Authors
John Hurley
Dragoș Adăscăliței
Elisa Staffa
Abstract

Europska tržišta rada snažno su se oporavila od pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Do kraja 2021., nešto više od 18 mjeseci nakon početka pandemije, stope zaposlenosti u EU-u bile su gotovo na razinama prije krize. U ovom su izvješću sažeto prikazana kretanja na tržištu rada 2020. i 2021. na temelju tromjesečnih podataka iz Ankete o radnoj snazi EU-a. Sastavljeno je iz strukturne perspektive, s naglaskom na podatcima na razini sektora i zanimanja te ključnim demografskim varijablama: spolnoj i dobnoj strukturi. Čak i ako se razine zaposlenosti u državama članicama EU-a vrate na razine prije krize, struktura zaposlenosti bit će znatno promijenjena. Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 ubrzala je neke prethodne trendove – prelazak na bolji posao uz veću zaposlenost na kvalitetnijim i bolje plaćenim radnim mjestima te uvođenje rada na daljinu – na načine koji će vjerojatno imati trajni učinak na strukturu zaposlenosti u EU-u.

Oporavak od pandemije bolesti COVID-19: promjena strukture zaposlenosti u EU-u

hrvatski (451.85 KB - PDF)

Key findings

Šok koji je pandemija bolesti COVID-19 izazvala na tržištima rada u 2020. bio je kratak i iznenadan, no oporavak, potpomognut intervencijama politike i znatnim javnim potporama na nacionalnoj razini i razini EU-a, bio je brz. Razine zaposlenosti u EU-u općenito su se u razdoblju od dvije godine vratile na razine prije krize, u usporedbi s gotovo osam godina koliko je bilo potrebno za oporavak nakon globalne financijske krize.

Oporavak nakon krize uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19 bio je vrlo neujednačen među sektorima. Dok je zaposlenost u djelatnostima pružanja smještaja te pripreme i posluživanja hrane, trgovine na veliko i na malo te prometa zabilježila kumulativni gubitak od 1,4 milijuna radnika u razdoblju od 2019. do 2021., u sektoru informacijskih i komunikacijskih usluga u istom je razdoblju došlo do povećanja za milijun radnih mjesta.

Pandemija je ubrzala neke strukturne trendove koji su postojali prije krize, primjerice digitalizaciju, no ostavila je i trajne posljedice na zaposlenost u sektorima osobnih usluga koji su bili snažno pogođeni mjerama ograničavanja socijalnih kontakata. Prvi put u jednoj generaciji za oblikovatelje politika sve veći problem postaje manjak radne snage, a ne nezaposlenost, tj. manjak ponude radne snage, a ne potražnje za njom.

Iako je gubitak radnih mjesta tijekom pandemije bio koncentriran na slabo plaćena radna mjesta, oporavak razine zaposlenosti tijekom 2021. potaknut je rastom dobro plaćenih radnih mjesta i zanimanja. U razdoblju od 2019.do 2021. povećanje dobro plaćenih radnih mjesta bilo je veće među ženama nego među muškarcima u 27 država članica EU-a, dok je istodobno gubitak radnih mjesta bio najveći za žene na slabo plaćenim poslovima.

Porast rada na daljinu vjerojatno će se nastaviti kao trajna posljedica krize uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19, pa se tako u 2021. rad na daljinu i dalje povećavao u gotovo svim državama članicama EU-a, čak i nakon snažnog rasta zabilježenog na početku pandemije. Kriza je pogodovala i rastu zaposlenosti u sektorima i zanimanjima u kojima je rad na daljinu izvediviji: od 2019. do 2021. zanimanje stručnjaka u području informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija (IKT) bilo je najbrže rastuće zanimanje te je ono imalo i najveći udio u radu na daljinu u 2021.

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures

List of tables

  • Table 1: Job vacancy rates, by sector, EU27, 2021 (%)
  • Table 2: Year-on-year changes in employment levels and actual weekly hours worked, 2019–2021, EU27
  • Table 3: Year-on-year changes in employment levels and weekly hours worked, by gender and age, 2020–2021, EU27
  • Table 4: Year-on-year changes in employment levels and weekly hours worked for the 15–24 age group, by gender, Q4 2020–Q4 2021, EU27
  • Table 5: Year-on-year changes in employment by gender and sector, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (%)
  • Table 6: Year-on-year changes in average number of actual weekly working hours, by age, gender and sector, Q4 2020–Q4 2021, EU27 (hours)
  • Table 7: Main broad occupational trends in employment and hours year on year, Q4 2019–Q4 2020, EU27
  • Table 8: Top three jobs with biggest employment gains and losses, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27

List of figures

  • Figure 1: Actual and trend estimates of employment levels among workers aged 15 and older, 2019–2020, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 2: People employed but not working, EU27 (percentage point difference from pre-COVID-19 baseline – same quarter in 2019)
  • Figure 3: People employed but not working, by sector, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, showing peak incidence in Q2 2020, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 4: Year-on-year changes in unemployment levels, by age, 2020–2021, EU27 (percentage points)
  • Figure 5: Labour market slack, 2019–2020, EU27 (% of the extended labour force)
  • Figure 6: Labour market slack, by country, Q4 2021, EU27 (percentage of the extended labour force)
  • Figure 7: The components of labour market slack, by age and gender, Q4 2021 (percentage of the extended labour force)
  • Figure 8: Transitions in labour market status, EU27, Q3 2021–Q4 2021 (million people)
  • Figure 9: Net flows between employment and inactivity, by country and gender, Q3 2021–Q4 2021, EU27 (thousands)
  • Figure 10: Employment shifts by job–wage quintile comparing the financial crisis (2008–2010) and the pandemic (Q4 2019–Q4 2021), EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 11: Employment shifts by job–wage quintile, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 12: Employment shifts by job–wage quintile, by gender, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 13: Employment shifts, by job–wage quintile and broad sector, Q2 2019–Q4 2020, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 14: Employees working from home, by country, 2019–2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 15: Employees working from home, by occupation, 2019–2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 16: Change in employment, by occupation and teleworking incidence, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 17: Employees working from home, by sector, 2019–2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 18: Employees working from home, by gender, EU27
  • Figure 19: Employees working from home, by gender and country, 2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 20: Employees in teleworkable jobs, by gender and country, 2020, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 21: Employees working from home, by age, 2016–2021, EU27 (%)
Number of pages
46
Reference nº
EF22022
ISBN
978-92-897-2286-5
Catalogue nº
TJ-09-22-521-EN-N
DOI
10.2806/321685
Permalink
eurofound.link/ef22022

Cite this publication

Eurofound (2022), Recovery from COVID-19: The changing structure of employment in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

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