
Working conditions in sectors
Formati
Eurofound (2020), Working conditions in sectors, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
L’agenzia tripartita dell’UE che fornisce le conoscenze per contribuire allo sviluppo di migliori politiche sociali, occupazionali e relative al lavoro
Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective,Read more
Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective, using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). The report first outlines the sectoral characteristics underpinning employment – economic structure, demographics, occupational level and employment status. It then goes on to focus on four main topics: changing tasks, skills, training and employability; non-standard employment and employment security; health, well-being and flexible work organisation; and employee representation and voice. Differences in working conditions arising from age, gender, occupation and education level are taken into account. According to the analysis, developing measures to address relevant issues such as skills development, job security and work intensity should be a priority for policy. The data also show that the presence of employee representation and voice is key to improving the situation of employees.
Read lessEurofound (2020), Working conditions in sectors, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Le megatendenze, come la digitalizzazione, la globalizzazione, il cambiamento demografico e i cambiamenti climatici, stanno trasformando il mondo del lavoro, con effetti a catena sulle condizioni di lavoro nonché sulla qualità di quest’ultimo. In questo contesto, la presente relazione esamina le condizioni di lavoro e la qualità del lavoro da una prospettiva settoriale, utilizzando i dati dell’Indagine europea sulle condizioni di lavoro del 2015 (EWCS). La relazione delinea innanzitutto le caratteristiche settoriali alla base dell’occupazione - struttura economica, demografia, livello occupazionale e status occupazionale. Si concentra poi su quattro temi principali: il cambiamento delle mansioni, le competenze, la formazione e l’occupabilità; il lavoro atipico e la sicurezza occupazionale; la salute, il benessere e l’organizzazione del lavoro flessibile; la rappresentanza e la voce dei lavoratori. Si tiene conto delle differenze nelle condizioni di lavoro dovute all’età, al sesso, all’occupazione e al livello di istruzione. Secondo l’analisi, lo sviluppo di misure per affrontare questioni rilevanti come lo sviluppo delle competenze, la sicurezza del lavoro e l’intensità del lavoro dovrebbe rappresentare una priorità per la politica. I dati mostrano inoltre che la presenza della rappresentanza e della voce dei lavoratori è fondamentale per migliorare la loro situazione.
Table 1: Sectoral coverage
Table 2: Country coverage
Table 3: Job quality indices
Table 4: Occupation and job quality by sector, 2015 (percentage difference for higher ISCO categories (1–3) relative to lower ISCO categories (4–9))
Table 5: Summary of sociodemographic characteristics and job quality by sector, 2015
Table 6: Task indicator scores by occupation category within sectors
Table 7: Regression between task indicators and perceived employability by sector, 2010 and 2015
Table 8: Job quality and non-standard forms of employment by sector, 2015 (percentage difference in the case of non-standard employment)
Table 9: Well-being and health indicators, 2015 by sector and country cluster, 2015
Table 10: Average scores for autonomy and working time flexibility by digital worker category, 2015
Table 11: Distribution of digital worker categories (with high, medium and low levels of flexibility) by sector, 2015 (%)
Table 12: Distribution of digital worker categories (with high, medium and low levels of flexibility) by occupation, 2015 (%)
Table 13: Difference in average level of health and well-being indicators for each category of worker (with high and medium levels of flexibility) by sector, 2015
Table 14: Job quality and representation by sector, 2015
Figure 1: Change in employment by sector, 2008–2019 (100 = 2008)
Figure 2: Change in sectoral employment by country cluster, 2008–2019 (%)
Figure 3: Proportion of total EU employment by sector and country cluster, 2015 (%)
Figure 4: Female share of employment by sector, 2015 (%)
Figure 5: Age structure of the workforce by sector, 2015 (%)
Figure 6: Occupational structure by sector, 2015 (%)
Figure 7: Shifts in occupational structures by sector, 2010–2015
Figure 8: Distribution of educational attainment by sector, 2015 (%)
Figure 9: Proportion of part-time and temporary employment by sector, 2015 (%)
Figure 10: Involuntary part-time work by gender and sector, 2015 (%)
Figure 11: Usual hours worked by contract duration and sector, 2015
Figure 12: Job quality indices by sector, 2015
Figure 13: Job quality indices by sector and country cluster, 2015
Figure 14: Job quality indices by subsector (NACE Rev. 2), 2015
Figure 15: Job quality indices by sector and occupational category, 2015
Figure 16: Job quality indices over time, 1995–2015
Figure 17: Convergence and divergence of sectoral job quality over time, 2005–2015
Figure 18: Changes in task indicators by sector, 2010–2015 (%)
Figure 19: Breakdown of changes in physical routine tasks by sector, 2010–2015 (%)
Figure 20: Breakdown of changes in cognitive tasks by sector, 2010–2015 (%)
Figure 21: Breakdown of changes in interactional tasks by sector, 2010–2015 (%)
Figure 22: Share of employees who had received training provided by the employer (during the previous 12 months) by sector, 2010 and 2015 (%)
Figure 23: Share of employees who had received training paid for by the employee (during the previous 12 months) by sector, 2010 and 2015 (%)
Figure 24: Average score for the level of employability by sector, 2010 and 2015
Figure 25: Share of non-standard forms of employment by sector, 2015 (%)
Figure 26: Perception of employment security and job insecurity in the EU27 and the UK by sector and country cluster, 2015
Figure 27: Non-standard employment and job quality indices by sector, 2015
Figure 28: Health and well-being indicators by sector – deviation from the EU average, 2015
Figure 29: Presence of representative bodies (trade unions and OSH committees) or employee meetings (voice) by sector, 2015 (percentage of workers)
Figure 30: Employee representation and voice and job quality by sector, 2015
This report presents the results of research conducted largely prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 in Europe in February 2020. For this reason, the results do not fully take account of the outbreak.
Le ricerche effettuate anteriormente al recesso del Regno Unito dall’Unione europea il 31 gennaio 2020, e pubblicate successivamente, possono includere i dati relativi ai 28 Stati membri. Salvo indicazione contraria, successivamente a tale data, la ricerca prende in considerazione unicamente i 27 Stati membri dell’UE (UE28 meno il Regno Unito).
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2015, the sixth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
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