The dawn of 2022 brought muted optimism to a Europe beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the progress of vaccination programmes worldwide brought hope. Government and EU support during the pandemic had kept unemployment at bay, averting the widescale collapse of businesses. In step with the EU’s plans for the year, Eurofound’s focus was firmly on a post-pandemic Europe: the recovery and the twin transition to a green and digital economy. All this changed with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the start of a war of aggression. The EU and its institutions were compelled to respond rapidly.
Europe faces a winter of uncertainty and potentially discontent. The cost of living is rising rapidly and the spectre of recession looms.
Economic concerns are affecting citizens’ trust in institutions. Research by Eurofound has indicated a decrease in trust in national institutions across the European Union – including in governments, healthcare systems and the police.
Denne rapport præsenterer Eurofounds forskning i telearbejde under covid-19-pandemien i 2020 og 2021. Den redegør for ændringer i udbredelsen af telearbejde, arbejdsvilkår for arbejdstagere, der arbejder hjemmefra, og ændringer af bestemmelser omkring denne arbejdsordning. Resultaterne viser en hurtig eskalering inden for telearbejde i kølvandet på pandemien: I 2021 telearbejdede 2 ud af 10 europæiske arbejdstagere – et tal, som sandsynligvis ikke ville være nået før 2027, hvis pandemien ikke havde fundet sted.
Undersøgelsen "Liv, arbejde og covid-19", der første gang blev lanceret af Eurofound i starten af 2020, har til formål at skildre pandemiens vidtrækkende konsekvenser for EU-borgernes arbejde og liv. Den femte runde af Eurofounds undersøgelse, som blev gennemført i foråret 2022, kaster også lys over en ny usikker virkelighed forårsaget af krigen i Ukraine, den rekordhøje inflation og de kraftige stigninger i leveomkostningerne. En pilotundersøgelse – en kortere udgave af spørgeskemaet – blev udsendt af Det Europæiske Erhvervsuddannelsesinstitut (ETF) i 10 EU-nabolande.
Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas from Russia, which has reacted by reneging on supply commitments to many Member States. Compared to other countries, market disruption has been especially acute in the EU, given the bloc’s overdependence on Russian energy supply.
This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the electricity sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements.
I denne rapport analyseres, hvilken rolle den sociale dialog og kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger spillede med hensyn til at håndtere de udfordringer, den civile luftfartssektor stod over for under covid-19-pandemien. Inddragelsen af arbejdsmarkedets parter i de foranstaltninger, der blev indført for at mindske pandemiens negative virkninger, varierede fra land til land. Den sociale dialog og de kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger spillede en fremtrædende rolle i de fleste lande, mens de i andre lande spillede en mere begrænset rolle.
Denne rapport analyserer den rolle, den sociale dialog og kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger spiller med hensyn til at håndtere de udfordringer, som covid-19-pandemien skabte eller forværrede inden for hospitalssektoren. Den ser også nærmere på, om den eksisterende sociale dialog og de kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger på nationalt plan blev tilpasset for at imødegå disse nye udfordringer.
Denne rapport gennemføres inden for rammerne af det treårige pilotprojekt (2021-2023), "Mindstelønnens rolle i forbindelse med indførelse af en universel arbejdsgaranti", som Europa-Kommissionen har uddelegeret til Eurofound. Der fokuseres på projektets modul 3, som undersøger mindstelønninger og andre former for løn til selvstændige. Af bekymring over de udfordrende vilkår, som visse grupper af selvstændige står over for, har visse medlemsstater etableret eller er i færd med at drøfte forslag til visse lovbestemte former for mindsteløn for udvalgte kategorier af selvstændige.
De skrappe folkesundhedsmæssige restriktioner, som regeringerne indførte i 2020 for at kontrollere covid-19-pandemien, ændrede arbejdslivet brat og formede det fortsat i de to efterfølgende år. Mellem marts og november 2021 blev der gennemført over 70 000 interviews i 36 lande gennem den europæiske telefonundersøgelse af arbejdsvilkårene (EWCTS), som er en sandsynlighedsbaseret undersøgelse af høj kvalitet. Målet var at give et detaljeret billede af europæernes arbejdsliv i denne usædvanlige tid.
This series reports on the new forms of employment emerging across Europe that are driven by societal, economic and technological developments and are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. This series explores what characterises these new employment forms and what implications they have for working conditions and the labour market.
The European Company Survey (ECS) is carried out every four to five years since its inception in 2004–2005, with the latest edition in 2019. The survey is designed to provide information on workplace practices to develop and evaluate socioeconomic policy in the EU. It covers issues around work organisation, working time arrangements and work–life balance, flexibility, workplace innovation, employee involvement, human resource management, social dialogue, and most recently also skills use, skills strategies and digitalisation.
The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) is carried out every four to five years since its inception in 2003, with the latest edition in 2016. It examines both the objective circumstances of people's lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. It covers issues around employment, income, education, housing, family, health and work–life balance. It also looks at subjective topics, such as people's levels of happiness and life satisfaction, and perceptions of the quality of society.
This series brings together publications and other outputs of the European Jobs Monitor (EJM), which tracks structural change in European labour markets. The EJM analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives a qualitative assessment of these shifts using various proxies of job quality – wages, skill-levels, etc.
Eurofound's European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2016, the fourth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 2003.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2015, the sixth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 1996, the second edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2001, which was an extension of the EWCS 2000 to cover the then 12 acceding and candidate countries. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2000, the third edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Company Survey (ECS) maps and analyses company policies and practices which can have an impact on smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, as well as the development of social dialogue in companies. This series consists of outputs from the first edition of the survey carried out in 2004–2005 under the name European Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work-Life Balance.
The focus of this report is on the role that human capital plays in determining inequalities across the EU, as well as within Member States. Using Cedefop’s work in this area, the report provides a comparative analysis of national trends in education and lifelong learning, including differences between educational groups in terms of income, living conditions and health.
The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered disproportionately in 2020. Taking a longer lens, the report describes the evolution of income inequalities over the last 15 years, comparing the Great Recession (2007–2009) with the COVID-19 pandemic, and outlines the trends both between and within Member States.
This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to foster independent living and autonomy. The report also includes policy pointers to support future decision-makers and provides a review of lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.
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