Οι συνθήκες εργασίας στην εποχή της COVID-19: συνέπειες για το μέλλον

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.

List of tables

Table 1: Change in employment levels and weekly hours worked, year on year by quarter, by age and gender, EU27, 2019–2020 and 2020–2021
Table 2: Distribution of workers according to employment situation at time of survey, by gender, EU27 (%)
Table 3: Distribution of employees with working hours stated in their employment contract according to usual hours of work, by gender, EU27 (%)
Table 4: Dimensions of job quality and corresponding job demands and job resources
Table 5: Physical environment – High level of exposure to physical risks and demands, EU27, 2021 (%)
Table 6: Social environment – Exposure to intimidation and discrimination and receipt of social support, EU27 (%)
Table 7: Job tasks – Work intensity and task discretion and autonomy, EU27 (%)
Table 8: Organisational characteristics – Organisational participation and dependence, EU27 (%)
Table 9: Working time arrangements – Unsocial work schedules and flexibility in working hours, EU27 (%)
Table 10: Job prospects – Job insecurity, training opportunities and career advancement, EU27 (%)
Table 11: Intrinsic job features – Intrinsic rewards and opportunities for self-realisation, EU27, 2021 (%)
Table 12: Association between job quality, job demands and job resources and well-being and quality of working life indicators
Table 13: Reported health problems, by occupation, EU27 (percentage point difference from mean)
Table 14: Greening occupational groups
Table 15: Job demands of greening occupational groups compared with average
Table 16: Job resources of greening occupational groups compared with average

Table A1: EWCTS questionnaire structure
Table A2: ISCO-08 occupational groups (two-digit level) classified by dominant gender
Table A3: Variables used to identify COVID groups (other than occupation and sector)
Table A4: Overview of the job quality dimensions and job characteristics of the quality of the working environment

List of figures

Figure 1: Changes in unemployment, employment and inactivity rates, year on year by quarter, EU27, 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 (percentage points)
Figure 2: Total number of jobs supported by government measures, by month, EU27, 2020–2021 (millions)
Figure 3: Sectoral shifts in employment, by NACE sector, year on year by quarter, EU27, Q2 2019–Q2 2021 (percentage points)
Figure 4: Occupational shifts in employment, year on year by quarter, EU27, Q2 2019–Q2 2021 (percentage points)
Figure 5: Temporary employees as a proportion of all employees, EU Member States, 2019–2021 (%)
Figure 6: Shares of sectors in total employment, by gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 7: Distribution of men, women and all workers according to sectoral gender-balance category, EU27 (%)
Figure 8: Shares of occupations in total employment, by gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 9: Distribution of men and women according to occupational gender-balance category, EU27 (%)
Figure 10: Composition of households, by full-time and part-time employment and by gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 11: Composition of households, by full-time and part-time employment, EU Member States and other European countries (%)
Figure 12: Workers with temporary contracts, by occupational group and duration of contract, EU27 (%)
Figure 13: Solo self-employed workers, by dependence status, EU Member States and other European countries (%)
Figure 14: Employees who worked more than contracted hours, breakdown by sector and occupation according to gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 15: Main place of work, by employment status, EU27 (%)
Figure 16: Main place of work, by sector, EU27 (%)
Figure 17: Main place of work, by occupation, EU27 (%)
Figure 18: Main place of work, by telework status, EU27 (%)
Figure 19: Categorisation of working population into COVID groups, EU27 (%)
Figure 20: High levels of physical risk, by sector, EU27 (%)
Figure 21: Subsectors with highest levels of exposure to infectious materials and proportion of women employed in each, EU27 (%)
Figure 22: Exposure to at least one type of intimidation, EU Member States (%)
Figure 23: Exposure to intimidation and discrimination, by sector and gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 24: Levels of social support from managers, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 25: Working at high speed and to tight deadlines always or often, EU Member States and other European countries (%)
Figure 26: Autonomy to choose or change methods of work, by occupation, EU27 (%)
Figure 27: Organisational participation and workplace voice, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 28: Working in free time, by place of work, EU27 (%)
Figure 29: Long working hours, by place of work, EU27 (%)
Figure 30: Working at short notice, by employment status, EU27 (%)
Figure 31: Very easy to take an hour or two off work, by occupation and gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 32: Expectation of undesirable change in the workplace situation, by sector, EU27 (%)
Figure 33: Access to training opportunities, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 34: Recognition at work, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 35: Job quality index, EU Member States and other European countries (%)
Figure 36: Job quality index, by employment status, EU27 (%)
Figure 37: Job quality index, by sector, EU27 (%)
Figure 38: Job quality index, by occupation, EU27 (%)
Figure 39: Extent of influence of a computerised system, a supervisor, and customers on employees’ work, EU27 (%)
Figure 40: Employees influenced to a large extent by a computerised system, a supervisor and customers, by occupation, EU27 (%)
Figure 41: Employees influenced by a computerised system, a supervisor and customers, by level of autonomy, EU27 (%)
Figure 42: Extent of combined influence on employees, by work intensity, EU27 (%)
Figure 43: Frequency of working with digital devices, by extent of influence of a computerised system, EU27 (%)
Figure 44: Autonomy of employees influenced by a computerised system, by use of a digital device, EU27 (%)
Figure 45: Types of work organisation and proportion of EU employees in each, EU27 (%)
Figure 46: Types of work organisation, by COVID groups, EU27 (% of employees)
Figure 47: Job quality index, by type of work organisation, EU27 (% of employees)
Figure 48: Health and safety delegate or committee in the workplace, by sector and workplace size, EU27 (% of employees)
Figure 49: Health and safety delegate or committee in the workplace, EU Member States and other European countries (% of employees)
Figure 50: Trade union, works council or similar body in the workplace, by sector and workplace size, EU27 (% of employees)
Figure 51: Formal employee representation setup, by main place of work, EU27 (% of employees)
Figure 52: Formal employee representation setup, by COVID group, EU27 (% of employees)
Figure 53: Distribution of employees according to presence of formal employee representation and meetings in the workplace, EU27 (%)
Figure 54: Predominant gender in the workplace, by gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 55: Predominant gender in the workplace in mixed-gender occupations, EU27 (%)
Figure 56: Predominant gender in the workplace, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 57: Gender of the boss, EU Member States and other European countries (%)
Figure 58: Gender of the boss, by employee gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 59: Educational level of employees, by gender of boss, EU27 (%)
Figure 60: COVID groups, by employee gender and gender of the boss, EU27 (%)
Figure 61: Usual number of days in a working week, by employment status, EU27 (%)
Figure 62: Usual weekly hours in paid work and their dispersion, by gender, EU Member States and other European countries (weekly hours)
Figure 63: Distribution of employees and the self-employed according to usual weekly hours in paid work, by gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 64: Usual weekly hours in paid work, by occupational group, sector and workplace size, EU27 (%)
Figure 65: Gender gaps in weekly paid, unpaid and total working hours, EU Member States (weekly hours)
Figure 66: Frequency of unpaid work activities, by gender, EU27 (%)
Figure 67: Paid and unpaid work, by occupational group and gender, EU27 (weekly hours)
Figure 68: Paid and unpaid work, by COVID group and gender, EU27 (weekly hours)
Figure 69: Paid and unpaid work of women and men, by full-time and part-time status, EU27 (weekly hours)
Figure 70: Paid, unpaid and total work of women and men, by age group, EU27 (weekly hours)
Figure 71: Daily unpaid work activities, by gender and age group, EU27 (%)
Figure 72: Paid and unpaid work of women and men, by number of children, EU27 (weekly hours)
Figure 73: Paid and unpaid work of women and men, by ability to make ends meet, EU27 (weekly hours)
Figure 74: Workers whose working hours fitted in with family and social commitments outside work well or very well, EU Member States and other European countries (%)
Figure 75: Poor fit between working hours and family and social commitments outside work, by occupation, sector and employment status, EU27 (%)
Figure 76: Fit between working hours and family and social commitments outside work, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 77: Poor work–life balance, men and women compared, by age group, household type and age of youngest child, EU27 (%)
Figure 78: Work–life conflicts, by occupation and sector, EU27 (%)
Figure 79: Work–life conflicts, men and women compared, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 80: Worrying about work (always or often), men and women compared, by age group, household type and age of youngest child, EU27 (%)
Figure 81: Feeling tired after work (always or often), men and women compared, by age group, household type and age of youngest child, EU27 (%)
Figure 82: Fit between working hours and family and social commitments outside work, by job quality, EU27 (%)
Figure 83: Work–life conflicts, men and women compared, by job quality, EU27 (%)
Figure 84: Distribution of usual and preferred weekly hours, by gender and employment status, EU27 (%)
Figure 85: Working time preferences, by usual weekly working hours and work–life balance, EU27 (%)
Figure 86: Working time preferences, by age group, employment status, occupation and sector, EU27 (%)
Figure 87: Working time preferences, by relationship between usual hours and contracted hours, EU27 (%)
Figure 88: Difference between average usual and preferred weekly working hours, by household type and gender, EU27 (hours)
Figure 89: Working time preferences, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 90: Difficulty making ends meet, by country, EU27 and other European countries (%)
Figure 91: Difficulty making ends meet, by household type and level of difficulty, EU27 (%)
Figure 92: Financial sustainability indicators, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 93: Job quality index, by ability to make ends meet, EU27 (%)
Figure 94: Aspects of social climate, by type of work organisation, EU27 (%)
Figure 95: Aspects of social climate, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 96: Social climate indicator, by job quality index, EU27 (%)
Figure 97: Work engagement, by type of work organisation and COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 98: Work engagement by the job quality index, EU27 (%)
Figure 99: Employees whose health and safety is at risk because of their work, by sector and occupation, EU27 (%)
Figure 100: Health problems reported in the 12 months before the survey, EU27 (%)
Figure 101: Number of health problems, by COVID group, EU27 (%)
Figure 102: Presenteeism, by place of work, EU27 (%)
Figure 103: Presenteeism, by gender, EU27 and other European countries (%)
Figure 104: WHO-5 Well-being Index scores, by sociodemographic group and employment status (mean)
Figure 105: Job quality index, by health-related indicators, EU27 (%)
Figure 106: Job quality index, by greening occupational groups (%)