EWCS 2010 Survey Results

Is your immediate boss a man or a woman? (q59)

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Note: This question was asked of employees only

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Gender

Is your immediate boss a man or a woman? (q59) - Woman
Country	Gender	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Male	6.5	8.1	13.1	11.4
	Female	30.7	35.7	39.3	47.2
	Total	16.0	19.9	25.6	28.0
BG (Bulgaria)	Male	.	14.5	12.3	16.0
	Female	.	49.7	40.9	49.0
	Total	.	32.3	26.2	31.6
CZ (Czech Republic)	Male	.	10.3	8.0	6.8
	Female	.	41.0	44.1	49.9
	Total	.	23.8	24.2	26.9
DK (Denmark)	Male	10.7	9.7	13.9	18.6
	Female	48.5	52.1	46.6	50.9
	Total	28.4	29.8	29.5	34.6
DE (Germany)	Male	5.3	5.2	5.0	9.2
	Female	35.1	30.3	33.5	40.7
	Total	18.1	16.7	18.2	23.8
EE (Estonia)	Male	.	18.7	13.3	11.1
	Female	.	52.9	61.0	66.0
	Total	.	35.5	37.7	41.1
EL (Greece)	Male	6.9	6.1	11.4	7.1
	Female	26.5	24.3	31.5	28.4
	Total	14.0	13.2	19.9	16.2
ES (Spain)	Male	7.2	5.9	8.8	9.7
	Female	33.4	36.3	38.5	40.7
	Total	16.6	16.9	21.0	23.5
FR (France)	Male	9.3	10.9	9.5	11.8
	Female	42.0	40.4	42.8	45.8
	Total	24.7	24.2	25.7	28.4
IE (Ireland)	Male	8.5	10.7	12.2	14.7
	Female	44.3	46.4	50.2	49.4
	Total	23.7	27.0	30.1	31.7
IT (Italy)	Male	6.1	11.0	7.4	10.1
	Female	28.8	39.3	32.9	38.8
	Total	15.0	21.9	18.0	21.9
CY (Cyprus)	Male	.	5.6	5.0	12.7
	Female	.	29.7	25.8	39.3
	Total	.	16.4	14.8	25.3
LV (Latvia)	Male	.	13.9	8.8	15.0
	Female	.	53.3	53.9	58.1
	Total	.	33.9	31.5	37.6
LT (Lithuania)	Male	.	14.4	15.3	8.1
	Female	.	52.0	53.3	62.5
	Total	.	34.4	34.4	35.9
LU (Luxembourg)	Male	4.7	5.4	5.7	14.2
	Female	27.1	39.7	39.1	43.6
	Total	12.6	18.6	19.9	26.6
HU (Hungary)	Male	.	16.4	11.4	11.6
	Female	.	51.6	50.7	53.8
	Total	.	32.9	30.8	32.0
MT (Malta)	Male	.	6.1	9.6	5.8
	Female	.	32.2	45.2	42.0
	Total	.	14.6	21.4	18.6
NL (Netherlands)	Male	7.7	10.2	8.1	13.4
	Female	34.8	37.4	38.7	44.9
	Total	19.2	21.7	21.9	28.5
AT (Austria)	Male	4.4	6.8	7.7	10.8
	Female	29.5	34.9	40.7	43.7
	Total	15.9	19.2	23.1	26.6
PL (Poland)	Male	.	9.3	10.3	11.4
	Female	.	51.4	48.6	54.0
	Total	.	28.7	28.6	32.1
PT (Portugal)	Male	6.8	4.6	11.4	10.5
	Female	36.5	46.8	44.7	52.1
	Total	20.3	23.8	26.9	29.7
RO (Romania)	Male	.	4.9	8.8	10.9
	Female	.	36.6	42.6	45.5
	Total	.	19.9	25.1	26.3
SI (Slovenia)	Male	.	14.7	15.6	15.8
	Female	.	41.0	54.1	50.7
	Total	.	27.2	33.4	32.8
SK (Slovakia)	Male	.	10.9	12.4	13.4
	Female	.	51.1	44.2	52.3
	Total	.	30.1	27.0	31.0
FI (Finland)	Male	10.9	8.6	14.6	14.3
	Female	50.8	56.7	63.3	61.3
	Total	30.9	32.2	39.3	38.1
SE (Sweden)	Male	10.3	12.8	14.8	22.1
	Female	49.1	52.4	53.1	56.4
	Total	29.8	32.2	33.4	39.2
UK (United Kingdom)	Male	10.2	13.1	14.9	18.8
	Female	49.0	52.3	53.3	59.2
	Total	28.7	32.4	33.9	38.8
HR (Croatia)	Male	.	.	10.2	9.8
	Female	.	.	43.2	45.3
	Total	.	.	25.2	26.6
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Male	.	.	.	11.2
	Female	.	.	.	42.9
	Total	.	.	.	24.6
TR (Turkey)	Male	.	.	5.7	5.4
	Female	.	.	31.2	27.4
	Total	.	.	15.1	11.8
NO (Norway)	Male	.	.	14.0	17.4
	Female	.	.	52.1	58.7
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.6
AL (Albania)	Male	.	.	.	8.4
	Female	.	.	.	36.4
	Total	.	.	.	21.6
XK (Kosovo)	Male	.	.	.	4.8
	Female	.	.	.	21.7
	Total	.	.	.	10.5
ME (Montenegro)	Male	.	.	.	9.9
	Female	.	.	.	35.1
	Total	.	.	.	21.2
CH (Switzerland)	Male	.	.	5.9	.
	Female	.	.	37.7	.
	Total	.	.	20.7	.
EC12	Male	7.5	8.9	9.2	11.9
	Female	38.7	39.7	40.7	45.6
	Total	21.0	22.5	23.6	27.6
EU15	Male	7.5	8.9	9.4	12.2
	Female	39.0	40.3	41.4	46.2
	Total	21.3	22.8	24.2	28.0
EU27	Male	.	9.1	9.5	12.0
	Female	.	41.6	42.5	47.3
	Total	.	23.7	24.8	28.5

Age

Is your immediate boss a man or a woman? (q59) - Woman
Country	Age	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Under 30	17.8	18.3	31.8	29.9
	30 to 49	15.7	22.5	25.4	28.2
	50+	14.0	13.3	19.0	25.9
	Total	16.0	19.9	25.6	28.0
BG (Bulgaria)	Under 30	.	30.3	25.4	29.3
	30 to 49	.	31.7	26.6	30.0
	50+	.	35.6	26.0	36.2
	Total	.	32.3	26.2	31.6
CZ (Czech Republic)	Under 30	.	28.3	23.3	26.4
	30 to 49	.	23.4	27.0	25.4
	50+	.	19.9	18.9	30.3
	Total	.	23.8	24.2	26.9
DK (Denmark)	Under 30	33.9	30.8	32.7	28.8
	30 to 49	26.1	29.7	28.3	35.1
	50+	25.9	29.2	28.9	38.5
	Total	28.4	29.8	29.5	34.6
DE (Germany)	Under 30	21.6	17.6	28.1	28.2
	30 to 49	17.7	16.1	15.0	23.0
	50+	15.0	17.6	17.0	22.0
	Total	18.1	16.7	18.2	23.8
EE (Estonia)	Under 30	.	31.9	28.8	28.1
	30 to 49	.	37.0	39.4	42.1
	50+	.	35.9	41.7	47.8
	Total	.	35.5	37.7	41.1
EL (Greece)	Under 30	19.2	11.8	21.1	17.1
	30 to 49	12.7	14.0	18.0	13.4
	50+	9.6	13.1	24.9	22.6
	Total	14.0	13.2	19.9	16.2
ES (Spain)	Under 30	17.5	16.6	18.4	23.6
	30 to 49	17.5	16.0	22.5	22.7
	50+	12.2	20.4	20.5	25.5
	Total	16.6	16.9	21.0	23.5
FR (France)	Under 30	24.2	27.6	29.7	30.2
	30 to 49	24.8	23.1	23.7	28.2
	50+	25.4	23.4	25.9	27.3
	Total	24.7	24.2	25.7	28.4
IE (Ireland)	Under 30	27.9	25.7	31.7	31.6
	30 to 49	20.5	28.3	30.3	30.0
	50+	24.2	26.4	26.6	36.1
	Total	23.7	27.0	30.1	31.7
IT (Italy)	Under 30	13.1	23.8	23.5	21.1
	30 to 49	16.8	20.7	15.3	24.0
	50+	12.3	23.6	21.7	17.9
	Total	15.0	21.9	18.0	21.9
CY (Cyprus)	Under 30	.	18.4	18.8	30.0
	30 to 49	.	17.2	14.5	22.5
	50+	.	11.8	10.9	26.9
	Total	.	16.4	14.8	25.3
LV (Latvia)	Under 30	.	34.7	32.1	33.1
	30 to 49	.	33.6	31.7	38.9
	50+	.	33.7	30.5	39.2
	Total	.	33.9	31.5	37.6
LT (Lithuania)	Under 30	.	28.2	26.4	35.5
	30 to 49	.	37.8	37.0	35.0
	50+	.	31.7	35.4	38.0
	Total	.	34.4	34.4	35.9
LU (Luxembourg)	Under 30	17.2	20.9	24.7	33.0
	30 to 49	11.0	19.4	19.5	27.7
	50+	10.1	11.7	16.5	17.9
	Total	12.6	18.6	19.9	26.6
HU (Hungary)	Under 30	.	29.7	25.1	31.5
	30 to 49	.	34.8	33.0	29.9
	50+	.	32.1	31.6	37.4
	Total	.	32.9	30.8	32.0
MT (Malta)	Under 30	.	15.4	24.7	20.6
	30 to 49	.	14.8	19.9	20.3
	50+	.	12.6	19.1	11.5
	Total	.	14.6	21.4	18.6
NL (Netherlands)	Under 30	22.4	24.5	20.3	36.6
	30 to 49	18.7	19.9	23.7	22.2
	50+	14.2	22.4	19.6	30.8
	Total	19.2	21.7	21.9	28.5
AT (Austria)	Under 30	21.9	25.3	25.5	33.2
	30 to 49	13.9	17.5	21.4	24.3
	50+	10.6	14.5	23.6	25.0
	Total	15.9	19.2	23.1	26.6
PL (Poland)	Under 30	.	32.3	25.4	33.6
	30 to 49	.	29.0	29.7	32.5
	50+	.	21.4	30.5	29.8
	Total	.	28.7	28.6	32.1
PT (Portugal)	Under 30	20.8	20.1	24.8	34.9
	30 to 49	21.3	24.5	26.8	29.6
	50+	16.8	27.2	29.8	25.8
	Total	20.3	23.8	26.9	29.7
RO (Romania)	Under 30	.	21.7	21.4	28.3
	30 to 49	.	16.4	23.6	26.9
	50+	.	25.6	33.7	22.9
	Total	.	19.9	25.1	26.3
SI (Slovenia)	Under 30	.	29.8	32.3	32.9
	30 to 49	.	27.1	35.0	31.5
	50+	.	24.0	29.9	35.4
	Total	.	27.2	33.4	32.8
SK (Slovakia)	Under 30	.	27.0	23.1	35.1
	30 to 49	.	33.2	28.4	30.0
	50+	.	24.5	28.4	29.9
	Total	.	30.1	27.0	31.0
FI (Finland)	Under 30	37.3	31.2	37.0	41.7
	30 to 49	29.4	30.5	39.6	36.2
	50+	28.5	37.7	40.4	38.2
	Total	30.9	32.2	39.3	38.1
SE (Sweden)	Under 30	27.9	31.0	31.6	32.5
	30 to 49	31.3	34.9	33.5	38.2
	50+	28.5	28.5	34.5	45.9
	Total	29.8	32.2	33.4	39.2
UK (United Kingdom)	Under 30	32.5	30.7	30.0	37.5
	30 to 49	26.7	34.6	35.2	37.8
	50+	28.1	29.8	34.7	41.8
	Total	28.7	32.4	33.9	38.8
HR (Croatia)	Under 30	.	.	22.4	28.3
	30 to 49	.	.	24.7	26.0
	50+	.	.	28.0	25.8
	Total	.	.	25.2	26.6
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Under 30	.	.	.	22.2
	30 to 49	.	.	.	27.0
	50+	.	.	.	21.6
	Total	.	.	.	24.6
TR (Turkey)	Under 30	.	.	16.1	12.1
	30 to 49	.	.	13.8	10.9
	50+	.	.	17.5	16.1
	Total	.	.	15.1	11.8
NO (Norway)	Under 30	.	.	32.5	29.2
	30 to 49	.	.	31.4	41.5
	50+	.	.	35.9	37.5
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.6
AL (Albania)	Under 30	.	.	.	20.7
	30 to 49	.	.	.	20.7
	50+	.	.	.	24.2
	Total	.	.	.	21.6
XK (Kosovo)	Under 30	.	.	.	10.5
	30 to 49	.	.	.	10.9
	50+	.	.	.	10.2
	Total	.	.	.	10.5
ME (Montenegro)	Under 30	.	.	.	19.4
	30 to 49	.	.	.	22.6
	50+	.	.	.	20.7
	Total	.	.	.	21.2
CH (Switzerland)	Under 30	.	.	26.8	.
	30 to 49	.	.	17.7	.
	50+	.	.	21.7	.
	Total	.	.	20.7	.
EC12	Under 30	23.3	23.1	26.3	29.8
	30 to 49	20.7	22.0	22.2	26.8
	50+	18.7	22.9	23.9	27.3
	Total	21.0	22.5	23.6	27.6
EU15	Under 30	23.5	23.5	26.5	30.1
	30 to 49	21.0	22.4	22.8	27.2
	50+	19.1	23.2	24.6	28.0
	Total	21.3	22.8	24.2	28.0
EU27	Under 30	.	24.5	26.1	30.4
	30 to 49	.	23.3	23.9	27.8
	50+	.	23.7	25.4	28.6
	Total	.	23.7	24.8	28.5

Employment status

Is your immediate boss a man or a woman? (q59) - Woman
Country	Employment status	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Employee: permanent contract	15.8	19.7	23.7	27.7
	Employee: other arrangement	18.4	20.9	39.4	30.4
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	16.0	19.9	25.6	28.0
BG (Bulgaria)	Employee: permanent contract	.	34.2	25.0	32.4
	Employee: other arrangement	.	29.6	29.3	28.6
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	32.3	26.2	31.6
CZ (Czech Republic)	Employee: permanent contract	.	23.8	22.2	25.5
	Employee: other arrangement	.	25.6	32.0	36.1
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	23.8	24.2	26.9
DK (Denmark)	Employee: permanent contract	25.0	28.4	29.3	34.9
	Employee: other arrangement	44.1	36.6	30.1	32.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	28.4	29.8	29.5	34.6
DE (Germany)	Employee: permanent contract	17.9	16.0	16.7	22.6
	Employee: other arrangement	20.3	19.6	27.9	29.5
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	18.1	16.7	18.2	23.8
EE (Estonia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	34.9	37.9	41.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	40.8	36.2	38.3
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	35.5	37.7	41.1
EL (Greece)	Employee: permanent contract	15.1	12.5	17.1	17.5
	Employee: other arrangement	6.6	14.3	23.9	14.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	14.0	13.2	19.9	16.2
ES (Spain)	Employee: permanent contract	12.0	14.2	18.1	21.0
	Employee: other arrangement	18.1	20.7	26.6	28.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	16.6	16.9	21.0	23.5
FR (France)	Employee: permanent contract	24.0	23.5	23.9	27.9
	Employee: other arrangement	24.4	28.7	36.6	31.2
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	24.7	24.2	25.7	28.4
IE (Ireland)	Employee: permanent contract	22.5	26.4	31.0	31.7
	Employee: other arrangement	32.2	29.3	28.6	30.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	23.7	27.0	30.1	31.7
IT (Italy)	Employee: permanent contract	14.4	21.3	15.0	20.6
	Employee: other arrangement	18.9	25.7	27.8	27.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	15.0	21.9	18.0	21.9
CY (Cyprus)	Employee: permanent contract	.	13.7	18.4	26.3
	Employee: other arrangement	.	20.2	11.8	24.5
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	16.4	14.8	25.3
LV (Latvia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	34.5	32.3	38.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	34.5	27.0	32.4
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	33.9	31.5	37.6
LT (Lithuania)	Employee: permanent contract	.	36.3	33.6	35.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	28.8	37.8	39.5
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	34.4	34.4	35.9
LU (Luxembourg)	Employee: permanent contract	11.0	17.0	20.6	25.6
	Employee: other arrangement	26.1	27.5	13.1	35.0
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	12.6	18.6	19.9	26.6
HU (Hungary)	Employee: permanent contract	.	32.5	30.5	32.0
	Employee: other arrangement	.	32.0	31.9	32.6
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	32.9	30.8	32.0
MT (Malta)	Employee: permanent contract	.	13.7	20.4	19.2
	Employee: other arrangement	.	17.7	21.9	17.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	14.6	21.4	18.6
NL (Netherlands)	Employee: permanent contract	19.2	20.1	20.8	26.9
	Employee: other arrangement	16.9	30.4	26.6	34.3
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	19.2	21.7	21.9	28.5
AT (Austria)	Employee: permanent contract	16.0	18.4	21.0	24.4
	Employee: other arrangement	12.7	24.5	29.6	38.2
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	15.9	19.2	23.1	26.6
PL (Poland)	Employee: permanent contract	.	26.8	30.2	31.8
	Employee: other arrangement	.	33.6	25.0	32.9
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	28.7	28.6	32.1
PT (Portugal)	Employee: permanent contract	20.4	21.8	25.9	26.8
	Employee: other arrangement	23.8	29.7	29.7	36.6
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	20.3	23.8	26.9	29.7
RO (Romania)	Employee: permanent contract	.	19.5	27.0	26.2
	Employee: other arrangement	.	23.0	14.5	26.4
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	19.9	25.1	26.3
SI (Slovenia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	26.6	33.2	32.1
	Employee: other arrangement	.	34.3	33.9	35.9
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	27.2	33.4	32.8
SK (Slovakia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	29.9	27.7	29.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	30.0	24.3	37.9
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	30.1	27.0	31.0
FI (Finland)	Employee: permanent contract	27.7	29.2	36.5	36.2
	Employee: other arrangement	46.1	44.6	51.2	46.9
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	30.9	32.2	39.3	38.1
SE (Sweden)	Employee: permanent contract	28.0	31.3	32.8	39.4
	Employee: other arrangement	44.3	41.5	40.1	36.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	29.8	32.2	33.4	39.2
UK (United Kingdom)	Employee: permanent contract	28.8	31.2	35.6	39.5
	Employee: other arrangement	32.3	42.7	32.7	33.8
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	28.7	32.4	33.9	38.8
HR (Croatia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	24.5	25.8
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	28.5	31.9
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	25.2	26.6
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	24.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	25.0
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	.	24.6
TR (Turkey)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	15.9	10.0
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	15.0	12.6
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	15.1	11.8
NO (Norway)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	30.9	37.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	49.0	37.3
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.6
AL (Albania)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	22.3
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	19.3
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	.	21.6
XK (Kosovo)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	5.9
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	15.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	.	10.5
ME (Montenegro)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	19.1
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	24.5
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	.	21.2
CH (Switzerland)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	18.8	.
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	32.9	.
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	.	20.7	.
EC12	Employee: permanent contract	20.6	21.6	22.0	26.9
	Employee: other arrangement	22.3	26.7	29.8	30.0
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	21.0	22.5	23.6	27.6
EU15	Employee: permanent contract	20.8	21.9	22.6	27.4
	Employee: other arrangement	23.2	27.3	30.2	30.5
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	21.3	22.8	24.2	28.0
EU27	Employee: permanent contract	.	22.8	23.7	27.9
	Employee: other arrangement	.	27.8	29.5	30.8
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.
	Total	.	23.7	24.8	28.5

Industry/services

Is your immediate boss a man or a woman? (q59) - Woman
Country	Industry/services	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Industry	4.5	9.4	7.6	11.5
	Services	21.7	24.1	31.5	33.9
	Total	16.0	19.9	25.6	28.0
BG (Bulgaria)	Industry	.	27.1	22.7	25.1
	Services	.	36.4	29.7	35.5
	Total	.	32.3	26.2	31.6
CZ (Czech Republic)	Industry	.	11.4	13.6	12.7
	Services	.	34.7	32.9	36.5
	Total	.	23.8	24.2	26.9
DK (Denmark)	Industry	8.8	12.1	8.2	10.8
	Services	37.2	37.0	37.3	40.9
	Total	28.4	29.8	29.5	34.6
DE (Germany)	Industry	7.0	5.5	6.0	7.9
	Services	25.0	23.2	24.5	31.2
	Total	18.1	16.7	18.2	23.8
EE (Estonia)	Industry	.	26.5	24.1	23.1
	Services	.	41.7	46.9	50.8
	Total	.	35.5	37.7	41.1
EL (Greece)	Industry	7.8	3.4	6.5	4.8
	Services	16.8	17.2	24.7	20.3
	Total	14.0	13.2	19.9	16.2
ES (Spain)	Industry	9.1	7.3	7.2	10.3
	Services	22.2	23.1	28.8	29.1
	Total	16.6	16.9	21.0	23.5
FR (France)	Industry	14.7	9.3	16.3	8.4
	Services	29.6	30.7	29.4	35.1
	Total	24.7	24.2	25.7	28.4
IE (Ireland)	Industry	11.3	12.9	8.5	9.3
	Services	30.1	34.0	38.6	38.3
	Total	23.7	27.0	30.1	31.7
IT (Italy)	Industry	12.8	11.8	7.3	12.3
	Services	16.8	27.5	25.0	26.9
	Total	15.0	21.9	18.0	21.9
CY (Cyprus)	Industry	.	9.1	2.0	4.5
	Services	.	18.8	19.6	31.6
	Total	.	16.4	14.8	25.3
LV (Latvia)	Industry	.	25.3	17.6	20.3
	Services	.	40.2	39.8	45.2
	Total	.	33.9	31.5	37.6
LT (Lithuania)	Industry	.	28.7	21.3	15.0
	Services	.	38.0	44.0	44.9
	Total	.	34.4	34.4	35.9
LU (Luxembourg)	Industry	1.9	3.5	8.2	2.6
	Services	16.2	23.2	23.5	31.1
	Total	12.6	18.6	19.9	26.6
HU (Hungary)	Industry	.	20.4	24.5	18.2
	Services	.	41.5	34.5	39.7
	Total	.	32.9	30.8	32.0
MT (Malta)	Industry	.	12.0	10.1	8.8
	Services	.	15.8	26.0	21.5
	Total	.	14.6	21.4	18.6
NL (Netherlands)	Industry	6.0	6.8	5.1	6.5
	Services	24.1	26.5	27.2	34.2
	Total	19.2	21.7	21.9	28.5
AT (Austria)	Industry	7.7	7.4	2.6	7.0
	Services	20.9	26.1	32.6	34.4
	Total	15.9	19.2	23.1	26.6
PL (Poland)	Industry	.	13.5	15.0	11.4
	Services	.	40.3	37.0	43.5
	Total	.	28.7	28.6	32.1
PT (Portugal)	Industry	11.2	12.8	18.8	11.6
	Services	27.2	33.8	33.2	38.8
	Total	20.3	23.8	26.9	29.7
RO (Romania)	Industry	.	17.0	18.1	15.4
	Services	.	25.6	31.7	34.8
	Total	.	19.9	25.1	26.3
SI (Slovenia)	Industry	.	21.5	24.2	17.0
	Services	.	32.4	41.4	42.5
	Total	.	27.2	33.4	32.8
SK (Slovakia)	Industry	.	18.8	15.7	16.5
	Services	.	39.2	35.9	41.0
	Total	.	30.1	27.0	31.0
FI (Finland)	Industry	9.5	11.8	15.0	13.7
	Services	40.7	41.9	49.2	47.4
	Total	30.9	32.2	39.3	38.1
SE (Sweden)	Industry	9.7	6.7	10.9	13.7
	Services	37.8	41.7	40.6	44.7
	Total	29.8	32.2	33.4	39.2
UK (United Kingdom)	Industry	9.8	8.0	13.5	11.8
	Services	36.7	41.0	39.7	44.8
	Total	28.7	32.4	33.9	38.8
HR (Croatia)	Industry	.	.	15.6	10.6
	Services	.	.	33.2	34.2
	Total	.	.	25.2	26.6
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Industry	.	.	.	24.6
	Services	.	.	.	25.1
	Total	.	.	.	24.6
TR (Turkey)	Industry	.	.	12.4	5.7
	Services	.	.	14.6	15.2
	Total	.	.	15.1	11.8
NO (Norway)	Industry	.	.	6.1	9.1
	Services	.	.	40.5	45.4
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.6
AL (Albania)	Industry	.	.	.	20.0
	Services	.	.	.	22.2
	Total	.	.	.	21.6
XK (Kosovo)	Industry	.	.	.	6.1
	Services	.	.	.	12.0
	Total	.	.	.	10.5
ME (Montenegro)	Industry	.	.	.	10.1
	Services	.	.	.	24.8
	Total	.	.	.	21.2
CH (Switzerland)	Industry	.	.	4.9	.
	Services	.	.	26.0	.
	Total	.	.	20.7	.
EC12	Industry	9.7	8.2	9.6	9.6
	Services	27.4	29.4	30.0	34.3
	Total	21.0	22.5	23.6	27.6
EU15	Industry	9.7	8.2	9.5	9.7
	Services	27.8	29.9	30.7	34.8
	Total	21.3	22.8	24.2	28.0
EU27	Industry	.	10.6	11.5	11.0
	Services	.	31.0	31.4	35.7
	Total	.	23.7	24.8	28.5

Type of occupation

Is your immediate boss a man or a woman? (q59) - Woman
Country	Type of occupation	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	High-skilled clerical	17.4	23.8	28.4	34.1
	Low-skilled clerical	21.6	24.6	29.1	29.9
	High-skilled manual	3.6	11.2	3.1	12.8
	Low-skilled manual	13.8	11.5	24.7	23.6
	Total	16.0	19.9	25.6	28.0
BG (Bulgaria)	High-skilled clerical	.	39.4	38.5	38.6
	Low-skilled clerical	.	37.1	26.5	36.7
	High-skilled manual	.	30.9	24.0	16.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	22.1	19.5	29.3
	Total	.	32.3	26.2	31.6
CZ (Czech Republic)	High-skilled clerical	.	18.8	34.5	25.5
	Low-skilled clerical	.	36.0	34.1	41.4
	High-skilled manual	.	15.4	13.0	6.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	13.9	14.1	13.8
	Total	.	23.8	24.2	26.9
DK (Denmark)	High-skilled clerical	28.3	24.3	26.1	31.1
	Low-skilled clerical	42.2	42.6	41.2	45.4
	High-skilled manual	3.5	3.9	11.9	7.2
	Low-skilled manual	15.7	20.1	15.8	21.6
	Total	28.4	29.8	29.5	34.6
DE (Germany)	High-skilled clerical	21.1	14.3	18.0	25.5
	Low-skilled clerical	22.5	24.1	25.4	32.8
	High-skilled manual	6.3	4.5	5.4	3.5
	Low-skilled manual	17.6	13.4	12.4	15.1
	Total	18.1	16.7	18.2	23.8
EE (Estonia)	High-skilled clerical	.	36.9	43.7	50.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	42.4	49.4	51.3
	High-skilled manual	.	31.7	19.8	14.6
	Low-skilled manual	.	29.8	30.1	32.0
	Total	.	35.5	37.7	41.1
EL (Greece)	High-skilled clerical	24.4	20.7	22.7	14.8
	Low-skilled clerical	20.5	13.9	24.8	21.6
	High-skilled manual	7.2	5.2	7.2	1.7
	Low-skilled manual	5.2	12.0	16.6	17.2
	Total	14.0	13.2	19.9	16.2
ES (Spain)	High-skilled clerical	19.1	14.8	24.1	32.4
	Low-skilled clerical	19.4	23.5	24.3	30.9
	High-skilled manual	6.7	10.3	4.9	8.9
	Low-skilled manual	20.0	14.8	24.3	14.1
	Total	16.6	16.9	21.0	23.5
FR (France)	High-skilled clerical	25.9	16.8	14.8	35.1
	Low-skilled clerical	33.0	34.1	33.1	35.9
	High-skilled manual	7.3	8.9	12.3	4.3
	Low-skilled manual	16.8	16.5	24.3	20.0
	Total	24.7	24.2	25.7	28.4
IE (Ireland)	High-skilled clerical	22.8	30.6	34.7	34.2
	Low-skilled clerical	27.9	36.2	39.6	38.1
	High-skilled manual	9.3	4.4	0.8	1.1
	Low-skilled manual	27.6	17.8	18.4	23.5
	Total	23.7	27.0	30.1	31.7
IT (Italy)	High-skilled clerical	15.6	34.0	21.4	36.8
	Low-skilled clerical	19.4	23.8	21.3	22.7
	High-skilled manual	7.7	12.4	5.8	10.0
	Low-skilled manual	10.6	17.4	17.8	21.5
	Total	15.0	21.9	18.0	21.9
CY (Cyprus)	High-skilled clerical	.	22.1	18.2	35.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	16.9	18.2	25.9
	High-skilled manual	.	4.8	1.9	2.6
	Low-skilled manual	.	18.7	13.7	28.3
	Total	.	16.4	14.8	25.3
LV (Latvia)	High-skilled clerical	.	41.4	45.5	42.5
	Low-skilled clerical	.	39.5	41.7	44.3
	High-skilled manual	.	27.3	15.5	13.8
	Low-skilled manual	.	26.3	18.5	35.9
	Total	.	33.9	31.5	37.6
LT (Lithuania)	High-skilled clerical	.	44.9	41.4	44.7
	Low-skilled clerical	.	38.9	42.9	46.5
	High-skilled manual	.	31.8	21.7	22.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	22.2	31.3	17.8
	Total	.	34.4	34.4	35.9
LU (Luxembourg)	High-skilled clerical	14.1	38.9	6.6	30.0
	Low-skilled clerical	8.6	19.1	24.6	29.6
	High-skilled manual	2.2	0.4	8.4	0.5
	Low-skilled manual	30.0	11.7	33.3	29.5
	Total	12.6	18.6	19.9	26.6
HU (Hungary)	High-skilled clerical	.	34.3	41.4	42.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	41.0	32.2	40.7
	High-skilled manual	.	23.9	15.6	9.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	27.7	34.1	27.9
	Total	.	32.9	30.8	32.0
MT (Malta)	High-skilled clerical	.	19.8	14.4	23.9
	Low-skilled clerical	.	18.5	34.3	21.3
	High-skilled manual	.	0.0	1.6	2.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	11.3	17.2	15.4
	Total	.	14.6	21.4	18.6
NL (Netherlands)	High-skilled clerical	19.3	20.3	16.3	27.7
	Low-skilled clerical	27.2	27.7	30.4	34.7
	High-skilled manual	4.1	2.6	10.8	0.0
	Low-skilled manual	9.1	19.9	22.6	25.1
	Total	19.2	21.7	21.9	28.5
AT (Austria)	High-skilled clerical	20.5	26.8	30.1	40.9
	Low-skilled clerical	20.0	27.6	30.5	33.0
	High-skilled manual	5.9	3.8	1.1	5.6
	Low-skilled manual	13.9	11.9	17.1	16.6
	Total	15.9	19.2	23.1	26.6
PL (Poland)	High-skilled clerical	.	33.9	43.4	38.3
	Low-skilled clerical	.	48.1	37.3	46.5
	High-skilled manual	.	14.0	12.6	10.3
	Low-skilled manual	.	10.0	20.4	16.8
	Total	.	28.7	28.6	32.1
PT (Portugal)	High-skilled clerical	37.8	24.6	38.1	44.6
	Low-skilled clerical	17.6	28.8	32.6	36.4
	High-skilled manual	12.8	6.4	13.7	13.4
	Low-skilled manual	25.0	32.6	25.1	24.9
	Total	20.3	23.8	26.9	29.7
RO (Romania)	High-skilled clerical	.	22.6	34.2	40.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	34.8	28.9	34.6
	High-skilled manual	.	19.4	5.8	13.9
	Low-skilled manual	.	10.6	34.2	17.1
	Total	.	19.9	25.1	26.3
SI (Slovenia)	High-skilled clerical	.	30.6	51.4	40.3
	Low-skilled clerical	.	36.6	43.6	38.5
	High-skilled manual	.	24.2	16.8	12.1
	Low-skilled manual	.	14.4	14.1	25.6
	Total	.	27.2	33.4	32.8
SK (Slovakia)	High-skilled clerical	.	33.5	31.3	36.5
	Low-skilled clerical	.	41.4	34.7	43.2
	High-skilled manual	.	21.2	16.1	9.2
	Low-skilled manual	.	16.7	21.1	23.4
	Total	.	30.1	27.0	31.0
FI (Finland)	High-skilled clerical	23.8	25.0	36.7	32.7
	Low-skilled clerical	48.8	49.2	55.6	53.3
	High-skilled manual	9.9	7.1	11.2	7.8
	Low-skilled manual	18.5	26.1	24.5	32.2
	Total	30.9	32.2	39.3	38.1
SE (Sweden)	High-skilled clerical	31.2	35.3	49.8	45.4
	Low-skilled clerical	39.0	44.0	37.0	46.8
	High-skilled manual	7.6	5.1	6.9	11.6
	Low-skilled manual	17.0	15.1	15.7	22.4
	Total	29.8	32.2	33.4	39.2
UK (United Kingdom)	High-skilled clerical	21.0	38.1	31.4	37.7
	Low-skilled clerical	40.9	42.4	45.0	48.9
	High-skilled manual	11.8	8.9	1.7	5.7
	Low-skilled manual	24.1	12.8	23.4	28.9
	Total	28.7	32.4	33.9	38.8
HR (Croatia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	29.2	34.3
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	36.4	31.5
	High-skilled manual	.	.	7.7	10.9
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	16.5	18.3
	Total	.	.	25.2	26.6
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	23.0
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	21.7
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	7.5
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	34.1
	Total	.	.	.	24.6
TR (Turkey)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	16.2	17.5
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	17.6	16.5
	High-skilled manual	.	.	16.2	1.9
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	10.9	8.5
	Total	.	.	15.1	11.8
NO (Norway)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	32.2	36.4
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	41.0	48.6
	High-skilled manual	.	.	9.1	6.5
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	19.0	14.2
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.6
AL (Albania)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	26.9
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	23.7
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	28.6
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	8.9
	Total	.	.	.	21.6
XK (Kosovo)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	15.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	8.5
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	7.8
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	8.3
	Total	.	.	.	10.5
ME (Montenegro)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	21.0
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	27.2
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	9.6
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	6.5
	Total	.	.	.	21.2
CH (Switzerland)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	11.2	.
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	30.7	.
	High-skilled manual	.	.	1.2	.
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	20.4	.
	Total	.	.	20.7	.
EC12	High-skilled clerical	21.3	25.2	22.8	32.6
	Low-skilled clerical	27.8	29.8	31.1	34.8
	High-skilled manual	7.6	7.7	6.4	6.2
	Low-skilled manual	17.6	15.9	20.6	20.2
	Total	21.0	22.5	23.6	27.6
EU15	High-skilled clerical	21.7	25.5	23.9	33.2
	Low-skilled clerical	28.2	30.5	31.6	35.3
	High-skilled manual	7.6	7.5	6.4	6.3
	Low-skilled manual	17.5	15.9	20.5	20.3
	Total	21.3	22.8	24.2	28.0
EU27	High-skilled clerical	.	26.6	26.7	34.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	32.2	32.0	36.4
	High-skilled manual	.	10.6	8.1	7.6
	Low-skilled manual	.	15.5	21.3	20.3
	Total	.	23.7	24.8	28.5

Page last updated: 15 November, 2010

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