations upon the Slovak society, activities of national and international organisations dealing with migration. The above mentioned publications represents a pilot reference data source for relevant groups of experts as well as general public. It identified problem areas of foreign migration in Slovakia and with the related proposed recommendations it initiated creation of social, institutional, legal and other measures for improvement of situation.

1. the definition of migrant worker they use. Are migrant workers who acquired citizenship or “second generations” included in such definition?;

2. author uses the definition of UNO.

3. at which level these studies are carried out (national, sector, regional, other); and

4. was implemented on the national level.

5. present briefly the methodology and structure of such studies or analyses, including the scope and focus of the questions on migrant workers.

6. author used in his publication also questionnaire survey of migration situation in the Slovak Republic that were implemented by the author himself in the period of 2004 - 2005.In the framework of the questionnaire survey representatives of the state administration, NGOs, international organisations, as well as journalists, experts and migrants themselves living on the territory of SR were addressed in order to receive supplementary information, but mainly their standpoints, opinions and recommendations, as well as estimations of development of some features connected with the foreign migration in Slovakia. He managed to receive more than 30 responses. Their benefit was very high and valuable.

7. If available, please provide links to relevant websites.

www.sfpa.sk, www.fes.sk

Indicative length of responses to Section 1: 500 words.

2. Information on migrant workers

Please present the results of the above mentioned studies and analyses. The questions below provide indications on the aspects we would like you to cover in your answers, if relevant and significant information are available. If the variables used in your sources do not match precisely the ones indicated below, use those available, providing a brief description if needed.

Questions 2.1, 2.3 and 2.4 should be answered only if sources other that those already integrated in the Eurostat data sets are available and significant (see the introductory section for the Eurostat web pages which should be consulted).

In each case, state clearly the source and, if available, provide relevant links.

Moreover, indicate whether data include illegal migration and, whenever possible, distinguish between legal and illegal migrants.

2.1 Migrant population (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

1. Total number (by gender, age, nationality, education level).

2. As a percentage of total population (by gender, age, nationality, education level).

Other relevant data in this area are not available. The statistics is not complete, is sporadic.

A certain picture about the number of officially employed foreigners in Slovakia at the end of 2004 and their nationality is shown in the following table:

Employed foreigners in SR by country of their original residence, November 2004

Country	Based upon permission	Information cards	Total
European Union countries
Belgium	2	31	33
Cyprus	0	2	2
Czech Republic	0	706	706
Denmark	1	32	33
Estonia	1	0	1
Finland	0	2	2
France	4	223	227
Greece	0	5	5
The Netherlands	5	21	26
Ireland	0	8	8
Lithuania	0	1	1
Hungary	0	65	65
Germany	0	61	61
Poland	0	316	316
Portugal	1	1	2
Austria	6	97	103
Spain	5	30	35
Sweden	0	18	18
Italy	8	69	77
Great Britain	11	106	117
Total	44	1794	1838

Number of foreign nationals employed and trading at the labour market in Slovakia is considerably low, even if we compare it with other countries under transformation. At present foreigners represent approximately 0,3-0,4 percent of labour force in the country and so they have practically negligible impact upon the scope, structure and quality of jobs . At present there are more than 25,000 foreigners with a certain form of a residential permit at the territory of the Slovak Republic.

2.2 Illegal immigration (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

1. Please provide all data/estimates available concerning:

1. Total number.

2. Nationality.

3. Distribution by sectors.

4. Distribution by occupations.

5. Please briefly illustrate the methodology used to collect/generate such data/estimates.

In the last period the Slovak Republic after accession to EU has to face illegal migration. This situation has not been changing though Slovakia is for the illegal migrants mostly a transit country. The route of migration is east-west. A very big scope has the illegal migration in Slovakia reached in 2001-2002. Since 2003 the numbers of caught illegal migrants have been decreasing.

There exist only data showed in the following tables:

Dynamics of development of the number of illegal migrants in SR in 2000-2005

Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005*
from SR	3823	10 773	10252	6104	4578	1059
into SR	2239	4775	4983	6389	3756	1008
Total	6062	15 548	15235	12 493	10 946	2067

*- preliminary situation by 30 June 2005, source: statistics of the Border and Alien Police Office of the Police Presidium.

Illegal migrants in SR by individual state border in 2000-2004

Border/year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004
Hungary	428	1703	1799	373	131
Ukraine	1473	1945	2399	5483	3367
Poland	737	748	761	599	269
Czech Republic	2190	4098	3983	2130	1671
Austria	1234	6083	6293	3908	2893
inland	-	971	-	-	3
Total	6062	15 548	15 235	12 493	8334

Illegal migrants in SR by the most important countries of origin in 2000-2004

2000		2001		2002		2003		2004
State	No.	State	No.	State	No.	State	No.	State	No.
Afghanistan	1199	Afghanistan	6121	Afghanistan	2788	Russia	3046	India	2179
India	1090	India	2460	India	2432	India	1519	Russia	2151
China	413	Vietnam	637	China	2436	China	1320	China	1459
Romania	939	Romania	928	Iraq	1654	Armenia	996	Moldavia	1076
Sri Lanka	490	Iraq	1497	Bangladesh	1305	Moldavia	818	Georgia	950

2.3 Migrant active population (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

1. Total number (by gender, age, nationality, education level).

2. As a percentage of active population (by gender, age, nationality, education level).

3. Employed (by gender, age, nationality, education level).

4. As a percentage of total employment (by gender, age, nationality, education level).

5. Specific rates of: participation, employment, unemployment (by gender, age, nationality, education level).

6. Do the abovementioned indicators vary significantly according with the nationality of migrant workers (for instance, a certain nationality is significantly more or less represented in active population or unemployment? If such variations exist, which are the reasons put forward to explain them?

There are no relevant data and statistics available.

2.4 The distribution of migrant workers across sectors and occupations (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

1. Are migrant workers over- or under-represented in specific sectors or occupations? If so, specify which sectors and occupations. Please distinguish whenever relevant or possible between men and women.

2. What are the possible reasons of such over- or under-representation? Are specific skill shortages filled by migrants? Are there specific policies devised to attract migrant workers in certain sectors or occupations? Please distinguish whenever relevant or possible between men and women.

3. Does the presence in the different sectors or occupations vary significantly according with the nationality of the migrant workers (for instance, a certain nationality is significantly more or less represented in cleaning, health, or in managerial position or in elementary occupations? If such variations exist, which are the reasons put forward to explain them?

Possibility to get a job depends upon the labour market in the relevant region. In principle, migrants do not have any problems to find a job in Bratislava, the capital city and it's near surrounding where the unemployment is minimal. At present the Labour Office in Bratislava does not register any unemployed migrant. It is a little bid more complicated in other regions of Slovakia as there is lack of vacancies even for the Slovaks. Migrants work in the whole range of jobs, starting with the highest professional positions up to the nonqualified work (e.g. at building sites):

• Work where they use foreign languages (teaching foreign languages, interpretation, work in companies from their country of origin)- Great Britain, Canada, Japan, Congo,

• Former students e.g. after doctor´s degree they continued to teach at universities and secondary schools- mainly from African countries, Afghanistan,

• Media and journalism – mainly migrants from Poland and Japan,

• Doing business (mainly restaurant services and sale of textile)- Afghanistan, Japan, Syria, Vietnam, China,

• professional, lucrative posts as e.g. IT managers, doctors, philologist – migrants from Africa, Columbia, Ukraine, Poland,

• at the beginning illegal manual work, attempt for its legalisation and better job, e.g. in shop, restaurant – from Ukraine,

• work for NGOs : former emigrants (Bosnia and Herzegovina), work in cultural – ethnical associations – from Romania, Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Syria, Poland

• unemployed or activation work- from Egypt, Afghanistan.

Further relevant data and statistics are not available.

2.5 The contractual relations of migrants (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

1. Extent of undeclared employment (men, women). As a reference, please provide the same indicators for nationals.

2. Employment status: self-employed with employees, self-employed without employees, employee (men, women). As a reference, please provide the same indicators for nationals.

Business activities and stay of the EU nationals in Slovakia have become significantly simpler since Slovakia’s accession to the European Union. They have equal conditions as Slovak nationals. If an EU national intends to conduct business in an area of his/her choice, s/he will need an appropriate authorization to conduct business. There are two options to consider – doing business as a trade license holder or as a legal entity.Licenses are considered “free”, if they are not specified in appendices 1 to 3 of the Act no. 455/1991 Coll. On Trade License Entrepreneurs. There are no special requirements for operating such trades, other than general requirements – minimum 18 years of age, legal competency and blamelessness. Slovak Trade Licensing Offices do not require proofs of special qualification(s) for operating “free” trades. Status of an individual intending to conduct business in Slovakia is considered from several viewpoints. In case of a specific identification of an individual – a foreigner – different conditions apply for obtaining an appropriate authorization to conduct business, the authorization is a different form, and there applies also a different legal framework to conduct business.When considering the status and entrepreneurial authorization of individuals or entities domiciled outside Slovakia, different conditions apply, depending on whether a concerned foreigner is an entrepreneur abroad or not and whether s/he intends to conduct business in Slovakia in the same area of business activity(ies) as registered in his/her domicile.

Real domicile during a foreign entrepreneur’s business activities in Slovakia is an important criterion when considering options and conditions for conducting business in Slovakia. An important point is whether such an entrepreneur keeps his/her domicile abroad or obtains a residency permit in Slovakia. An EU national may consider doing business in Slovakia through establishing a Slovak entity, a joint venture, in which s/he is the sole founder or a co-founder. However, that may not be considered as entrepreneurial activities of a foreign national.

Foreign individuals residing abroad may decide under what legal framework they want to conduct business in Slovakia. Slovak legislation, especially Commercial Code and Trade License Act, in principle allow conduct of business under two frameworks, i.e. a business entity can have a status of a foreign or a Slovak entity. When deciding on the status, whether an entity is a “foreigner” with the status of a foreign entity or a “foreigner” with the status of a Slovak entity, the nationality is not relevant – the decision point is the actual domicile. So for business purposes not every “foreigner” is a foreign entity. (“Entity” in this paragraph includes both entrepreneurs - individuals and entrepreneurs - legal entities, for the sake of simplicity.)

Trading and stay of citizens of the European Union at the territory of Slovakia have simplified after accession of SR to EU. They fulfil the same conditions as the Slovak citizens do. In case of doing business in area the EU citizen decided for he/she has to obtain a business licence. Two forms of doing business can be considered – sole trader of a legal person. All type of trade that are not mentioned in the Annexes 1 to 3 of the Act No. 455/1991 Coll. On Trade License Entrepreneurs are considered and free trades. There do not exist any special requirements for its performance. All conditions set up in the Act have to be fulfilled, such as age of 18, legal capacity and irreproachableness. The Trade Licensing Offices do not require any proof of specialised or any other skills. Status of a person willing to do business in Slovakia is being considered from different standpoints. For foreigners there exist different conditions for obtaining the trading licence and different form of a trading licence as well as different legal regime for its execution.

1. Type of contract: open-ended, fixed-term, temporary agency work (men, women). As a reference, please provide the same indicators for nationals.

2. Duration of contracts in case of temporary employment (average) (men, women). As a reference, please provide the same indicators for nationals.

3. Retention: employment with the same employer after 12 months (men, women). As a reference, please provide the same indicators for nationals.

4. Working hours: full-time, part-time, (men, women). As a reference, please provide the same indicators for nationals.

5. Diffusion of “second jobs” (men, women) and the professional status in the further job(s) (men, women).

6. Do the abovementioned dimensions vary significantly according with the nationality of the migrant workers (for instance, a certain nationality is significantly more or less represented in undeclared, work, self-employment, temporary employment and so on? If such variations exist, which are the reasons put forward to explain them?

An application for a work permit may be filed by a foreigner older than 18 years of age. According to the Labor Code, an individual is admitted rights and duties and legal competency in labor law as of 15 years of age.  The most important act which generally regulates individual labour relations is the Act No. 312/2001 Coll. – Labour Code as amended later . In order to work legally in Slovakia, a temporary residence permit for the purpose of employment is a prerequisite. The temporary residence permit may be issued by the Police Department against presentation of a valid temporary work permit. Therefore it is necessary for a foreigner intending to work in Slovakia to obtain a work permit first. It is necessary to apply for a work permit prior to arriving in Slovakia, at a local Labor Office in a district according to the employer’s address.

There are no other relevant statistical information or data in this sphere.

2.6 Working conditions of migrants (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

Please distinguish per nationality whenever relevant.

1. Wage levels, compared with national workers;

2. The incidence of low-paid jobs (that is, according to the OECD definition, jobs which pay less than two-third of the median wage), compared with national workers.

3. Working hours, compared with national workers:- average hours usually worked per week, including overtime;- average hours of overtime work per week;- diffusion of long working hours (more than 10 hours a day);- diffusion of work at unsocial hours (night, weekend);- diffusion of work on shifts;- for migrant workers having more than one job, average hours worked per week in such further jobs.

4. Exposure to risks and accidents at work:- work accident rates for migrant workers and, as a reference, for nationals;- sectors and occupations where risks of accidents for migrant workers are higher;- working conditions (vibration, noise, high/low temperatures etc.) in the three sectors where migrant workers are mostly present in your country.

5. Health outcomes, work-related health problems and occupational illnesses:- occupational illness rates for migrant workers and, as a reference, for nationals;- sectors and occupations where risks of work-related health problems for migrant workers are higher.

6. Existence of information on risks, health and safety at the workplace in the national language of the migrants.If such information is present:i) what is the basis of this presence (law, collective bargaining, firm policy, other);ii) is it present in every sector or workplace? If no, please specify in which sectors and/or workplaces it is present;iii) are there any specific initiatives, including training, on health and safety at the workplace devised specifically for migrant workers? If yes, please specify the initiators and content of such initiatives and whether they are implemented using the language of the migrant workers.

7. Individual disputes at the workplace which involve migrant workers and, as a reference, nationals.

Migrants are a cheap labour force and they usually accept labour conditions that Slovak citizens would not accept (salary, working hours, occupational safety and health etc.). However, the relevant legislation related to labour relationship, occupational health and safety and collective relationship apply in the same way for them as for the Slovak citizens.

Other data and statistics are not available.

2.7 Level of education and occupational position: over-qualification and under-qualification (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

Please distinguish per nationality whenever relevant.

1. The present job position of migrant workers appears to be adequate to their level of education? With reference to this aspect, what is the condition of nationals?

Information centre for migrants with its seats in Bratislava and Košice supports education and re-qualification of migrants through different courses. Their aim is to help migrants to integrate into the labour market in Slovakia. They offer possibility to apply for irretrievable financial benefit for re-qualification or training course according to the selection of the migrant.

Thanks to the financial benefit from MIC IOM it is possible to take e.g. language courses, work with PC courses, management courses, courses in handicrafts etc. 

Recognition of diplomas proofing the reached level of education of non-EU countries citizens follows the same rules as recognition of diplomas proofing the level of reached education of EU member state citizens for performing of non-controlled occupations. Application for assessment of the certificate of education and application for recognition of controlled occupations are submitted to the Centre for Recognition of Diplomas established under the Ministry of Education SR. Together with the application one has to include also purpose of trading and address. Foreigners coming from other than EU member states do not have to pay a stamp.

No other data are available in this sphere.

2.8 Participation in training and possibilities for competence development (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

Please distinguish per nationality whenever relevant.

1. What is the rate of participation to training during working time of migrant workers (average over the last 12 months) and, as a reference, of nationals?

2. Is the access to other possibilities of competence development (such as apprenticeship) of migrant workers equivalent to that of nationals?

A foreigner has the same possibility to study at a secondary school as a citizen of Slovakia under the conditions that he/she fulfils the mentioned criteria.

Children of foreigners with residence permit on the territory of Slovakia and children of refugees and applicants for recognition of a refugee status are provided with the possibility of education in elementary schools and secondary schools under the same conditions as the Slovak citizens. In the application form one has to include the details about his/her permanent residence or any other form of residence. Due to the general approach of foreigners to education of foreigners in the Slovak education system of elementary and secondary schools there does not exist any special support to special schools for migrants.

No other data are available in this sphere.

2.9 Career development (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

Please distinguish per nationality whenever relevant.

1. Entry occupations and the pace of career development (compared with those of nationals).

2. Do migrant workers have access to career advancements on an equal basis with nationals?

3. Are there data/information on discrimination in careers between migrants and nationals? If yes, please provide a brief summary of the evidence.

There exist no data in this sphere.

2.10 Union representation and collective bargaining (including recent trends in the 2000-2005 period)

Please distinguish per nationality whenever relevant.

1. Do migrant workers concentrate in non-union workplaces or in less-than-average unionised sectors? If yes, please provide some details.

2. Do migrant workers concentrate in workplaces or sectors where collective bargaining coverage is lower than average? If yes, please provide some details.

3. Union membership and presence among trade union representatives of migrant workers.

There exist no data in this sphere.

2.11 Any other information on employment and working conditions of migrant workers which is relevant for your country.

Please distinguish per nationality if relevant.

3. Commentary by the NC

Please provide your own comments on employment and working conditions of migrants workers in your country.

It is a relatively new phenomenon for the Slovak society as Slovakia was traditionally rather a country from which people used to travel abroad to find jobs a new living. Since 1989 and mainly in the last five years migration through Slovakia and into Slovakia has been gradually intensified. At present in Slovakia there live more than 25 000 foreigners who have a certain form of residence permission including also citizens of the Czech Republic.

In 2005 the Slovak Republic has elaborated: Concept of the migration policy of the Slovak Republic, with the aim to harmonise legislation of the Slovak Republic with the European Communities legislation in the sphere of migration. The concept creates conditions for coordination of competent institutions and also creates conditions for the sphere of human, material and financial resources. It includes principles of prohibition of discrimination and provision of equal opportunities for all foreigners who are legal residence in Slovakia. It is based upon respecting national and international agreements and documents for observation and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

So far a complex analysis of the labour market is missing in Slovakia which would assess the labour market demands in regard to the our-flow of labour force abroad and in-flow of labour force to Slovakia. The competent authorities do not follow; respectively do not have relevant statistics and other data which are often not compatible. A positive sign in this sphere is establishment of the Migration Information Centre, IOM, www.iom.sk, in Bratislava and Košice. The Migration information centre (MIC) is an information centre of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Slovakia. The MIC provides counselling to migrants planning to or already living and working in the Slovak republic, in order to facilitate their social and labour market integration.

Miroslava Kordosova, Bratislava centre for work and family studies

• ID: SK0701039Q
• Author: Miroslava Kordosova
• Institution: Bratislava centre for work and family studies
• Country: Slovak Republic
• Language: EN
• Publication date: 31-05-2007