The dawn of 2022 brought muted optimism to a Europe beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the progress of vaccination programmes worldwide brought hope. Government and EU support during the pandemic had kept unemployment at bay, averting the widescale collapse of businesses. In step with the EU’s plans for the year, Eurofound’s focus was firmly on a post-pandemic Europe: the recovery and the twin transition to a green and digital economy. All this changed with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the start of a war of aggression. The EU and its institutions were compelled to respond rapidly.
Europe faces a winter of uncertainty and potentially discontent. The cost of living is rising rapidly and the spectre of recession looms.
Economic concerns are affecting citizens’ trust in institutions. Research by Eurofound has indicated a decrease in trust in national institutions across the European Union – including in governments, healthcare systems and the police.
Šajā ziņojumā ir izklāstīts Eurofound pētījums par tāldarbu Covid-19 pandēmijas laikā 2020.–2021. gadā. Tajā ir pētītas tāldarba biežuma, darba apstākļu izmaiņas, ar kādām saskārās darbinieki, strādājot no mājām, un izmaiņas noteikumos attiecībā uz jautājumiem, kas saistīti ar šo darba režīmu. Konstatējumos atklājas pandēmijas izraisīta strauja tāldarba eskalācija – divi no 10 Eiropas darbiniekiem 2021. gadā strādāja tāldarbu. Šis skaitlis, visticamāk, nebūtu sasniegts pirms 2027. gada, ja nebijis pandēmijas.
Dzīves, darba un Covid-19 apsekojuma, ko Eurofound pirmoreiz uzsāka 2020. gada sākumā, mērķis ir apzināt pandēmijas plašo ietekmi uz ES iedzīvotāju darbu un dzīvi. Eurofound apsekojuma piektajā kārtā, ko īstenoja 2022. gada pavasarī, atklājas arī jauna neskaidra realitāte, ko izraisījis karš Ukrainā, rekordaugsta inflācija un strauji dzīves dārdzības pieaugumi. Eiropas Izglītības fonds (ETF) 10 Eiropas Savienības (ES) kaimiņvalstīs izmantoja īsāku anketas versiju kā pilotapsekojumu.
Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas from Russia, which has reacted by reneging on supply commitments to many Member States. Compared to other countries, market disruption has been especially acute in the EU, given the bloc’s overdependence on Russian energy supply.
This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the electricity sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements.
Šajā ziņojumā ir analizēta sociālā dialoga un darba koplīguma sarunu nozīme to problēmu risināšanā, ar kurām saskaras civilās aviācijas nozare Covid-19 pandēmijas laikā. Sociālo partneru iesaiste pandēmijas negatīvās ietekmes mazināšanas pasākumos dažādās Eiropas valstīs ir atšķirīga. Lielākajā daļā valstu liela nozīme bija sociālajam dialogam un darba koplīguma sarunām, savukārt citās valstīs tām bija ierobežotāka loma. Ziņojumā ir aplūkotas arī izmaiņas, kas veiktas esošajā sociālajā dialogā un/vai darba koplīguma sarunu procesos valsts līmenī.
Šajā ziņojumā ir analizēta sociālā dialoga un darba koplīguma slēgšanas sarunu nozīme Covid-19 pandēmijas radīto vai saasināto problēmu risināšanā slimnīcu nozarē. Tajā arī pētīts, vai esošie sociālā dialoga un darba koplīguma sarunu procesi valstu līmenī tika pielāgoti, lai risinātu šīs jaunās problēmas. Pētījums ietvēra literatūras apskatu, lai kontekstualizētu slimnīcu nozares strukturālās iezīmes, un analīzi par politikas iniciatīvām krīzes pārvarēšanai, kas īstenotas ES-27 un Norvēģijā.
Šis ziņojums ir sagatavots saistībā ar trīs gadu (2021.–2023. gada) pilotprojektu “Minimālās algas nozīme vispārējās darba garantijas izveidē”, ko Eiropas Komisija bija uzticējusi Eurofound. Ziņojuma uzmanības centrā ir projekta 3. modulis, kurā pētītas minimālās algas un citi atalgojuma veidi pašnodarbinātām personām. Ņemot vērā problemātiskos apstākļus, ar kādiem saskaras konkrētas pašnodarbināto personu grupas, dažas dalībvalstis ir izveidojušas vai pašlaik apspriež dažu ar likumu noteiktu minimālā atalgojuma veidu piedāvāšanu pašnodarbināto personu izvēlētām kategorijām.
Stingrie sabiedrības veselības ierobežojumi, ko valdības ieviesa 2020. gadā, lai kontrolētu Covid-19 pandēmiju, pēkšņi mainīja darba dzīvi un turpināja to ietekmēt turpmākajos divos gados. No 2021. gada marta līdz novembrim 36 valstīs ar Eiropas darba apstākļu telefona apsekojumu (EWCTS), kas balstīts uz augstas kvalitātes varbūtību, tika veiktas vairāk nekā 70 000 intervijas. Mērķis bija sniegt detalizētu priekšstatu par eiropiešu darba dzīvi šajā ārkārtējā laikā.
This series reports on the new forms of employment emerging across Europe that are driven by societal, economic and technological developments and are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. This series explores what characterises these new employment forms and what implications they have for working conditions and the labour market.
The European Company Survey (ECS) is carried out every four to five years since its inception in 2004–2005, with the latest edition in 2019. The survey is designed to provide information on workplace practices to develop and evaluate socioeconomic policy in the EU. It covers issues around work organisation, working time arrangements and work–life balance, flexibility, workplace innovation, employee involvement, human resource management, social dialogue, and most recently also skills use, skills strategies and digitalisation.
The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) is carried out every four to five years since its inception in 2003, with the latest edition in 2016. It examines both the objective circumstances of people's lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. It covers issues around employment, income, education, housing, family, health and work–life balance. It also looks at subjective topics, such as people's levels of happiness and life satisfaction, and perceptions of the quality of society.
This series brings together publications and other outputs of the European Jobs Monitor (EJM), which tracks structural change in European labour markets. The EJM analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives a qualitative assessment of these shifts using various proxies of job quality – wages, skill-levels, etc.
Eurofound's European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2016, the fourth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 2003.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2015, the sixth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 1996, the second edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2001, which was an extension of the EWCS 2000 to cover the then 12 acceding and candidate countries. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2000, the third edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Company Survey (ECS) maps and analyses company policies and practices which can have an impact on smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, as well as the development of social dialogue in companies. This series consists of outputs from the first edition of the survey carried out in 2004–2005 under the name European Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work-Life Balance.
In 2022, the European Semester was streamlined to integrate the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) established on 19 February 2021 (Regulation (EU) 2021/241). While facing the geopolitical and economic challenges triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Member States have been implementing the national Recovery and Resilience Plans (RRPs) for more than one year and around 100 billion euro in RRF funds have already been disbursed.
This report explores the association between skills use and skills strategies and establishment performance, and how other workplace practices, in terms of work organisation, human resources management and employee involvement, can impact on this. It looks at how skills shortages can be addressed, at least in part, by creating an environment in which employees are facilitated and motivated to make better use of the skills they already have. This further supports the business case for a more holistic approach to management.
With the expansion of telework and different forms of hybrid work as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for policymakers to consider both the opportunities and the negative consequences that may result. This report will explore potential scenarios for such work. In doing so, it will identify trends and drivers, and predict how they might interact to create particular outcomes and how they are likely to affect workers and businesses. Policy pointers will outline what could be done to facilitate desirable outcomes and to avoid undesirable ones.
This paper provides an analytical summary of state of the art academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage transitions to a carbon neutral economy on employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the key empirical findings around the impact of climate change and the green transitions on jobs, sectors, regions and countries in Europe, identifying the opportunities and risks that climate change policies bring to European labour markets.
This report explores the drivers of economic and social convergence in Europe, using a selected set of economic and social indicators to examine trends in the performance of individual Member States. It also investigates what role the Economic and Monetary Union plays in convergence, particularly in southern and eastern Member States. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on convergence is analysed and initial conclusions are drawn about the impact of EU recovery packages and their ability to prevent divergence.
As economies emerge from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, labour shortages are becoming increasingly evident. These include shortages exacerbated by the crisis in some sectors and professions where they had been endemic for some time. This report will look at measures implemented at national level to tackle labour shortages in the health, care and information and communications technology sectors, as well as those arising from the twin digital and green transitions.
Adequate, affordable housing has become a matter of great concern, with an alarming number of Europeans with low or lower household incomes unable to access any, especially in capital cities. Housing was a key factor in people’s experience of the COVID-19 pandemic: its quality and level of safety significantly affected how lockdowns and social distancing measures were experienced, with those who had no access to quality housing at higher risk of deteriorating living conditions and well-being.
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an extraordinary level of provision of social services across the EU. Healthcare and care providers carried much of the burden and, together with essential services, played a crucial role in getting citizens through the crisis. This report explores how public services adapted to the new reality and what role was played by the digital transformation of services. The aim is to contribute to the documentation and analysis of changes in funding, delivery and use of healthcare and social services during the pandemic.
The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence. Using data from Eurofound and Eurostat, this report will investigate the trends and drivers of the urban-rural divide, in various dimensions: economic and employment opportunities, access to services, living conditions and quality of life.
Building on previous work by Eurofound, this report will investigate intergenerational dynamics over time. During the 2008 double-dip recession, worrying intergenerational divides appeared in many Member States, and while some of the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is universal, early data suggests disparities across demographic cohorts. Eurofound will examine how different age groups may have been affected in terms of their health, labour market participation, quality of life and financial needs, both in the short term and in the long term.
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