Fondazione europea per il miglioramento delle condizioni di vita e di lavoro
L’agenzia tripartita dell’UE che fornisce le conoscenze per contribuire allo sviluppo di migliori politiche sociali, occupazionali e relative al lavoro
L’agenzia tripartita dell’UE che fornisce le conoscenze per contribuire allo sviluppo di migliori politiche sociali, occupazionali e relative al lavoro
On 4 June 1999, CGT and CFDT, the majority trade unions at France's SNCF rail
network, signed an agreement with the management on the reduction of working
time. This agreement, rejected by the other unions, had been the subject of a
referendum among the company's staff organised by management and the two
largest unions.
On 14 June 1999, the UK government launched a new, non-statutory code of
practice to encourage employers to adopt policies designed to avoid age
discrimination in employment. The code - Age diversity in employment [1]-
covers good practice in six areas of the employment "cycle", urging employers
to:
June 1999 saw the conclusion of new national agreements for Italy's key
metalworking and food industries. The most innovative aspects of the deals
concern pay increases, the role of Rsu representative bodies in decentralised
bargaining, and the reduction and management of working time.
In anticipation of a debate scheduled for the end of June 1999 in the Lower
House of the Dutch Parliament, the Netherlands' largest employers'
association, VNO/NCW, is pushing for fundamental change in the social
security structure. It believes that the new system should offer a flat-rate
benefit at subsistence level as a safety net. In addition, employees should
be assigned "personal responsibility" and have the option of taking out
additional insurance against loss of income.
The reduction of taxation on labour and other non-wage labour costs has been
part of the European Commission's strategy to raise employment for almost
five years, as it is considered that high non-wage labour costs, particularly
on low-paid labour, are leading to high rates of unemployment among
low-skilled workers and are encouraging clandestine, undeclared activity. The
Commission's 1999 Broad Economic Policy Guidelines [1] re-emphasised the
importance of Member States' reducing taxes, particularly on low-paid labour.
It is intended that this reduction in taxation of labour be offset by new
taxes or tax increases on environmental pollution, energy or consumption. The
social partners are similarly called upon to commit themselves to control
wage and other non-wage costs, as a contribution to the European employment
strategy. The draft Broad Economic Policy Guidelines estimate that, with an
average rate of 43% of GDP, the tax burden in the European Union in 13%
higher than in the USA. The tax burden indeed exceeds 40% in most of the EU
Member States, with only Ireland being comparable with the USA in this
respect. Despite the fact that the effective tax rate on labour and the
labour "tax wedge" have declined in the EU since 1994, the level of the "tax
wedge" indicates that around 50% of the gross wage is absorbed by taxes in a
number of EU Member States,
On 15 June 1999, the Austrian government failed to approve a legislative
proposal for submission to parliament that would have removed the remaining
legal differentiation between wage earners and salary earners (AT9801160N
[1]). The two main distinctions that remain between them relate to
compensation during sick leave and regulations governing dismissal
(AT9903138N [2]). The Austrian Trade Union Federation (Österreichischer
Gewerkschaftsbund, ÖGB) and the Austrian Chamber of the Economy
(Wirtschaftskammer Österreich, WKÖ) had failed to resolve their own
differences on the question at a meeting on 9 June. WKÖ had submitted a
number of counter-demands in exchange for harmonisation, including:
Two mediators, Mr Ingemar Mundebo and Mr Gunnar Samuelsson, had been having
intense contacts throughout a week in the middle of June with the pay
negotiators from the Coach Employers' Association (Bussarbetsgivarna, BUA)
and the Swedish Transport Workers' Union (Svenska
Transportarbetareförbundet, Transport). Transport had given notice of a ban
on overtime and a boycott of any new charter tourist traffic. The industrial
action was due to commence on 22 June 1999.
In May 1999, the Greek government submitted its 1999 National Action Plan
(NAP) for employment, in response to the EU Employment Guidelines. With
regard to industrial relations, and in particular measures aimed at
modernisation of work organisation, strong emphasis is laid on labour market
and working time flexibility.
At its congress in June 1999, France's CFE-CGC trade union confederation,
which represents managerial and professional staff and supervisors, elected a
new management team. After some years of falling membership and support, the
confederation sought to present a united front and to refocus on its
traditional goals and grassroots.
Speaking at the national conference of the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC)
on 3 June 1999, Stephen Byers, the trade and industry secretary, devoted his
speech to the issue of regulation and the Labour government's commitment to
reduce the burden of regulation on business, including employment
legislation. He said that "getting regulation right" was a major priority for
the government, and that an essential element of this was to avoid burdening
businesses - especially small businesses - with unnecessary regulation.
Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2003, the first edition of the survey.
Eurofound's European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2007, the second edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 2003.
Eurofound's European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2012, the third edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 2003.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2005, the fourth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2010, the fifth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2020, the seventh edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
This publication series explores scenarios for the future of manufacturing. The employment implications (number of jobs by sector, occupation, wage profile, and task content) under various possible scenarios are examined. The scenarios focus on various possible developments in global trade and energy policies and technological progress and run to 2030.
How can working conditions be improved to make work more sustainable over the life course? This question has been the guiding principle for analysis of the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey data during the period of Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020. This flagship report brings together the different research strands from this work and gives a comprehensive answer to the question. It includes an analysis of trends in working conditions, examining whether these are the same for all workers or whether inequalities between different groups of workers are increasing.
Access to key social services, especially education and healthcare, as well as stable family life and decent housing are necessary for the well-being and development of children. Ensuring that all children have these resources is an EU priority; the European Commission is currently undertaking to recommend a Child Guarantee to address the situations of children in need. Service provision has been complicated by the COVID-19 outbreak, however, and the pandemic has put psychological and material strains on families.
This report builds on Eurofound's existing research on social mobility, assessing the distribution and transmission of wealth in Member States. It examines the roles of inheritance and household debt in explaining the transmission of advantage or disadvantage between the generations across Member States. The analysis is based on Eurosystem's Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS).
This report analyses the involvement of the national social partners in the implementation of policy reforms within the framework of social dialogue practices, and their involvement in elaborating the National Reform Programmes (NRPs) and other key policy documents of the European Semester cycle.
This report will focus on assessing the employment impact of the COVID-19 crisis, including its effects across sectors and for different categories of workers. It will also be looking at measures implemented to limit negative effects following the Coronavirus outbreak in Europe.
This report examines the contribution of social and employment services in EU Member States to the inclusion of people with disabilities, specifically in relation to the impact these have on labour market integration – in line with the 2006 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The report includes a discussion of the costs and benefits of different approaches.
This report examines people's optimism about the future, for themselves and for others, and the extent to which it varies depending on one's social situation and perceptions of the quality of society. The study includes an analysis of the relationships between people’s perceptions of fairness and objective indicators of their social and economic situation and living standards.
This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation (flight crew) sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements.
The European Green Deal is at the very top of Member State agendas across the EU. This topical update maps the national discussions – in policy, public and research debates – on the potential, ongoing or already felt impact on work and employment of the transition to a low-carbon economy. It attempts to identify the most active actors involved in these discussions (governments, social partners, NGOs and so on) and their perspectives.
This report will draw from case studies of establishments across the EU that have introduced advanced digital technologies in the workplace. The technologies in focus are the Internet of Things, 3D printing and virtual and augmented reality. Each case study – illustrated in the report - will explore the approach or strategy taken by the establishment to manage the digital transition and the impact of the deployment of the technology on the work organisation and job quality.
MEMBER OF THE NETWORK OF EU AGENCIES
Eurofound è un'agenzia dell'Unione europea