Employment and labour markets

New forms of employment: 2020 update

Report
Published
15 December 2020
pdf
Formats
Author(s): 
Mandl, Irene

Sejbiet ewlenin

  • Standard employment is still dominant across the EU, but European labour markets are characterised by increasingly diverse forms of employment.
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  • Standard employment is still dominant across the EU, but European labour markets are characterised by increasingly diverse forms of employment.
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  • Some new forms of employment are expected to continue to grow, due to the twin transition to the digital age and a carbon-neutral economy. However, some new forms of employment may be negatively affected due to the economic and labour market impact of COVID-19.
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  • Many new employment forms are driven by the need for flexibility of employers/clients or workers. In developing new forms of employment, it is crucial to ensure that this flexibility does not diminish workers’ protection.
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  • Working time, representation, along with health and safety need to be addressed for several new forms of employment, including ICT-based mobile work, platform work, casual work and voucher-based work.
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  • For some new forms of employment, the ambiguity of employment status for workers could contribute to labour market segmentation.
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Sommarju

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns (Read more

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns (linked to aspects such as place of work, working time or use of ICT) and sometimes both. This report puts the spotlight on nine innovative employment forms across the 27 EU Member States, Norway and the UK. It examines the policy frameworks of each country, as well as mapping the scale and scope of the incidence of these new forms and highlighting the main opportunities and risks associated with each form. The report concludes with some policy recommendations taking into account the future of work that will be shaped by the twin transition to the digital age and a carbon-neutral economy, as well as a new way of working due to COVID-19.

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Formats

  • Report

    Number of pages: 
    72
    Reference no.: 
    EF20027
    ISBN: 
    978-92-897-2126-4
    Catalogue no.: 
    TJ-04-20-635-EN-N
    DOI: 
    10.2806/278670
    Permalink: 
    eurofound.link/ef20027
    Catalogue info

    New forms of employment: 2020 update

    Author(s): 
    Mandl, Irene
    Topics: 
    Employment and labour markets; New forms of employment; Non-standard employment; Platform work; Working conditions; Working conditions and sustainable work

    Formats

    Cite this publication: 

    Eurofound (2020), New forms of employment: 2020 update, New forms of employment series, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

  • Tables and graphs

    List of tables

    • Table 1: Prevalence of new forms of employment in the EU27, Norway and the UK, 2020
    • Table 2: National terminology for ICT-based mobile work in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table 3: National data on the prevalence of ICT-based mobile work in Member States and Norway
    • Table 4: Main opportunities and risks of ICT-based mobile work for work and employment
    • Table 5: National terminology for platform work in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table 6: Data on the prevalence of platform work in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table 7: National terminology for casual work in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table 8: National data on the prevalence of casual work in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table 9: Legislative frameworks for casual work in Member States
    • Table 10: National terminology for employee sharing in Member States
    • Table 11: National data on the prevalence of employee sharing in Member States
    • Table 12: National terminology for job sharing in Member States and the UK
    • Table 13: National data on the prevalence of job sharing in Member States and the UK
    • Table 14: Main opportunities and risks of job sharing for work and employment
    • Table 15: National terminology for voucher-based work in Member States
    • Table 16: National data on the prevalence of voucher-based work in Member States
    • Table 17: Legislative frameworks for voucher-based work in Member States
    • Table 18: Main opportunities and risks of voucher-based work for work and employment
    • Table 19: National terminology for collaborative employment in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table 20: National data on the prevalence of coworking in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table 21: National data on the prevalence of (worker) cooperatives in Member States and the UK
    • Table 22: Legislative frameworks for cooperatives in Member States
    • Table 23: Main opportunities and risks of collaborative employment for work and employment
    • Table 24: National terminology for interim management and portfolio work in Member States, Norway and the UK
    • Table A1: Correspondents who contributed to the report

    List of figures

    • Figure 1: General framework for identifying new forms of employment
    • Figure 2: Main opportunities and risks of platform work for work and employment, by type of platform work
    • Figure 3: Main opportunities and risks of casual work from workers’ perspective
    • Figure 4: Main opportunities and risks of casual work from employers’ perspective
    • Figure 5: Main opportunities and risks of employee sharing for companies and workers

This report presents the results of research conducted largely prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 in Europe in February 2020. For this reason, the results do not fully take account of the outbreak.

Research carried out prior to the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, and published subsequently, may include data relating to the 28 EU Member States. Following this date, research only takes into account the 27 EU Member States (EU28 minus the UK), unless specified otherwise.

Part of the series

  • New forms of employment

    This series reports on the new forms of employment emerging across Europe that are driven by societal, economic and technological developments and are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. This series explores what characterises these new employment forms and what implications they have for working conditions and the labour market.

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