EWCS 2010 Survey Results

Are you exposed to loud noise? (q23b)

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Gender

Are you exposed to loud noise? (q23b) - At least a quarter of the time
Country	Gender	1991	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Male	29.2	25.8	33.9	29.8	37.5
	Female	17.3	14.6	14.0	19.4	17.3
	Total	24.7	21.3	25.5	25.3	28.4
BG (Bulgaria)	Male	.	.	33.9	38.4	41.5
	Female	.	.	27.3	27.5	23.5
	Total	.	.	30.8	33.3	33.1
CZ (Czech Republic)	Male	.	.	44.9	44.3	39.2
	Female	.	.	30.4	18.4	19.5
	Total	.	.	38.6	33.0	30.8
DK (Denmark)	Male	31.4	31.4	31.7	32.0	32.7
	Female	23.6	26.1	25.2	27.7	31.0
	Total	27.8	29.1	28.7	30.0	31.9
DE (Germany)	Male	29.7	28.9	36.5	49.5	41.8
	Female	14.2	15.2	13.3	12.8	17.1
	Total	23.2	23.0	26.3	32.9	30.4
EE (Estonia)	Male	.	.	45.2	46.8	45.6
	Female	.	.	31.1	31.8	29.9
	Total	.	.	38.4	39.4	37.5
EL (Greece)	Male	36.3	43.3	38.9	41.7	42.5
	Female	22.8	24.9	20.4	24.0	18.7
	Total	31.7	36.6	32.0	35.0	33.0
ES (Spain)	Male	33.8	33.7	38.0	40.9	37.4
	Female	22.9	14.7	21.1	15.9	20.6
	Total	30.3	27.1	31.8	31.0	30.1
FR (France)	Male	37.1	34.1	37.2	40.9	41.9
	Female	25.7	21.8	19.9	22.1	23.1
	Total	32.2	28.7	29.5	32.0	33.0
IE (Ireland)	Male	37.9	33.1	40.5	34.7	33.7
	Female	24.3	25.3	21.1	13.4	15.6
	Total	33.4	30.1	32.6	25.7	25.4
IT (Italy)	Male	28.7	22.4	27.6	29.4	29.3
	Female	20.0	15.6	15.1	15.5	12.1
	Total	25.6	20.0	23.0	23.9	22.4
CY (Cyprus)	Male	.	.	38.2	36.4	34.7
	Female	.	.	18.1	10.9	14.9
	Total	.	.	29.6	25.3	25.8
LV (Latvia)	Male	.	.	41.7	48.7	40.1
	Female	.	.	23.7	25.8	20.7
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.4	30.1
LT (Lithuania)	Male	.	.	36.8	49.8	46.3
	Female	.	.	31.0	29.9	27.0
	Total	.	.	33.8	40.0	36.2
LU (Luxembourg)	Male	35.0	33.8	34.1	27.4	32.5
	Female	17.0	15.6	11.1	17.6	20.9
	Total	28.6	27.4	25.2	23.4	27.5
HU (Hungary)	Male	.	.	38.4	48.8	48.1
	Female	.	.	25.5	25.8	22.4
	Total	.	.	32.6	38.3	36.3
MT (Malta)	Male	.	.	29.3	32.6	31.8
	Female	.	.	27.0	19.7	12.6
	Total	.	.	28.7	28.6	25.4
NL (Netherlands)	Male	23.3	28.0	27.1	22.4	26.2
	Female	12.7	17.6	15.4	17.0	9.0
	Total	19.2	23.7	22.1	20.0	18.3
AT (Austria)	Male	.	38.1	34.9	34.1	34.2
	Female	.	15.8	11.2	12.6	12.8
	Total	.	28.0	24.7	24.3	24.3
PL (Poland)	Male	.	.	50.9	49.7	44.2
	Female	.	.	29.0	31.6	27.1
	Total	.	.	41.0	41.6	36.5
PT (Portugal)	Male	33.9	31.9	37.5	40.1	39.6
	Female	17.5	26.3	17.9	22.3	16.3
	Total	26.8	29.4	28.7	31.9	28.7
RO (Romania)	Male	.	.	40.3	33.4	32.4
	Female	.	.	23.5	17.9	17.9
	Total	.	.	32.4	26.2	26.1
SI (Slovenia)	Male	.	.	46.8	46.1	35.1
	Female	.	.	30.7	32.8	23.2
	Total	.	.	39.5	40.1	29.7
SK (Slovakia)	Male	.	.	50.2	46.8	47.9
	Female	.	.	34.3	23.3	24.0
	Total	.	.	42.8	36.3	37.4
FI (Finland)	Male	.	46.1	49.6	44.4	39.0
	Female	.	27.4	31.7	29.1	32.5
	Total	.	37.2	41.1	37.1	35.9
SE (Sweden)	Male	.	41.2	39.2	40.1	42.3
	Female	.	27.2	25.0	27.9	29.9
	Total	.	34.5	32.4	34.2	36.4
UK (United Kingdom)	Male	34.9	35.4	38.0	30.9	31.8
	Female	22.1	23.2	15.2	15.4	14.3
	Total	29.3	29.9	27.5	23.7	23.6
HR (Croatia)	Male	.	.	.	45.2	43.2
	Female	.	.	.	20.0	20.0
	Total	.	.	.	33.9	32.5
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Male	.	.	.	.	46.0
	Female	.	.	.	.	34.9
	Total	.	.	.	.	41.7
TR (Turkey)	Male	.	.	.	30.4	42.7
	Female	.	.	.	24.1	32.4
	Total	.	.	.	28.7	39.9
NO (Norway)	Male	.	.	.	31.8	32.9
	Female	.	.	.	16.0	24.5
	Total	.	.	.	24.3	28.9
AL (Albania)	Male	.	.	.	.	39.7
	Female	.	.	.	.	17.6
	Total	.	.	.	.	29.8
XK (Kosovo)	Male	.	.	.	.	48.4
	Female	.	.	.	.	28.9
	Total	.	.	.	.	43.1
ME (Montenegro)	Male	.	.	.	.	40.7
	Female	.	.	.	.	17.9
	Total	.	.	.	.	30.9
CH (Switzerland)	Male	.	.	.	29.9	.
	Female	.	.	.	12.2	.
	Total	.	.	.	21.9	.
EC12	Male	32.1	30.8	35.2	37.8	36.4
	Female	19.7	19.0	16.5	16.8	17.2
	Total	27.1	25.9	27.2	28.6	27.7
EU15	Male	.	31.4	35.4	37.9	36.5
	Female	.	19.3	16.8	17.2	17.6
	Total	.	26.3	27.5	28.7	28.0
EU27	Male	.	.	37.2	39.1	37.4
	Female	.	.	19.2	18.9	18.8
	Total	.	.	29.4	30.1	29.0

Age

Are you exposed to loud noise? (q23b) - At least a quarter of the time
Country	Age	1991	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Under 30	22.8	25.3	30.8	25.9	29.7
	30 to 49	25.6	20.6	24.8	24.6	27.6
	50+	24.6	17.5	20.7	26.8	29.1
	Total	24.7	21.3	25.5	25.3	28.4
BG (Bulgaria)	Under 30	.	.	27.0	34.2	36.2
	30 to 49	.	.	31.3	34.9	34.2
	50+	.	.	32.8	29.2	29.2
	Total	.	.	30.8	33.3	33.1
CZ (Czech Republic)	Under 30	.	.	41.7	28.8	26.6
	30 to 49	.	.	35.1	36.3	34.0
	50+	.	.	43.4	30.1	26.8
	Total	.	.	38.6	33.0	30.8
DK (Denmark)	Under 30	37.6	34.9	33.2	36.9	35.2
	30 to 49	24.3	29.3	29.8	29.6	32.4
	50+	21.8	20.3	21.5	24.9	28.5
	Total	27.8	29.1	28.7	30.0	31.9
DE (Germany)	Under 30	22.7	26.2	24.2	35.8	32.2
	30 to 49	20.2	21.7	28.3	31.0	29.7
	50+	29.9	22.7	23.5	34.7	30.3
	Total	23.2	23.0	26.3	32.9	30.4
EE (Estonia)	Under 30	.	.	45.2	37.6	39.8
	30 to 49	.	.	38.8	41.9	39.4
	50+	.	.	32.5	36.2	32.8
	Total	.	.	38.4	39.4	37.5
EL (Greece)	Under 30	35.1	34.5	32.6	41.6	32.5
	30 to 49	33.0	37.1	31.7	35.8	32.1
	50+	26.6	37.4	32.1	27.2	35.1
	Total	31.7	36.6	32.0	35.0	33.0
ES (Spain)	Under 30	31.6	24.1	28.1	32.3	36.1
	30 to 49	32.6	29.1	32.5	31.3	28.7
	50+	24.0	25.8	34.8	28.7	28.1
	Total	30.3	27.1	31.8	31.0	30.1
FR (France)	Under 30	32.4	29.5	30.9	37.5	35.8
	30 to 49	34.3	27.8	30.9	31.5	32.3
	50+	25.4	30.6	23.7	29.4	32.1
	Total	32.2	28.7	29.5	32.0	33.0
IE (Ireland)	Under 30	33.3	31.9	37.3	26.8	38.8
	30 to 49	34.8	28.8	30.8	27.1	20.9
	50+	30.3	30.5	28.8	20.7	21.7
	Total	33.4	30.1	32.6	25.7	25.4
IT (Italy)	Under 30	23.4	21.4	27.1	26.9	20.4
	30 to 49	25.4	20.2	23.6	24.2	21.4
	50+	28.9	17.8	17.3	20.7	25.3
	Total	25.6	20.0	23.0	23.9	22.4
CY (Cyprus)	Under 30	.	.	28.8	23.9	28.1
	30 to 49	.	.	26.5	25.5	25.8
	50+	.	.	37.4	26.5	24.3
	Total	.	.	29.6	25.3	25.8
LV (Latvia)	Under 30	.	.	38.5	37.8	29.0
	30 to 49	.	.	33.1	39.7	32.0
	50+	.	.	26.9	32.4	27.6
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.4	30.1
LT (Lithuania)	Under 30	.	.	37.9	43.0	31.4
	30 to 49	.	.	33.0	39.2	37.3
	50+	.	.	32.2	39.2	37.3
	Total	.	.	33.8	40.0	36.2
LU (Luxembourg)	Under 30	26.3	24.2	27.0	30.0	33.0
	30 to 49	31.3	29.1	22.8	19.7	26.0
	50+	24.5	26.4	31.2	30.2	27.1
	Total	28.6	27.4	25.2	23.4	27.5
HU (Hungary)	Under 30	.	.	34.5	39.9	40.2
	30 to 49	.	.	31.7	40.7	35.0
	50+	.	.	32.5	31.2	36.3
	Total	.	.	32.6	38.3	36.3
MT (Malta)	Under 30	.	.	27.8	28.7	26.1
	30 to 49	.	.	26.3	28.8	24.2
	50+	.	.	35.0	27.9	26.8
	Total	.	.	28.7	28.6	25.4
NL (Netherlands)	Under 30	22.1	24.7	23.3	26.8	19.8
	30 to 49	17.7	23.7	21.2	18.1	17.4
	50+	17.5	21.9	23.0	16.4	18.6
	Total	19.2	23.7	22.1	20.0	18.3
AT (Austria)	Under 30	.	26.7	26.8	25.9	23.8
	30 to 49	.	27.5	23.7	25.1	24.6
	50+	.	32.0	24.9	20.4	23.9
	Total	.	28.0	24.7	24.3	24.3
PL (Poland)	Under 30	.	.	37.2	33.1	33.9
	30 to 49	.	.	42.8	47.4	39.6
	50+	.	.	40.3	35.6	31.7
	Total	.	.	41.0	41.6	36.5
PT (Portugal)	Under 30	32.7	36.3	27.6	27.6	25.6
	30 to 49	26.9	30.5	30.5	33.1	29.8
	50+	19.9	21.5	26.5	33.6	28.4
	Total	26.8	29.4	28.7	31.9	28.7
RO (Romania)	Under 30	.	.	30.1	29.2	25.7
	30 to 49	.	.	36.0	26.9	29.4
	50+	.	.	28.1	22.2	20.4
	Total	.	.	32.4	26.2	26.1
SI (Slovenia)	Under 30	.	.	29.6	40.2	23.4
	30 to 49	.	.	44.2	41.3	30.8
	50+	.	.	36.7	36.5	33.6
	Total	.	.	39.5	40.1	29.7
SK (Slovakia)	Under 30	.	.	50.2	35.1	43.7
	30 to 49	.	.	38.5	36.7	34.1
	50+	.	.	46.7	36.5	39.4
	Total	.	.	42.8	36.3	37.4
FI (Finland)	Under 30	.	47.4	41.6	41.0	35.6
	30 to 49	.	35.2	41.9	40.2	37.6
	50+	.	33.1	39.1	29.0	33.7
	Total	.	37.2	41.1	37.1	35.9
SE (Sweden)	Under 30	.	43.6	38.4	38.8	39.5
	30 to 49	.	33.3	31.9	35.5	37.0
	50+	.	30.1	29.3	29.5	32.6
	Total	.	34.5	32.4	34.2	36.4
UK (United Kingdom)	Under 30	35.1	31.9	25.9	31.1	23.8
	30 to 49	25.5	28.2	27.6	22.4	24.5
	50+	28.8	31.4	29.0	19.6	22.2
	Total	29.3	29.9	27.5	23.7	23.6
HR (Croatia)	Under 30	.	.	.	32.5	30.8
	30 to 49	.	.	.	34.3	34.3
	50+	.	.	.	34.4	30.1
	Total	.	.	.	33.9	32.5
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Under 30	.	.	.	.	40.2
	30 to 49	.	.	.	.	41.8
	50+	.	.	.	.	42.9
	Total	.	.	.	.	41.7
TR (Turkey)	Under 30	.	.	.	31.3	42.6
	30 to 49	.	.	.	27.3	40.8
	50+	.	.	.	26.6	30.3
	Total	.	.	.	28.7	39.9
NO (Norway)	Under 30	.	.	.	30.9	28.3
	30 to 49	.	.	.	22.6	34.1
	50+	.	.	.	22.6	20.9
	Total	.	.	.	24.3	28.9
AL (Albania)	Under 30	.	.	.	.	33.9
	30 to 49	.	.	.	.	29.7
	50+	.	.	.	.	27.1
	Total	.	.	.	.	29.8
XK (Kosovo)	Under 30	.	.	.	.	42.2
	30 to 49	.	.	.	.	42.9
	50+	.	.	.	.	44.8
	Total	.	.	.	.	43.1
ME (Montenegro)	Under 30	.	.	.	.	25.7
	30 to 49	.	.	.	.	32.3
	50+	.	.	.	.	33.9
	Total	.	.	.	.	30.9
CH (Switzerland)	Under 30	.	.	.	27.7	.
	30 to 49	.	.	.	20.8	.
	50+	.	.	.	19.6	.
	Total	.	.	.	21.9	.
EC12	Under 30	28.4	27.7	27.2	32.5	29.2
	30 to 49	26.3	25.3	28.1	27.9	27.3
	50+	27.2	25.4	25.1	26.7	27.4
	Total	27.1	25.9	27.2	28.6	27.7
EU15	Under 30	.	28.2	27.6	32.5	29.4
	30 to 49	.	25.7	28.2	28.2	27.6
	50+	.	25.8	25.5	26.7	27.6
	Total	.	26.3	27.5	28.7	28.0
EU27	Under 30	.	.	29.3	32.7	30.0
	30 to 49	.	.	30.1	30.3	29.2
	50+	.	.	27.6	27.5	27.9
	Total	.	.	29.4	30.1	29.0

Employment status

Are you exposed to loud noise? (q23b) - At least a quarter of the time
Country	Employment status	1991	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Employee: permanent contract	.	24.3	26.2	25.3	29.0
	Employee: other arrangement	.	19.7	33.0	21.1	34.8
	Self-employed	.	12.3	18.3	19.5	22.2
	Total	24.7	21.3	25.5	25.3	28.4
BG (Bulgaria)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	32.0	37.5	34.0
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	37.7	30.4	27.3
	Self-employed	.	.	11.7	19.9	35.0
	Total	.	.	30.8	33.3	33.1
CZ (Czech Republic)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	40.4	36.1	33.4
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	41.2	30.8	29.5
	Self-employed	.	.	30.9	25.1	26.8
	Total	.	.	38.6	33.0	30.8
DK (Denmark)	Employee: permanent contract	.	29.5	27.8	30.4	31.4
	Employee: other arrangement	.	32.9	35.7	30.1	40.2
	Self-employed	.	16.6	16.5	24.8	23.6
	Total	27.8	29.1	28.7	30.0	31.9
DE (Germany)	Employee: permanent contract	.	22.8	27.7	32.3	31.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	32.9	22.7	37.0	31.0
	Self-employed	.	16.7	23.3	35.0	22.3
	Total	23.2	23.0	26.3	32.9	30.4
EE (Estonia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	39.9	40.3	37.0
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	39.5	38.5	46.7
	Self-employed	.	.	22.6	32.8	27.7
	Total	.	.	38.4	39.4	37.5
EL (Greece)	Employee: permanent contract	.	38.2	31.4	32.5	26.3
	Employee: other arrangement	.	42.2	32.5	36.8	34.1
	Self-employed	.	33.9	32.4	34.8	39.0
	Total	31.7	36.6	32.0	35.0	33.0
ES (Spain)	Employee: permanent contract	.	30.8	36.7	34.0	28.9
	Employee: other arrangement	.	26.3	31.1	27.3	39.1
	Self-employed	.	24.1	22.6	28.3	19.4
	Total	30.3	27.1	31.8	31.0	30.1
FR (France)	Employee: permanent contract	.	28.7	31.2	32.8	32.8
	Employee: other arrangement	.	32.9	30.5	29.8	33.1
	Self-employed	.	24.3	20.3	31.8	36.9
	Total	32.2	28.7	29.5	32.0	33.0
IE (Ireland)	Employee: permanent contract	.	31.3	33.1	24.4	23.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	27.3	32.8	26.8	27.2
	Self-employed	.	29.4	32.3	27.5	25.7
	Total	33.4	30.1	32.6	25.7	25.4
IT (Italy)	Employee: permanent contract	.	23.6	22.4	28.1	25.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	19.9	29.6	20.4	20.6
	Self-employed	.	12.7	21.0	18.6	16.3
	Total	25.6	20.0	23.0	23.9	22.4
CY (Cyprus)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	33.2	19.6	26.2
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	20.7	27.4	22.3
	Self-employed	.	.	39.6	32.2	29.8
	Total	.	.	29.6	25.3	25.8
LV (Latvia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	33.7	35.8	30.2
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	35.1	48.3	34.8
	Self-employed	.	.	23.0	33.9	20.7
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.4	30.1
LT (Lithuania)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	35.6	42.8	35.1
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	32.3	37.7	44.3
	Self-employed	.	.	27.5	30.9	35.9
	Total	.	.	33.8	40.0	36.2
LU (Luxembourg)	Employee: permanent contract	.	27.0	28.3	24.7	28.2
	Employee: other arrangement	.	31.8	19.7	21.5	27.1
	Self-employed	.	28.0	8.3	16.7	19.5
	Total	28.6	27.4	25.2	23.4	27.5
HU (Hungary)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	34.1	39.8	37.3
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	37.5	31.1	35.8
	Self-employed	.	.	25.9	40.9	32.6
	Total	.	.	32.6	38.3	36.3
MT (Malta)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	28.2	29.2	24.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	26.4	27.5	26.9
	Self-employed	.	.	32.4	26.0	23.4
	Total	.	.	28.7	28.6	25.4
NL (Netherlands)	Employee: permanent contract	.	23.6	23.1	17.2	18.4
	Employee: other arrangement	.	32.5	18.6	31.0	16.5
	Self-employed	.	10.9	19.8	20.6	21.6
	Total	19.2	23.7	22.1	20.0	18.3
AT (Austria)	Employee: permanent contract	.	25.6	25.9	24.2	24.1
	Employee: other arrangement	.	58.5	27.4	35.2	30.5
	Self-employed	.	24.1	15.6	19.0	21.5
	Total	.	28.0	24.7	24.3	24.3
PL (Poland)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	40.9	42.1	36.4
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	38.6	35.4	37.5
	Self-employed	.	.	43.0	49.5	38.5
	Total	.	.	41.0	41.6	36.5
PT (Portugal)	Employee: permanent contract	.	30.9	31.7	35.2	31.1
	Employee: other arrangement	.	34.5	28.0	28.2	28.0
	Self-employed	.	25.9	20.7	27.3	22.5
	Total	26.8	29.4	28.7	31.9	28.7
RO (Romania)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	39.8	31.2	30.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	19.4	31.5	14.7
	Self-employed	.	.	10.3	15.3	20.2
	Total	.	.	32.4	26.2	26.1
SI (Slovenia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	43.4	40.3	32.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	33.1	40.9	22.4
	Self-employed	.	.	41.6	37.8	29.3
	Total	.	.	39.5	40.1	29.7
SK (Slovakia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	42.7	37.1	36.9
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	49.0	34.8	45.9
	Self-employed	.	.	37.4	35.4	38.0
	Total	.	.	42.8	36.3	37.4
FI (Finland)	Employee: permanent contract	.	39.0	42.0	35.7	38.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	27.0	31.7	38.2	31.5
	Self-employed	.	40.0	47.6	41.6	27.3
	Total	.	37.2	41.1	37.1	35.9
SE (Sweden)	Employee: permanent contract	.	33.4	31.1	33.4	36.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	41.0	39.7	33.7	31.2
	Self-employed	.	36.0	37.2	35.8	42.7
	Total	.	34.5	32.4	34.2	36.4
UK (United Kingdom)	Employee: permanent contract	.	29.7	26.6	23.7	22.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	23.4	28.5	25.1	22.5
	Self-employed	.	34.3	30.5	19.7	28.7
	Total	29.3	29.9	27.5	23.7	23.6
HR (Croatia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	32.8	31.1
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	37.2	32.9
	Self-employed	.	.	.	39.5	37.8
	Total	.	.	.	33.9	32.5
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	.	42.5
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	.	50.6
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.	33.8
	Total	.	.	.	.	41.7
TR (Turkey)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	35.2	45.4
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	36.5	46.6
	Self-employed	.	.	.	23.0	28.7
	Total	.	.	.	28.7	39.9
NO (Norway)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	24.6	29.2
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	19.0	24.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	28.1	39.4
	Total	.	.	.	24.3	28.9
AL (Albania)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	.	31.7
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	.	41.7
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.	23.5
	Total	.	.	.	.	29.8
XK (Kosovo)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	.	45.0
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	.	40.0
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.	44.4
	Total	.	.	.	.	43.1
ME (Montenegro)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	.	33.5
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	.	30.6
	Self-employed	.	.	.	.	26.2
	Total	.	.	.	.	30.9
CH (Switzerland)	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	.	21.0	.
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	.	26.6	.
	Self-employed	.	.	.	24.5	.
	Total	.	.	.	21.9	.
EC12	Employee: permanent contract	.	26.6	28.0	29.5	28.1
	Employee: other arrangement	.	29.2	28.2	28.3	29.5
	Self-employed	.	21.2	23.7	25.4	25.1
	Total	27.1	25.9	27.2	28.6	27.7
EU15	Employee: permanent contract	.	26.9	28.2	29.6	28.5
	Employee: other arrangement	.	30.0	28.5	28.6	29.6
	Self-employed	.	21.7	24.0	25.5	25.3
	Total	.	26.3	27.5	28.7	28.0
EU27	Employee: permanent contract	.	.	30.4	31.2	29.6
	Employee: other arrangement	.	.	29.7	29.7	30.2
	Self-employed	.	.	25.9	27.3	26.8
	Total	.	.	29.4	30.1	29.0

Industry/services

Are you exposed to loud noise? (q23b) - At least a quarter of the time
Country	Industry/services	1991	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	Industry	.	37.9	43.0	39.2	46.3
	Services	.	14.0	18.8	20.1	22.2
	Total	24.7	21.3	25.5	25.3	28.4
BG (Bulgaria)	Industry	.	.	45.4	48.6	48.4
	Services	.	.	20.0	22.8	23.4
	Total	.	.	30.8	33.3	33.1
CZ (Czech Republic)	Industry	.	.	53.3	55.4	48.8
	Services	.	.	26.4	17.9	20.3
	Total	.	.	38.6	33.0	30.8
DK (Denmark)	Industry	.	42.4	39.6	42.2	42.2
	Services	.	23.2	24.2	25.6	28.9
	Total	27.8	29.1	28.7	30.0	31.9
DE (Germany)	Industry	.	37.3	47.3	59.7	53.4
	Services	.	14.2	14.4	19.9	20.8
	Total	23.2	23.0	26.3	32.9	30.4
EE (Estonia)	Industry	.	.	52.8	59.8	57.8
	Services	.	.	28.3	25.1	26.7
	Total	.	.	38.4	39.4	37.5
EL (Greece)	Industry	.	48.3	46.8	58.3	55.4
	Services	.	27.8	22.2	22.4	22.3
	Total	31.7	36.6	32.0	35.0	33.0
ES (Spain)	Industry	.	38.9	49.3	52.6	52.7
	Services	.	19.9	21.3	19.2	21.4
	Total	30.3	27.1	31.8	31.0	30.1
FR (France)	Industry	.	42.3	48.3	45.3	51.0
	Services	.	22.4	21.2	26.8	26.9
	Total	32.2	28.7	29.5	32.0	33.0
IE (Ireland)	Industry	.	44.2	49.5	42.2	43.0
	Services	.	21.3	22.9	17.5	19.2
	Total	33.4	30.1	32.6	25.7	25.4
IT (Italy)	Industry	.	27.7	39.4	43.6	45.3
	Services	.	14.9	13.4	13.3	12.0
	Total	25.6	20.0	23.0	23.9	22.4
CY (Cyprus)	Industry	.	.	56.7	52.6	52.0
	Services	.	.	18.8	14.2	17.6
	Total	.	.	29.6	25.3	25.8
LV (Latvia)	Industry	.	.	46.8	56.3	49.1
	Services	.	.	22.8	25.3	21.3
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.4	30.1
LT (Lithuania)	Industry	.	.	41.4	56.4	55.9
	Services	.	.	27.7	28.2	26.0
	Total	.	.	33.8	40.0	36.2
LU (Luxembourg)	Industry	.	54.5	50.0	46.8	58.8
	Services	.	18.1	17.6	16.7	22.1
	Total	28.6	27.4	25.2	23.4	27.5
HU (Hungary)	Industry	.	.	47.6	46.4	63.2
	Services	.	.	22.2	33.3	21.9
	Total	.	.	32.6	38.3	36.3
MT (Malta)	Industry	.	.	56.4	53.5	51.3
	Services	.	.	14.9	16.9	17.1
	Total	.	.	28.7	28.6	25.4
NL (Netherlands)	Industry	.	43.0	41.9	30.1	38.3
	Services	.	16.6	15.6	16.8	12.8
	Total	19.2	23.7	22.1	20.0	18.3
AT (Austria)	Industry	.	48.4	45.8	45.5	48.2
	Services	.	15.6	12.7	13.9	14.6
	Total	.	28.0	24.7	24.3	24.3
PL (Poland)	Industry	.	.	54.4	60.0	58.8
	Services	.	.	27.5	24.7	22.2
	Total	.	.	41.0	41.6	36.5
PT (Portugal)	Industry	.	41.4	43.3	46.7	49.4
	Services	.	20.2	15.8	20.8	16.8
	Total	26.8	29.4	28.7	31.9	28.7
RO (Romania)	Industry	.	.	37.4	31.5	33.7
	Services	.	.	20.3	16.2	15.8
	Total	.	.	32.4	26.2	26.1
SI (Slovenia)	Industry	.	.	52.5	55.0	47.1
	Services	.	.	27.3	26.9	18.8
	Total	.	.	39.5	40.1	29.7
SK (Slovakia)	Industry	.	.	58.8	56.3	60.9
	Services	.	.	30.7	20.3	21.7
	Total	.	.	42.8	36.3	37.4
FI (Finland)	Industry	.	57.9	61.4	55.7	59.0
	Services	.	26.0	30.6	29.0	26.7
	Total	.	37.2	41.1	37.1	35.9
SE (Sweden)	Industry	.	61.4	52.6	51.5	61.1
	Services	.	23.4	24.8	28.6	30.2
	Total	.	34.5	32.4	34.2	36.4
UK (United Kingdom)	Industry	.	46.2	52.6	46.4	42.5
	Services	.	23.1	18.4	16.7	18.9
	Total	29.3	29.9	27.5	23.7	23.6
HR (Croatia)	Industry	.	.	.	49.4	52.7
	Services	.	.	.	21.1	20.3
	Total	.	.	.	33.9	32.5
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	Industry	.	.	.	.	59.6
	Services	.	.	.	.	27.8
	Total	.	.	.	.	41.7
TR (Turkey)	Industry	.	.	.	27.4	43.2
	Services	.	.	.	30.6	37.0
	Total	.	.	.	28.7	39.9
NO (Norway)	Industry	.	.	.	48.0	55.4
	Services	.	.	.	16.6	21.2
	Total	.	.	.	24.3	28.9
AL (Albania)	Industry	.	.	.	.	31.2
	Services	.	.	.	.	28.6
	Total	.	.	.	.	29.8
XK (Kosovo)	Industry	.	.	.	.	58.8
	Services	.	.	.	.	34.1
	Total	.	.	.	.	43.1
ME (Montenegro)	Industry	.	.	.	.	51.4
	Services	.	.	.	.	23.1
	Total	.	.	.	.	30.9
CH (Switzerland)	Industry	.	.	.	38.2	.
	Services	.	.	.	16.0	.
	Total	.	.	.	21.9	.
EC12	Industry	.	38.9	46.6	49.3	49.0
	Services	.	18.9	17.6	19.4	20.0
	Total	27.1	25.9	27.2	28.6	27.7
EU15	Industry	.	40.0	46.9	49.3	49.3
	Services	.	19.0	17.9	19.6	20.2
	Total	.	26.3	27.5	28.7	28.0
EU27	Industry	.	.	47.2	49.3	49.6
	Services	.	.	19.0	20.2	20.4
	Total	.	.	29.4	30.1	29.0

Type of occupation

Are you exposed to loud noise? (q23b) - At least a quarter of the time
Country	Type of occupation	1991	1995	2000	2005	2010
BE (Belgium)	High-skilled clerical	.	13.3	18.0	21.2	20.0
	Low-skilled clerical	.	10.7	12.6	18.0	21.2
	High-skilled manual	.	45.5	52.7	54.1	55.6
	Low-skilled manual	.	34.6	44.9	27.8	41.7
	Total	24.7	21.3	25.5	25.3	28.4
BG (Bulgaria)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	21.8	22.4	22.3
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	14.9	17.2	20.8
	High-skilled manual	.	.	50.3	56.7	53.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	44.9	43.2	43.1
	Total	.	.	30.8	33.3	33.1
CZ (Czech Republic)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	9.1	14.8	20.6
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	27.3	13.3	17.6
	High-skilled manual	.	.	67.3	68.2	59.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	52.2	46.6	42.8
	Total	.	.	38.6	33.0	30.8
DK (Denmark)	High-skilled clerical	.	17.0	16.8	25.1	23.0
	Low-skilled clerical	.	23.6	20.4	22.9	28.0
	High-skilled manual	.	46.5	58.2	58.3	55.2
	Low-skilled manual	.	39.7	41.1	34.7	39.8
	Total	27.8	29.1	28.7	30.0	31.9
DE (Germany)	High-skilled clerical	.	14.6	17.0	20.3	23.7
	Low-skilled clerical	.	10.9	10.7	14.9	15.1
	High-skilled manual	.	45.5	60.4	74.0	71.8
	Low-skilled manual	.	37.2	39.1	53.0	44.5
	Total	23.2	23.0	26.3	32.9	30.4
EE (Estonia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	24.6	19.6	25.4
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	20.1	25.0	23.8
	High-skilled manual	.	.	66.5	70.5	67.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	48.5	53.1	54.2
	Total	.	.	38.4	39.4	37.5
EL (Greece)	High-skilled clerical	.	31.1	17.4	23.9	24.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	20.2	18.4	22.1	15.1
	High-skilled manual	.	48.2	50.3	55.1	58.7
	Low-skilled manual	.	47.7	39.6	45.1	45.9
	Total	31.7	36.6	32.0	35.0	33.0
ES (Spain)	High-skilled clerical	.	14.4	17.2	23.2	16.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	16.2	19.0	18.5	18.8
	High-skilled manual	.	45.8	48.2	62.4	49.3
	Low-skilled manual	.	33.4	46.2	30.1	48.3
	Total	30.3	27.1	31.8	31.0	30.1
FR (France)	High-skilled clerical	.	22.3	15.9	27.6	29.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	18.2	17.8	20.9	21.5
	High-skilled manual	.	46.6	51.7	64.4	61.6
	Low-skilled manual	.	40.7	49.3	40.3	41.4
	Total	32.2	28.7	29.5	32.0	33.0
IE (Ireland)	High-skilled clerical	.	24.5	25.3	19.9	18.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	14.3	19.2	15.3	18.3
	High-skilled manual	.	47.4	56.8	46.8	53.1
	Low-skilled manual	.	44.3	50.3	37.0	40.4
	Total	33.4	30.1	32.6	25.7	25.4
IT (Italy)	High-skilled clerical	.	12.7	8.9	14.1	7.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	10.8	9.7	11.5	9.6
	High-skilled manual	.	36.3	51.6	63.8	54.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	26.4	34.0	33.7	35.2
	Total	25.6	20.0	23.0	23.9	22.4
CY (Cyprus)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	13.7	12.8	17.4
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	15.4	13.7	15.4
	High-skilled manual	.	.	62.4	52.0	58.7
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	39.4	34.7	30.9
	Total	.	.	29.6	25.3	25.8
LV (Latvia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	16.5	26.3	17.0
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	20.9	18.8	18.3
	High-skilled manual	.	.	48.7	59.4	59.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	47.8	53.8	43.8
	Total	.	.	32.8	37.4	30.1
LT (Lithuania)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	28.3	36.7	27.6
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	21.2	16.3	18.4
	High-skilled manual	.	.	47.9	73.7	65.7
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	36.2	41.2	44.4
	Total	.	.	33.8	40.0	36.2
LU (Luxembourg)	High-skilled clerical	.	16.6	13.2	13.7	17.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	16.3	10.5	21.4	19.9
	High-skilled manual	.	61.9	56.7	57.1	69.2
	Low-skilled manual	.	30.0	45.6	21.3	42.5
	Total	28.6	27.4	25.2	23.4	27.5
HU (Hungary)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	20.5	28.1	26.8
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	17.1	31.2	18.1
	High-skilled manual	.	.	55.0	58.8	68.9
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	42.1	40.6	47.7
	Total	.	.	32.6	38.3	36.3
MT (Malta)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	25.7	17.6	13.6
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	12.9	17.4	15.4
	High-skilled manual	.	.	57.5	45.5	58.2
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	39.7	41.6	37.8
	Total	.	.	28.7	28.6	25.4
NL (Netherlands)	High-skilled clerical	.	15.0	12.1	20.2	16.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	14.7	16.2	10.2	10.0
	High-skilled manual	.	54.1	53.0	44.2	50.9
	Low-skilled manual	.	39.2	35.5	24.8	27.2
	Total	19.2	23.7	22.1	20.0	18.3
AT (Austria)	High-skilled clerical	.	16.3	8.5	13.0	20.9
	Low-skilled clerical	.	13.4	10.0	9.4	7.9
	High-skilled manual	.	55.4	55.1	57.1	56.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	40.0	37.6	41.5	42.7
	Total	.	28.0	24.7	24.3	24.3
PL (Poland)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	24.9	25.5	31.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	19.6	18.3	15.0
	High-skilled manual	.	.	62.6	62.3	61.5
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	53.6	48.2	44.8
	Total	.	.	41.0	41.6	36.5
PT (Portugal)	High-skilled clerical	.	20.1	14.7	21.7	18.9
	Low-skilled clerical	.	16.7	13.5	13.8	14.2
	High-skilled manual	.	46.8	47.8	52.8	49.8
	Low-skilled manual	.	33.9	32.2	42.4	35.0
	Total	26.8	29.4	28.7	31.9	28.7
RO (Romania)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	13.2	17.0	14.9
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	16.0	15.5	14.7
	High-skilled manual	.	.	31.2	29.5	39.1
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	49.1	35.1	35.4
	Total	.	.	32.4	26.2	26.1
SI (Slovenia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	26.6	27.2	16.4
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	18.8	20.8	18.0
	High-skilled manual	.	.	59.6	64.7	56.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	62.7	60.2	47.4
	Total	.	.	39.5	40.1	29.7
SK (Slovakia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	31.5	21.3	25.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	24.0	18.6	17.6
	High-skilled manual	.	.	68.1	65.2	71.7
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	58.0	51.2	51.5
	Total	.	.	42.8	36.3	37.4
FI (Finland)	High-skilled clerical	.	22.2	25.9	28.8	25.9
	Low-skilled clerical	.	23.1	26.5	24.1	26.2
	High-skilled manual	.	67.2	75.4	72.9	65.8
	Low-skilled manual	.	55.7	58.6	52.3	51.7
	Total	.	37.2	41.1	37.1	35.9
SE (Sweden)	High-skilled clerical	.	28.2	17.8	29.8	21.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	17.7	24.2	22.2	28.8
	High-skilled manual	.	68.2	64.4	70.9	68.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	61.3	49.4	48.8	61.4
	Total	.	34.5	32.4	34.2	36.4
UK (United Kingdom)	High-skilled clerical	.	19.8	21.0	19.2	18.5
	Low-skilled clerical	.	23.1	14.8	16.6	18.7
	High-skilled manual	.	53.6	62.5	51.3	52.3
	Low-skilled manual	.	43.6	46.1	31.2	27.9
	Total	29.3	29.9	27.5	23.7	23.6
HR (Croatia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	30.1	21.6
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	13.1	19.7
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	46.7	56.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	52.7	45.3
	Total	.	.	.	33.9	32.5
MK (FYR of Macedonia)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	22.5
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	24.8
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	63.8
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	54.1
	Total	.	.	.	.	41.7
TR (Turkey)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	32.0	44.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	22.4	33.4
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	27.5	32.4
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	36.4	52.9
	Total	.	.	.	28.7	39.9
NO (Norway)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	18.2	19.5
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	13.7	20.9
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	54.9	63.7
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	46.2	47.4
	Total	.	.	.	24.3	28.9
AL (Albania)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	23.6
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	24.8
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	27.3
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	50.4
	Total	.	.	.	.	29.8
XK (Kosovo)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	34.2
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	32.0
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	65.0
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	71.6
	Total	.	.	.	.	43.1
ME (Montenegro)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	21.4
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	.	22.8
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	53.5
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	.	49.7
	Total	.	.	.	.	30.9
CH (Switzerland)	High-skilled clerical	.	.	.	11.3	.
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	.	14.3	.
	High-skilled manual	.	.	.	46.7	.
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	.	35.5	.
	Total	.	.	.	21.9	.
EC12	High-skilled clerical	.	17.6	16.9	20.3	19.9
	Low-skilled clerical	.	15.4	14.0	16.4	16.5
	High-skilled manual	.	45.8	54.8	62.7	58.7
	Low-skilled manual	.	37.0	42.0	37.7	39.3
	Total	27.1	25.9	27.2	28.6	27.7
EU15	High-skilled clerical	.	18.0	16.9	20.6	20.1
	Low-skilled clerical	.	15.6	14.4	16.5	16.7
	High-skilled manual	.	46.8	55.3	62.8	58.9
	Low-skilled manual	.	37.9	42.3	38.2	40.1
	Total	.	26.3	27.5	28.7	28.0
EU27	High-skilled clerical	.	.	17.6	21.0	20.8
	Low-skilled clerical	.	.	15.2	16.8	16.7
	High-skilled manual	.	.	54.3	59.2	58.1
	Low-skilled manual	.	.	44.4	39.7	40.8
	Total	.	.	29.4	30.1	29.0

Page last updated: 15 November, 2010

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