Employment and working conditions of migrant workers
| Index | << Prev |
[ |
Annex 2 Sources used in EWCO national reports
This annex lists the main sources of information on migrant workers that were used in the national reports. In some cases (mainly when data sources are seriously lacking or to some extent problematic), it was deemed more useful to report a general comment on these issues by the authors of the national reports.
The experts who prepared the national contributions were asked to report any analysis that they were aware of that dealt with the employment and working conditions of migrant workers. These national reviews of the available literature may not be exhaustive, because the national reports had to restrict their listing of references to the most authoritative, comprehensive and relevant sources. However, they offer an overall picture of the availability of reliable information on the issue of immigrants’ working conditions. Both quantitative and qualitative studies are included in these reviews.
The types of sources include in most cases:
- studies or reports: mainly empirical analyses carried out by academic or independent researchers on immigrants’ working conditions;
- statistical data: publications (often prepared by national or governmental institutions) with statistical tables where substantive comments are usually of limited scope;
- surveys used for primary or secondary analyses in the national reports.
Austria
| Title and description | Year of survey or publication | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| SOPEMI report on labour migration Austria 2004–05 (PDF 715 kb), by Gudrun Biffl | 2005 | Study |
| Zur Niederlassung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern in Österreich (in German, PDF 728 kb), by Gudrun Biffl | 2005 | Study |
| Biffl G., Arbeitsmarktrelevante Effekte der Ausländerintegration in Österreich, WIFO, Wien. This study discusses immigration and labour-market integration, looking at educational levels, employment, sector distribution, unemployment rates, undocumented work, income etc. The main source is social security data, but others are used. | 2002 | Study |
| Bilger V., Gendera S., Hollomey C., Jandl M., Stepien A., Migration und Irreguläre Beschäftigung in Österreich: Ergebnisse einer Delphi-Studie, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Vienna. The study deals with irregular employment of migrant workers, based on a Delphi expert panel. Two rounds of a Delphi questionnaire were used, involving 37 experts in the first round and 22 of the same experts in the second. | 2006 | Study |
| Illegal Immigration in Austria (PDF 1,446 kb), by Sophie Hofbauer et al: a survey of recent Austrian migration research | 2005 | Study |
| Schneider F., Der Umfang der Schattenwirtschaft des Jahres 2003 in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz - Weiteres Anwachsen der Schattenwirtschaft Dealing with the shadow economy, the study provides economic calculations and estimates for the amount of illegal work based on the amount of cash in circulation (Bargeldansatz). | 2003 | Study |
| Gleiche Chancen im Betrieb? Diskriminerung von MigrantInnen am Wiener Arbeitsmarkt (in German, PDF 820 kb) by Theodora Manolakos and Karin Sohler: an overview of the results of quantitative surveys and qualitative group discussions with migrant workers (37 in total) on their subjective experience of discrimination at work. | 2005 | Study |
| Zucha V., Rapa S., Dsikriminierung und Benachteiligung von MigrantInnen am Arbeitsplatz. Formen und Faktoren der Benachteiligung. This quantitative survey of migrant workers in Vienna (a sample of 803 respondents, including naturalised and second-generation migrants) deals with subjective experiences of discrimination at work. This regional study is particularly important because a third of all migrant workers in Austria live in Vienna. | 2003 | Study |
Belgium
In the past decade, policy and research attention to the issue of migrant workers and ethnic discrimination has grown considerably on. However, most studies focus on the labour market issue and less on the issue of working conditions. Recent quantitative employment studies very often use a mix of migrant definitions: both the nationality definition and a new category for those obtained Belgian nationality through naturalisation – ‘new Belgians’.
The sources used were labour force survey data (that was aggregated to create sufficiently large samples) and a specially constructed large dataset, based on the data warehouse system of social security administrative data that is linked with the National State Register. This linkage with the State Register enables the origin of individuals to be determined. As data come from official agencies, the information concerns only the regular labour force. Undocumented individuals, those whose work is undeclared or who are on welfare are not included in the database. In their 2006 study, Topography of the Belgian labour market (PDF 1054 kb), Vertommen, Martens and Ouali use data from 2001. In his 2005 study, Eens allochtoon, altijd allochtoon? De socio-economische etnostratificatie in Vlaanderen (in Flemish, 312 kb), Tielens uses data from 1998 to 2001. In the 2001 data, 421,325 people are represented; this population can be divided into three groups:
- native Belgians, who have always held Belgian citizenship;
- ‘new Belgians’ who originally held another citizenship but have been naturalised;
- foreigners, who hold another citizenship.
Bulgaria
In discussing migrant workers in Bulgaria, it is important to distinguish between the following three groups:
- migrants with ‘long term residence statute’, (up to one year term with a possibility of extension): this group comprises foreigners seeking employment in Bulgaria under labour contracts or as freelancers, as well as foreign specialists employed under international agreements;
- migrants with ‘permanent residence statute’: these are people who hold residence permit for an indeterminate period, who work under labour contracts or who are self-employed. Included in this group are those without Bulgarian citizenship, but of Bulgarian origin, individuals married to Bulgarian citizens or to persons with permanent residence in the country, and people who are not of Bulgarian origin but were born in Bulgaria.
- workers with refugee status, or with a statute of humanitarian protection (given in Bulgaria to people forced to migrate for human rights’ reasons) or with a right of residence given by the President for an indefinite period.
The term ‘migrant workers’ also includes migrant workers with dual citizenship, where Bulgarian is the secondary citizenship, and illegal migrants; it does not include migrant workers who have acquired Bulgarian citizenship or ‘second generation’ immigrants.
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| ‘Migrant policy of Bulgaria in the European integration perspective’: The survey is funded by the 2000 PHARE Access Programme. Three chapters of the survey are of special interest: ‘Social integration of the migrant community in Bulgaria’, ‘Specific situation of the migrant communities’, and ‘Legal analysis of the normative regulation concerning migrants in Bulgaria’. The authors of this survey are the Manfred Veorner Foundation, Greek Council of Refugees, and the Right to Protection Foundation. This study is carried out at national level and it is based on a statistical sample including 767 persons from the migrant communities and 1,032 Bulgarian citizens. | 2003 | Study |
| The study ‘Obstacles to the immigrant’s access to the Bulgarian labour market’ was carried out on the basis of a ‘Questionnaire of the Committee of Experts on immigrants’ access to employment at the Council of Europe in 2006’. The author of the study is Bozhidar Arsov, researcher in the Institute for Social and Trade Union Research. The study was carried out at national level and deals with immigrants with a long-term residence statute with a work permit, with foreigners with a permanent residence statute, with refugees and persons with a humanitarian protection statute, who are registered as unemployed’. | 2006 | Study |
Cyprus
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Michael, M., Hadjiyiannis, C., Stefanides, M., Christofides, L. and Clerides, S., The effect of immigration on the wages of Cypriot workers. This study, from the University of Cyprus Economics Research Centre which expresses the views of its authors,, makes reference to the percentage of foreign workers employed legally in Cyprus, without specifying whether this percentage includes asylum applicants. The basic purpose of the study is to investigate, based on econometric and statistical tools, whether and to what extent the presence of foreign workers in Cyprus affects the wages of Cypriot workers, using data from the Family Budget Surveys of the Statistical Service of Cyprus. | 2005 | Study |
| Michael, M., Hadjiyiannis, C., Stefanides, M., Christofides, L. and Clerides, S., Economic Implications of Foreign Workers in Cyprus. This study is, in effect, a continuation of the previously mentioned study. Its findings refer to foreign workers legally residing in Cyprus, foreign students and applicants for political asylum. Its purpose was to make a parametric assessment, using the latest available data, of the impact of the employment of foreign workers on the total gross domestic output of the Cyprus economy, as well as on the output of each individual sector of economic activity. | 2006 | Study |
| The study ‘Employment conditions of migrant workers, the role of the trade unions in the protection of labour rights and their integration in the cyprus labour movement’ (available as a PowerPoint presentation, 79 kb), uses the term ‘migrant worker’ to refer to the category of employed earners with specific features related to their migration (including those who have obtained Cypriot citizenship). Employees in administrative or highly paid positions are excluded from this framework. This national-level study examines the framework for employment of migrant workers with a view to investigating the possibility of their gaining union membership and their participation and acceptance in the Cyprus labour movement, as a basic element of their integration and acceptance in society. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, such as a comparative analysis of statistical data, focused questionnaires, focus groups, participant observation and content analysis of press and media. | 2005 | Study |
| The study, Forecasts of Employment Needs for Foreign Workers in Cyprus 2004-2007 (in Greek, 3,394 kb), covers all workers legally present in Cyprus, whether they come from member states of the EU25, Bulgaria and Romania or from third countries. It analyses, on the basis of the general characteristics of the foreign labour force, the longitudinal trends in employment of foreign workers during the period 2000–2002 and assesses the needs of the Cypriot economy for foreign labour over the period 2004–2007. | 2007 | Study |
| In their report Mapping discriminatory landscapes in Cyprus: Ethnic discrimination in the labour market (PDF 396 kb), authors Nikos Trimikliniotis and Panayiotis Pantelides refer to six categories of migrants: holders of work permits, migrants of Greek origin from the Black Sea area, Greek citizens, migrants employed by offshore companies, refugees and applicants for asylum, and migrants without residence or work permits. The content and findings of this study were published in the quarterly scientific journal The Cyprus Review. | 2003 | Report |
Czech Republic
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| The Research Institute for Labour and Social Affairs (Výzkumný ústav práce a sociálních věcí, VÚPS V) publishes the Bulletin of International Labour migration every six months; it also publishes an annual report on international labour migration development in the Czech Republic. | 2006 | Report |
| Vupsv also authored a study, Undeclared Labour in the construction industry (PDF 137 kb), for the European Federation of Building and Woodworkers and the European Institute for Construction Labour Research | 2006 | Study |
| A report The illegal employment of foreigners on the Czech labour market (PDF 342 kb) deals with the working conditions of labour migrants. | 1997 | Study |
| Case studies about certain ethnic or national group were carried out by the Institute of Ethnology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (Etnologického ústavu Akademie věd České republiky, EÚ AV ČR) and concerned the integration of migrants from such regions as Africa, Albania, Bulgaria, China, Greece, Russia, Ukraine, USA, Vietnam and the former Yugoslavia. Topics of integration studies include economic activities of ethnic minorities living in the Czech Republic. | 2007 | Case study |
| A regular monitoring of temporary labour migrant position in the Czech labour market is carried out by the Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs, Employment Service Administration (Ministerstva práce a sociálních věcí, MPSV), for both sectors and occupations. Regular statistical updates are available. | Statistical data |
There is no general definition of a migrant worker in the Czech Republic. The Czech Statistical Office defines an immigrant as ‘a person who stays in the Czech Republic territory over one year’. Migrant workers who have acquired citizenship, who hold permanent residence permits, or are second-generation immigrants are not surveyed separately by the Czech Statistical Office in the Labour Force Survey. Those immigrants holding citizenship and second-generation immigrants are generally handled as ethnic minorities by Institute of Ethnology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
The above-mentioned studies are carried out mostly on national or regional level; sectoral analyses are rarely carried out. Their methodology includes statistical analysis, sociological surveys using standardised questionnaires, expert interviews, focus groups, ‘snowball’ method, comparative analysis and document analysis.
Reports from the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Interior, Czech Statistical Office are regularly produced. The Czech Statistical Office has an annual online publication, Foreigners in the Czech Republic, based on the results of investigations by ministries and research institutes. It covers such areas as demographic aspects, asylum and asylum facilities, economic activities, education, crime, health care and illegal immigration.
Denmark
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| The Danish Police publishes statistics on the prevalence of illegal labour in Denmark; no analysis of the statistics is provided. (Migrant workers are defined as non-EU nationals working in Denmark without the requisite work permit.) | 2006 | Statistical data |
| The Ministry for Refugee, Immigration and Integration Affairs (Ministeriet for Flygtninge, Indvandrere og Integration) publishes Årbog om udlændinge I Danmark 2005 (PDF 2,978 kb, in Danish), an annual statistical account, using national-level data, of the progress made in integrating immigrants into Danish society. Migrant workers are defined as immigrants and descendants of immigrants from western and non-western countries (defined by ethnic origin and regardless of present citizenship). | 2005 | Statistical data |
| The Ministry of Finance (Finansministeriet) has published Fordeling og incitamenter 2004 (PDF 10,270 kb) which estimates the national distribution of income. It is a statistical analysis of multiple datasets, where immigrants are defined by ethnic origin regardless of present citizenship. | 2004 | Statistical data |
| The National Board of Industrial Injuries (Arbejdsskadestyrelsen) publishes Arbejdsskadestatistik 2005 (PDF 1,220 kb), an analysis of registry information on reported injuries at work. Here, migrant workers are defined as immigrants and descendants of immigrants from non-western countries, as defined by ethnic origin and regardless of present citizenship. | 2005 | Statistical data |
| The Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisationen i Danmark, LO) has published LO-dokumentation 2002 (PDF 2,055 kb), which is an analysis of Statistics Denmark registers. Migrant workers are defined as immigrants and descendants of immigrants (defined by ethnic origin and regardless of present citizenship). | 2002 | Report |
Estonia
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| The only publicly available source for migrant workers is the Citizenship and Migration Board (Kodakondsus Ja Migratsiooniamet) and its yearbook (PDF 845 kb). It contains administrative statistics of the Board including the number of residence and work permits issued for that respective year. The statistics are based on the actions of the Citizenship and Migration Board (applications of residence permits, decisions of granting residence permits etc). The statistics do not include any information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the migrants. | 2002–2006 | Statistical data |
| Monitoring Integration (PDF 687 kb, in Estonian) is a cross-sectional survey of the conditions of non-nationals in Estonia carried out in 2005; it outlines the achievements in terms of strategic goals set up in the national integration program. It also reviews the process of integration of migrants into Estonian society. The study concentrates mostly on attitudes and does not include many questions on real working conditions. It is not possible to distinguish first- or second-generation migrant workers in this data. The survey’s findings are also discussed, in English, in the Foundation report ‘Trends in labour market participation, income and job satisfaction among non-nationals’ (EE0607019I). | Survey | |
| The Estonian Labour Force Survey (LFS) covers the working conditions of those aged 15 to 74 years. It deals with nationality, the citizenship, country of birth and year of moving to Estonia; however, no analysis is performed upon the data. Migration is touched on, in that nationals and non-nationals are distinguished according to their self-reported nationality; thus, it includes data on second-generation migrants. Statistics Estonia has conducted the LFS every year since 1995; since 2000, it has been quarterly study, covering about 15,000 individuals. The results of the survey are representative of the Estonian labour force and the concepts used are developed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). This is one of the main data sources of Statistics Estonia. | 2004 | Survey |
| The Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs (Sotsiaalministeerium) publishes the Working Life Barometer, dealing with aspects of the working Estonian population aged between 16 and 64 years. A distinction between Estonians and non-nationals is made, but because of the small sample size (about 1,000 individuals out of which about 30% are non-nationals), much of the relevant questions on working life cannot broken down by nationality. The survey’s findings are discussed in the Foundation report Working conditions in Estonia (EE0603SR01). | 2005 | Survey |
| Report on the Migration of Non-Estonians (Microsoft Word document 1,850 kb, in Estonian) is a survey on the current situation of non-Estonians and their possible emigration to other countries. This survey of public opinion was conducted by the social and market research company Saar Poll in March 2006: 980 non-Estonians (selected using proportional random sampling) aged between 18 and 74 years were interviewed. This national-level study uses a wider definition of migrants. | 2006 | Survey |
Finland
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Living Conditions Survey 2002 – a Survey on the Living Conditions of Russians, Estonians, Somalis and Vietnamese. This study examines the living conditions of Russian, Estonian, Somali and Vietnamese migrants in Finland. Russians and Estonians are Finland’s major immigrant groups, while Vietnamese and Somalis represent the old and new refugee population. In addition to other topics, the survey contains a set of questions about migrants’ working conditions. Those migrants from Russia, Estonia, Vietnam or Somalia aged between 20 and 65 years who were born abroad and had information about their municipality of residence in the population register were included in the sample. The sample size was 2,250 (1,361 respondents); the prerequisite for inclusion was that the respondent had lived in Finland for two years prior the sampling. The sample was restricted to major cities (the Helsinki region, Turku and Tampere). The following publications looking working conditions and labour market status derived this study: Joronen T., Työ on kahden kauppa - maahanmuuttajien työmarkkina-aseman ongelmia, in Paananen S. (eds.), Maahanmuuttajien elämää Suomessa, Statistics Finland, 2005 (Work is two of a kind – immigrants’ problems on labour market, in Finnish only). Sutela H., Maahanmuuttujat palkkatyössä, in Paananen, S. (eds.), Maahanmuuttajien elämää Suomessa, Statistics Finland, 2005 (Immigrants in paid work, in Finnish only). | 2002 | Survey |
| Survey into immigration: racism and discrimination in Finland. The focus in this study is on immigration, marginalisation and assimilation. The nationwide sample was composed of 7,000 immigrants aged between 18 and 64 years, from seven immigrant groups (Russians, Estonians, Somalis, Kosovan Albanians, Vietnamese, Arabs and ethnic Finns from Russia). The response rate was 52%. In order to qualify for the sample each respondent must have lived for at least one year in Finland before the sampling. The questionnaire also included a number of questions about working conditions. The results have been published in two major publications: Jasinskaja-Lahti I., Liebkind K., Vesala T., Rasismi ja syrjintä Suomessa – Maahanmuuttajien kokemuksia, Gaudeamus, 2002 (Racism and discrimination in Finland – immigrants’ experiences, in Finnish only). Liebkind K., Mannila S., Jasinska-Lahti I., Jaakkola M., Kyntäjä E., Reuter A., Venäläinen, virolainen, suomalainen – Kolmen maahanmuuttajaryhmän kotouttaminen Suomeen, Gaudeamus, 2004 (Russian, Estonian, Finnish – assimilation of three immigrant groups in Finland, in Finnish only). | 2001 | Survey |
| Forsander A., Luottamuksen ehdot. Maahanmuuttujat 1990-luvun suomalaisilla työmarkkinoilla, Väestöliitto, Väestöntutkimuslaitos, 2002. (Conditions of trust. Immigrants in the Finnish labour market in the 1990s, in Finnish only) The empirical data used in this national-level study are based on register material from the labour administration and Statistics Finland. It covers 33% of those aged between 15 and 64 years, who moved to Finland over the period 1989–1993 (a total of 10,485 people). Finnish and Swedish citizens were excluded. The statistical data are supplemented with interview data that describe immigrants’ labour market careers. | 2002 | Study |
| The study by Härkäpää K., Peltola U., Maahanmuuttajien työllistymisen tukeminen ja kuntoutusluotsaus (PDF 1,363 kb, in Finnish) (Supporting immigrants’ employment opportunities and rehabilitation piloting), by the Rehabilitation Foundation. | 2005 | Study |
| Maahanmuuttajat Turussa yrittäjinä ja palkansaajina (Immigrants as entrepreneurs and as wage and salary earners in Turku) (PDF 708 kb, in Finnish), by Sjöblom-Immala H., Ministry of Labour Finland | 2006 | Study |
France
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005 (PDF 106 kb, in French) by Borrel, C. | 2006 | Study |
| Data from the Labour Force Survey 2005, from the National Institute for Statistics and Economics Studies. | 2005 | |
| Les quatrièmes Entretiens de l’emploi – migrations internationales et gestion de l’emploi, (by Agence nationale pour l’emploi). Priestley T., ‘L’impact des migrations sur les normes d’emploi’, Report: workshop n. 4, in Illegal Immigrant Labour. | 2005 | Study |
| Immigration et présence étrangère en France en 2004. Rapport annuel de la direction de la population et des migrations (PDF 169 kb, in French) from the Ministère de l’emploi, de la cohesion sociale et du logement , by Regnard C. | 2006 | Study |
| Les demandeurs d’emploi étrangers (PDF 381 kb); , by Chazalle, J.National study on workers of foreign nationality by Agence nationale pour l’emploi. | 2005 | Study |
| Gélot D., Minni C., ‘Les immigrés accèdent moins à la formation professionnelle continue’, in Formation et emploi, No. 94, September. Survey Formation Qualification Professionnelle 2003. | 2003 | Study |
| Quand l’école est finie…Premiers pas dans la vie active de la génération 98, Cereq, March. National study on second–generation immigrants by the Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications (CEREQ) | 2001 | Study |
| Amadieu J.F., Enquête testing sur CV, in Observatoire des discriminations, Cergors, May. | 2004 | Study |
| Quand l’école est finie… Premiers pas dans la vie active de la génération 2001 (PDF 4,595 kb), from CEREQ. | 2005 | Study |
| Les jeunes issus de l’immigration. De l’enseignement supérieur au marché du travail (PDF 157 kb), a , by Frickey, A., Murdoch, J. and Primon, J.national survey analysis on second-generation migrants by CEREQ. | 2004 | Study |
| Borgogno V., Frickey A., Primon J., ‘Identification des discriminations dans l’accès à l’emploi des diplômés du supérieur issus de l’immigration’, in Migrations etudes, No. 124, July, 2004. | 2004 | Study |
| Les immigrés en France, édition 2005, Editions Institut National de la Statistique et des etudes economiques, 2005. Review of results of national surveys. | 2005 | Study |
| Tavan C., Les immigrés en France: une situation qui évolue (PDF 96 kb) Analysis relating to immigrants in France, national statistical study. | 2005 | Study |
| Laine, F., Okba, M., ‘Jeunes de parents immigrés: de l'école au métier’, in Travail et Emploi, No. 103, September, 2005. Study based on the Génération 98 study by CEREQ. | 2005 | Study |
| Dupray A., Moullet S., L’insertion des jeunes d’origine maghrébine en France. Des différences plus marquées dans l’accès à l’emploi qu’en matière salariale (PDF 248 kb) Study published by CEREQ, based on the Génération 98 survey. | 2004 | Study |
Germany
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| The Federal Statistical Office edited the Data Report 2006. Facts and Figures about the Federal Republic of Germany. This publication is compiled in cooperation with the Social Science Research Centre Berlin (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Wzb) and the Center for Survey Research and Methodology (Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen, Zuma). The report is published every two years and is carried out at the national level. Among other things, it describes the living conditions of foreign workers, asylum seekers, migrants and second-generation migrants; these data are compared to those for the national population as a whole. Migrants and foreigners are classified by their original nationality. The working conditions of migrants are not covered in a systematic manner. | 2006 | Report |
| Data on educational attainment of immigrants are drawn from the dataset of the Socio-Economic Panel (Soep) conducted by the German Institute for Economic Research (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Diw). | Survey | |
| The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, BAMF) has published the Migration Report 2005 on behalf of the Federal Government. It has also released a study Migration, Asylum and Integration in Figures (Migration, Asyl und Integration in Zahlen). Both reports describe immigration flows and include an analysis of the most important migrant groups in Germany. BAMF defines migrants as persons who change their place of living; and international migration as changing residence across national borders. Both reports are conducted at a national level. The first report, after providing a general picture of immigration, distinguishes between 10 different migrant groups, which are described in single subsections. It then highlights the topic of illegal immigration. This is followed by a comparison of migration at the European level. Finally, the picture is completed by an analysis of the overall number of foreigners living in Germany. The report presents some information on employment, unemployment and working conditions for each main migrant group. It also provides information on the legal requirements for foreigners to gain access to the German labour market. The second report is a methodical comparison with the first one; it does, however, leave more space to deal with the question of how migrants are integrated into German society. | 2005 | Report |
| Sinn, Kreienbrink and von Loeffelholz provide, in their study, Illegal aufhältige Drittstaatsangehörige in Deutschland. Staatliche Ansätze, Profil und soziale Situation (PDF 888 kb, in German), information on Third-country nationals residing illegally in Germany. After describing the background to illegal immigration, the study evaluates the available statistical data on illegal immigration. This is done in order to estimate the number of illegal migrants. The authors, furthermore, illustrate government measurements that aim to control or even eradicate illegal immigration. The fourth chapter describes the living conditions of illegal immigrants in Germany. Illegal immigrants are defined as foreigners who are not entitled to stay in Germany, who are not registered with the Auslaenderzentralregister (AZR), the central register of foreigners, or who are not reported upon in any other official dataset. The study was conducted on behalf of the European Migration Network (EMN). | 2005 | Study |
| The Institute for Employment Research (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, IAB) recently published a study, Schwieriger Start für junge Türken (PDF 928 kb), that compared the situation of German and migrant apprentices and their chances of finding a stable job after finishing their training. The study was carried out at the national level. Immigrants are classified by their legal citizenship. | Study |
Greece
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 Census of Population. | 2001 | Survey |
| Labour Force Survey. | Survey | |
| Register of People Insured by the Social Insurance Foundation (IKA). | Statistical data | |
| Public services involved in legalisation procedures for immigrants (granting white and green cards). | Statistical data | |
| Statistical data on immigrants in Greece: An analytical study of available data and recommendations for conformity with European Union Standards (PDF 2,021 kb), by Baldin-Edwards, M., the Mediterranean Migration Observatory | 2005 | Study |
| Kavounidi T., Survey on the Economy and Social Integration of Immigrants, Paep Studies, Athens. | 2004 | Study |
| Dimoulas K., Papadopoulou D., Forms of Social Integration of Economic Migrants in the Attica Region, Athens: Ine/Gsee-Adedy, Attica Region. | 2004 | Study |
Hungary
Statistics on foreign employment based on work permits are quite detailed and cover foreign citizens employed in Hungary. However, this data source shares the usual limitations of administrative data. Most of those included in the register are registered for less than one year, so are therefore mostly complementary to those included in the statistics on immigrants based on the foreign register.
Detailed Census data exist regarding the labour market activity of foreign citizens, but they refer to February 2001, and the population covered by the census excludes a considerable proportion of migrant labour.
Data or qualitative information on migrants are not collected in any particular survey on working conditions. anecdotal case studies exists on the poor working conditions of particular groups of (mostly illegal) foreign workers, as do news reports on foreigners who have accidents at work.
Labour inspectorates have some information on those illegal workers. Poor labour conditions and safety measures are reported, but no systematic data collection exists.
The definition of migrants in Hungary is based on citizenship. No data on second-generation migrants is available. People born abroad, who come to Hungary to work and who then acquire citizenship are usually not registered as immigrants.
Ireland
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Barrett A., McCarthy Y., Immigrants in a booming economy: Analysing their earnings and welfare dependence, Bonn: Institute for Labour Research. This study provides a valuable insight into a number of past studies (see list below). It looks at migrants’ earnings, education, employment participation, age and gender and is coordinated by the Institute of Labour Research. | Study | |
| McGinnity F., O’Connell P., Quinn E., Williams J., Migrants’ experience of racism and discrimination in Ireland, The Economic and Social Research Institute. This study examines migrants’ experiences of racism and discrimination. | Study | |
| Barrett A., Bergin A., Duffy D., ‘The labour market characteristics and labour market forces of Immigrants in Ireland’, in Economic and Social Review, Vol. 37, No. 1. | Study | |
| Barrett A., Duffy D., ‘A note on the educational profile and occupational attainment of immigrants in Ireland’, in ESRI Quarterly Economic Commentary, Autumn. | 2006 | Study |
| Barrett A., Fitzgerald J., Nolan B., ‘Earnings, inequality, returns to education and immigration into Ireland’, in Labour Economics, Vol. 9, No. 5. | 2002 | Study |
| Fanning B., Loyal S., Staunton C., Asylum Seekers and the Right to Work in Ireland, Irish Refuge Council. | Study | |
| Information on the employment status of migrant workers is provided by the Central Statistics Office’s National Quarterly Household Surveys and the FAS Quarterly Labour Market Commentary. | 2006 | Statistical data |
Italy
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Dossier statistico Immigrazione This is an annual report on immigrants’ living conditions, including several chapters on their working conditions. The report is edited by the research center Idos that belongs to Caritas. Different definitions of immigrants are employed across the report, with reference to either non-EU citizens or non-Italian citizens. The statistics reported are at a national level, with some disaggregated analyses at the regional level. The report includes data from several data sources, mainly administrative ones, and presents information on regular and undeclared immigrants, on their sociodemographic characteristics, on their opportunities at school, on their religious affiliations, as well as on their employment conditions. | 2006 | Study |
| Blangiardo G. (ed.), L’immigrazione straniera in Lombardia-rapporto, Milano, Ismu Foundation. This an annual report on immigrants’ living conditions, including several chapters on their working conditions. The report is published by Ismu, an independent research center, and focuses on Lombardy, the Italian region attracting the highest number of immigrants. It reports the results of a survey that selects immigrants from countries with a high incidence of migration (including countries from Africa, Asia, Latin America and eastern Europe). The statistics reported refer exclusively to Lombardy. The sampling is based on a two-stage random procedure, where communes are the first-level units and immigrants (with or without Italian citizenship) are the second-level units. The questionnaire examines mainly their family and working conditions, as well as their legal status. | 2006 | Study |
Latvia
There are no studies or analyses in Latvia that cover specifically the employment and working conditions of migrant workers. Due to historical reasons, the notion ‘immigrant worker’ is very sensitive and is rarely used. Immigration legislation uses the term ‘foreigner’ – someone who is not part of the resident population, neither a Latvian citizen nor a non-citizen. Non-citizens who have not received Latvian citizenship have full rights as residents (except voting right).
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Occupational representation and ethnic discrimination in Latvia (PDF 219 kb), by Pabriks, A., the Soros Foundation Latvia. | 2002 | Study |
| Impact of immigration on the ethnic relations in Latvia in the context of EU Enlargement (in Latvian), by Indans, I. the Latvian Institute of International Affairs. | 2004 | Study |
| Active civic participation of immigrants in Latvia (PDF 497 kb), by Supule, I., the Baltic Institute of Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Education and Communication in Migration Processes, Carl von Ossietzky Universitet Oldenburg. | 2005 | Study |
| The attitude of society to labour force immigration (in Latvian), from the Market and Public Opinion Research Centre | 2005 | Study |
| Topical aspects of societal integration (in Latvian), Market and Public Opinion Research Centre. | 2006 | Study |
| Immigration policy in Latvia: Problems and future perspectives (in Latvian), by Indans I. and Kruma, K., the Latvian Institute of International Affairs. | 2006 | Study |
Lithuania
In Lithuania, ‘non-nationals’ are divided into two groups.
- The first includes national minorities who have been living in Lithuania for many years and (in most cases) enjoying Lithuanian citizenship. According to the census of 2001, 6.7% of the population are Poles, 6.3% are Russian and 3.5% are from all the other minorities in Lithuania (Byelorussians, Ukrainians, Jewish, Latvians, Tartars and Romany).
- The second represents ‘true’ migrants: ‘persons, arriving from another country with the intention to take up the usual residence in Republic of Lithuania perpetually or for more than six-month period, including foreigners who have got temporary residence permits for one year and longer’. In addition to non-national Lithuanian citizens and migrants who intend to live in Lithuania permanently, this group includes aliens who have been granted asylum, including workers holding permits from the Lithuanian Labour Exchange to work in Lithuania. According to the Lithuanian Statistics Office, apart from persons who have acquired citizenship, about 2,000 such immigrants on average arrive in Lithuania every year (amounting to around 0.06% of the total population in the country).
No surveys of working conditions have been carried out in Lithuania to determine the working conditions of either group. Apart from official statistics, only two information sources permit any evaluation of working conditions: these are the surveys carried out by the Centre of Ethnic Studies (Etninių studijų centras, ETC) and information from the Lithuanian Labour Exchange (Lietuvos darbo birža , LDB) on work permits issued to aliens.
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Surveys on adaptation of ethnic groups. The issue of working conditions of ethnic groups is to a certain extent covered in these surveys, carried out by the ETC. However, they cannot be considered as ‘working conditions surveys’. One survey includes national minorities who have been living in Lithuania for many years and (in most cases) enjoying Lithuanian citizenship. In 2001–2002, the ETC carried out a survey on social adaptation of the three biggest ethnic groups in Lithuania: Lithuanians, Russians and Poles, plus the historical diasporas of Lithuania, Tatars and Jews. The analysis involved comparison of responses of different ethnic groups to certain groups of questions focusing on whether or not the answers depended on the same social parameters. Key topics included identity issues, circle of social relations and assessment of own situation. | 2002 | Survey |
| LDB information of work permits issued to aliens: the LDB has been collecting information about work permits issued to aliens since 1995. Information is available on the gender of employees, type and economic activities of enterprises in which migrants find work, distribution of migrants by country of origin and on occupation. In 2005, 1,565 work permits were issued to migrants in Lithuania. Workers on business trips accounted for 42%. In 2006, the percentage of workers on business trips dropped down to 28% of the rapidly growing total number of workers who were issued work permits in Lithuania. | 2005 | Survey |
Luxembourg
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Migration Policies in Luxembourg (PDF 171 kb). by Waringo, K. This is a report about the history of immigration in Luxembourg. The author has used various documents (studies, government reports, etc.) to describe changes in immigration policy to reflect changing migrant flows. The report is divided into a number of phases, corresponding to chronological markers such as the arrival of Portuguese immigrants, or the phenomenon of cross-border working. The report gives no definition of a migrant worker, but mentions national or regional origins as a function of immigration conditions and success or lack of success in obtaining a work permit. | Report | |
| Youth policy in Luxembourg. Report by an international panel of experts appointed by the Council of Europe (PDF 244 kb), by Demanuele, J., Jones, G., Mitev, P., Melendres, P.S. and Simon, R. | 2002 | Report |
| Association de Soutien aux Travailleurs immigrés (ASTI) This site aims to serve as a support tool for immigrants and for anyone concerned with the problems of immigration. The association offers information services (work permits, travel permits, etc.) and also has articles, publications and studies on immigration-related subjects (eg discrimination in the employment market). ASTI also seeks to operate as a centre for the promotion of equal opportunities, and is an archive of relevant legislation. | 2007 | Website |
| Interrelations entre immigration et marché de l’emploi au Luxembourg (PDF 1,106 kb, in French) by Glesener, M.M. This study is based on existing analyses and studies, and on published data and statistics. Its objective is to create and develop a global and coherent view of the prospects and potential of the employment market in its links with immigration. In this sense, it aims to go beyond a segmented treatment of specific populations or issues. The study does not give a single definition of a migrant worker, but devotes part of its investigations to Portuguese and cross-border immigration, without focusing on any nationality in particular. | 2004 | Report |
Malta
Due to lack of employment opportunities, up to a few years ago Malta was a country from which people used to emigrate. Only recently did this picture change: hence, studies, data and information about migrant workers are very limited and derive mostly from the National Statistics Office (NSO). Indeed, all major organisations in the field reported that there are no studies or analyses covering the employment and working conditions of migrant workers. Thus, most of the answers provided for this national report derive from interviews, carried out by the author, with key persons working in the field.
The Netherlands
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Dutch Equal Treatment Commission, annual report 2004 (PDF 4,507 kb, in Dutch) | 2004 | Report |
| Dutch Labour Inspectorate 2005 reports These concern the inspections regarding illegal work in the following sectors: cleaning; manufacture of meat and fish; hotels and restaurants; construction; agriculture. | 2005 | Report |
| Netherlands Working Conditions Survey Carried out since 2003, it is a large scale investigation into the working conditions of Dutch employees. A wide range of issues are addressed, such as psychosocial workload, physical workload, safety, intimidation and bullying, occupational accidents, stress, repetitive strain injury, absenteeism, etc. A person is classified as having a foreign background in this survey if at least one of their parents was born abroad. Three categories are distinguished: a Dutch background, a western background (including persons from Indonesia, Japan, North America, Oceania and Europe, with the exception of Turkey ) and non-western migrants (including persons from Turkey, Africa, South America and Asia, with the exception of Indonesia and Japan). | 2005 | Survey |
| TNO Work Situation Survey This survey has been carried out in 2000, 2002 and 2004. It contains questions regarding quality of work and employment and labour-market related topics. The survey is administered to people who are part of the Dutch workforce, both employees and self-employed. One of the questions asked is whether a participant or there parents were born abroad. If so, the person is classified as having a foreign background. | 2000–2004 | Survey |
| Naleving van de wet arbeid vreemdelingen, een eerste onderzoek onder werkgevers (PDF 345 kb) | 2005 | Report |
| Houtman, I., Smulders, P., Bossche, S., Osh Balance 2005: Risks, effects and measures in the Netherlands | 2006 | Report |
| Over de grens. Een onderzoek naar illegale activiteiten op het gebied van uitzendarbeid (PDF 228 kb) by Zuidam M. and Grijpsta, D.H. | 2005 | Report |
| Annual report of Society of anti-discrimination offices and registration centres | 2004 | Report |
Poland
There are only a few empirical studies available that deal specifically the issue of working conditions of migrant workers; most of the sources cited deal generally with employment issues. The below-mentioned studies are usually carried either at the national or regional level. These studies employ both secondary sources (national statistics, information on work-permits, residence and asylum issues) and primary sources (such as case studies carried out at the local level):
- The most relevant data on immigrants employed by the national statistics is derived from the National Population and Housing Census;
- The Centre of Migration Research of the University of Warsaw has some publications on its website;
- The Migration and Eastern Policy Programme at the Institute of Public Affairs has some publications available on its website;
- The Institute of Labour and Social Studies has some publications in Polish on its website.
Portugal
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Occupational Mobility of the Immigrant Worker in Portugal. In 2004 the General Directorate of Studies, Statistics and Planning (Direcção-Geral de Estudos, Estatística e Planeamento, Dgeep) initiated a study to assess the labour market entry and occupational pathways of the immigrant working population, through an analysis of the different parameters of their mobility. The study made use of the most recent official statistical data, as well as international and national research published on the subject. The study also included a survey of immigrant workers in Portugal and interviews with a panel of human resource (HR) managers. The survey was carried out between December 2004 and January 2005 in 55 sampling areas corresponding to parishes (the smallest administrative unit in Portugal). Some 1,588 valid questionnaires were collected. The data gathering was also complemented by a questionnaire addressed to a panel of 117 HR managers from companies employing immigrant workers, in order to learn about their strategies and management practices. Random telephone interviews were carried out, covering the hotel and restaurants, construction and cleaning services sectors throughout Portugal. The survey was conducted by the Centre for Opinion Studies and Surveys (Centro de Estudos e Sondagens de Opinião, CESOP) of the Catholic University (Universidade Católica) and the Centre of Geographical Studies (Centro de Estudos Geográficos, CEG) of Lisbon University (Universidade de Lisboa). No specific definition of migrant worker is given in this study. | 2004 | Study |
| The impact of immigrant labour in the Portuguese companies: A qualitative vision This study aims to identify and characterise the relevant phenomena emerging from the relations between companies and the immigrant workers. It focuses on both direct and indirect factors with higher impacts in terms of productivity, competitiveness and the capacity for expansion of Portuguese companies. This study used a mainly qualitative approach, on which the analysis of companies’ daily activities was based. Some 10 case studies were created, based on 22 individual in-depth interviews (with 15 administrators, HR and personnel directors, and seven immigrant workers) . The case studies covered companies from hotels and restaurants/tourism, retail, agriculture/viticulture, cleaning services and construction sectors, all located on the Portuguese mainland. | Study |
Romania
There are no specific studies dealing the working conditions of migrant workers. However, authorised institutions, such as the Labour Inspection Office (Inspecţia Muncii, IM), the Department for Labour Abroad (Departamentul pentru Munca în Străinătate, DMS) and the National Authority for Aliens (Autoritatea pentru Străini, AS) periodically provide certain data and information related to foreign citizens in Romania. Among other things, IM controls compliance with the legislation in force on work permits granted to foreign workers in Romania. DMS draws up regular reports on the work permit situation, providing information on the country of origin, job and wage of foreign workers in Romania. In March 2006, AS published a report on migration and asylum in Romania (Migraţia şi azilul în România), presenting the number of work visa applications, data related to foreign workers in Romania classified by citizenship and permanent/temporary residence, the number of permits granted by the Office for Labour Force Migration (Oficiul pentru Migraţia Forţei de Muncă, OMFM) and the number of individual employment contracts. The report included evaluations of illegal migration in Romania.
The population and housing census (Recensământul populaţiei şi al locuinţelor), conducted once every 10 years, contains data on foreign citizens by professional categories and age brackets, by level of education, region and country of origin.
Finally, in 2004, a study was conducted on ‘Migration phenomenon from the perspective of European Union accession’ under the aegis of the European Institute of Romania (Institutul European din România, IER). The study examined the profile of migrants, public opinions on migration and processed data provided by the Institute of National Statistics (Institutul Naţional de Statistică, INS) and other national institutions with responsibilities related to migration.
As a rule, the category of migrant workers in these studies refers to foreign citizens in Romania.
Slovakia
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Popper M., Bianchi G., Lukšíka I., Szeghy P., Migrant needs in Slovakia (International Organisation for Migration, Slovakia) The study contains results of research was implemented in the framework of a project entitled ‘Migrants’ information centre to help integration of migrants and victims of trading with people into the labour market and society’. The authors define migrant using the United Nations definition: ‘Person that due to any reason has changed the country of his/her permanent or usual residence, has moved from her/his home country to another country (in this case to the Slovak Republic)’. This research was implemented at the national level. The research sample was composed of 43 migrants (25 migrants participated in individual interviews and 18 in four focus group discussions), 13 representatives of institutions and eight employers. Migrants were selected by the ‘snowball’ method. The sample contained 16 women and 27 men. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used. The questions referred mainly to the reason for migration, knowledge of languages, contacts with institutions, knowledge and know-how, issues of labour and job seeking, self-realisation, social networks, participation in civil life, services and their usage, quality of life, cultural differences, vision of the future, and the need to establish information centre for migrants. | 2006 | Study |
| Divinský B., Foreign migration in the Slovak Republic: Status, trends, social context The publication was prepared with the support of the Friedrich Eber Stiftung and the Research Institute of the Slovak Society for Foreign Policy. The author presents a complex analysis of the issue of the foreign migration in Slovakia and its various contexts – legal, institutional, economic, safety, demographic, social and cultural, foreign policy. He deals with the current migration trends, asylum policy, illegal migration, the attitudes of citizens towards foreigners, the impact of the foreign migrations upon the Slovak society, activities of national and international organisations dealing with migration. Research was implemented on the national level. The author also used a survey of migration in the Slovak Republic that he had implemented over 2004–2005. | 2005 | Study |
Slovenia
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| The main provider of information on migrant workers is the Employment Service of Slovenia (ESS), which provides information on the numbers of migrant workers from other EU countries and from third countries (only those who have work permits and can legally work); it also provides information on unemployed immigrants, the numbers of which are greatly underestimated. ESS provides information on the age and gender structure of migrant workers, their education and sector of employment and partial data on their occupation. In the Slovenian national report, data from the annual ESS reports for 2004 and 2005 are presented. | 2005–2006 | Reports |
| Malačič J., Domadenik P., Pahor M., Trends in employment and economic migration on Slovenian labour market, Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana. The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs (MLFSA ) provides information on the annual quota of work permits and an overview of the numbers and types of work permits that are issued. The Labour Inspectorate, an agency of MLFSA, publishes annual reports that include information on inspections of the employment of foreign citizens and information on undeclared work. In this report, data from the Labour Inspectorate’s annual report for 2004 and 2005 is presented. In 2006, MLFSA financed a study on employment trends and economic migration on Slovenian labour market. The authors used data from ESS and focused on the trends in the numbers and structure of migrant workers in Slovenia from the beginning of the 1990s until 2006. | 2005–2006 | Report |
| Statistical data on the numbers of foreign citizens in Slovenia and the annual migration inflows and outflows are provided by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SORS). Data on illegal immigration, numbers of refugees and asylum seekers are provided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs annual report for 2004 (PDF 3,141 kb, in Slovenian). | 2004 | Report |
| There have been several qualitative research studies performed at the Peace Institute, focused on the situation of refugees, illegal immigrants, asylum seekers, Romany people without citizenship and/or personal documents, as well as so-called ‘erased persons’. These studies are not specifically focused on the work/employment situation of migrants, although they do mention the problems that persons without Slovenian citizenship face when looking for a job. Pajnik M., Lesjak-Tušek P., Gregorčič M., Prebežniki, kdo ste?, Ljubljana. Mirovni inštitut, 2001. Milohnić A. (ed.), Evropski vratarji, Ljubljana, Mirovni inštitut, 2001. Dedić J., Jalušič V., Zorn J., Izbrisani, Ljubljana, Mirovni inštitut, 2003. | 2001–2004 | Case studies |
Spain
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| The Survey on Quality of Life in the Workplace (Encuesta de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo, in Spanish) is conducted by the Spanish Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Data can be sorted by place of birth. | Statistical data | |
| The Spanish Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs also publishes the online Labour Statistics Yearbook (in Spanish); this collects official information on accidents, contracts, etc. | Statistical data |
A number of ad hoc studies on specific issues of the working conditions of immigrants are also available for Spain.
Sweden
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Statistic Sweden, Labour Force Survey: a survey of working conditions at the national level, including quantitative comparisons of foreign-born and native employees. | 2006 | Survey |
| The Swedish Integration Board, Statistikrapport 2004 (Statistical Report 2004, in Swedish) about integration in Sweden: it presents statistics on the integration of migrants. It refers both to foreign-born people and those with a foreign background (but who were born in Sweden). | 2004 | Report |
| Statistics on integration (PDF 518 kb), from the Swedish Integration Board, is a general report about integration in Sweden. It makes national-level quantitative comparisons of foreign-born and native employees. The report provides an overview of the integration of immigrants in Sweden, one section being dedicated to the labour market. It refers to both foreign-born and people of foreign background (but who were born in Sweden). | 2006 | Report |
| Rapport integration, is a general report about integration in Sweden, based on statistics collected by the Swedish Integration Board. It contains research and evaluations by independent researchers. It refers to both foreign-born people and those of foreign background (but who were born in Sweden). | 2006 | Report |
| Det blågula glashuset – strukturell diskriminering i Sverige (in Swedish), an official government report about structural discrimination in Sweden. National-level information compares results from different studies about migrant workers on the labour market, mainly statistical studies. It also contains a review of the different research that has been conducted regarding ethnic segregation in the Swedish labour market. Studies of foreign-born as well as second-generation immigrants are presented. | 2005 | Report |
| Andersson, P. and Wadensjö, E., En arbetslöshetsförsäkring för alla sysselsatta?, Issue 9, No. 3–4, Autumn/winter 2003, from the National Institute for Working Life. This is an ad hoc survey on migrants’ working conditions. National level data from Statistics Sweden and register-based labour market Statistics are analysed and additional data have been collected by the authors. The focus is on self-employed and workers employed by interim agencies. It refers to foreign-born and second-generation immigrants. | 2003 | Survey |
| National Institute for Working Life, Vem passar in på vårt jobb? Rekrytering och kompetens för ett mångfaldigt arbetsliv. An ad hoc survey of migrants’ working conditions, using mainly qualitative data collected through interviews, supplemented with some statistics. One focus of the report is on foreign-born people, and whether they get jobs that match their skills. It refers to foreign-born workers. | 2006 | Survey |
| Bevelander P., Lundh C., , Flyktingars jobbchanser Vad betyder erfarenheter av tidigare arbetskraftsinvandring?, from the National Institute for Working Life. An ad hoc survey on migrants’ working conditions. The study is based on individual data from Statistics Sweden. It refers to all immigrants from refugee countries. | 2003 | Survey |
| Abbasian, S., Deltidsarbete och deltidsarbetslöshet bland städare i Stockholms län, , from the National Institute for Working Life. An ad hoc survey of migrants’ working conditions at the regional level. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative data. It brings the over-representation of immigrants among cleaners in Stockholm into the discussion of part-time work and unemployment. It refers to foreign-born workers. | 2006 | Survey |
United Kingdom
| Title and description | Year | Type of source |
|---|---|---|
| Foreign labour in the United Kingdom: Current patterns and trends (PDF 213 kb), by Salt, J. and Millar, J., from the Office for National Statistics, is an analysis of quantitative data on the stocks and flows of foreign labour in the United Kingdom (over 2000–2004): its deals with region of origin and nationality, broad occupational status, UK regional residence, and routes of entry, such as work permits, or worker registration schemes. | 2002–2004 | Study |
| Dench J., Hurstfiled D. Akroyd K., Employers’ use of migrant labour (PDF 609 kb), is a report conducted by the Institute for Employment Studies, commissioned by the Home Office, that looked into the recruitment and employment of migrant workers in the UK. A qualitative methodology was used: in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 124 employers in three regions (London, East Anglia and north-east England), covering five employment sectors. In addition, 20 interviews were conducted with labour providers, and representatives of unions and employer organisations. It outlines a detailed profile of the migrant workforce, and employers’ reasons for recruiting (or not recruiting) migrants. | 2004 | Survey |
| Anderson B, Ruhs M., Rogaly B., Spencer S., Fair enough? Central and east European migrants in low-wage employment in the UK (PDF 1,243 kb), from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. The research included two phases of quantitative and qualitative methods (surveys, and in-depth interviews and diaries). The first phase was conducted between March and May 2004 and the second phase between November 2004 and February 2005. The research covered four sectors (agriculture, construction, hospitality, and au pairs (although relations between au pairs and host families are not governed by employment contracts). The research was limited mainly to four of the A8 nationality groups (Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian and Polish migrants); 550 respondents were surveyed and 62 in-depth interviews conducted. | 2006 | Survey |
| Accession Monitoring Report: May 2004–September 2006 (PDF 292 kb) This is a joint online report by the Home Office and three other government departments. It is the latest in a series of nine reports that have analysed data derived from the government’s Worker Registration Scheme, the transitional measure designed to monitor and regulate access to the UK labour market of A8 nationals, and to restrict their access to benefits. It outlines quarterly and cumulative data on the profile of registered workers, including age and gender, occupations in which registered workers are employed, hours of work and wages, temporary and permanent employment status, intended length of stay, geographical distribution (by occupational group), and nationality (by occupational group). | 2006 | Report |
EF/07/58
| Index | << Prev |
Page last updated: 13 November, 2007