One of the most striking developments of the last half-century has been the huge rise in female labour market participation in advanced economies. More than two out of every three net new jobs created over the last two decades in the EU have been taken up by women, who now account for 46% of the workforce in the EU27. In 2002, the comparable figure was less than 43% and in the early 1990s it was less than 40%. This is a reflection of growing opportunities for women as well as the consolidation of a broader trend towards dual earner households.
This paper provides a context for the questions to be explored within the Foundation Forum 2022. Europe is emerging from the COVID-19 crisis having managed to protect its economy in the face of a major shock and prevent mass unemployment. However, challenges remain. While the Member States up to now appear to have diverged only moderately, at most, on key economic and social indicators, it seems that the pandemic has widened many social inequalities. The mass shift to telework has raised questions over how the world of work will look in the future.
De afgelopen jaren was er, met uitzondering van enkele tussenliggende pieken, sprake van een algemene daling van het aantal collectieve acties in de EU-lidstaten. Tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie heeft deze tendens zich voortgezet. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat de voornaamste arbeidsgeschillen zich voordeden in de sectoren gezondheidszorg en sociale dienstverlening, onderwijs, en vervoer en logistiek. In dit verslag worden de gegevens geanalyseerd die Eurofound in 2018-2019 heeft verzameld tijdens het testen van de databank van de monitor collectieve geschillen (IAM).
In dit verslag wordt ingegaan op de gevolgen van de COVID-19-crisis voor de levenskwaliteit van oudere burgers, met inbegrip van de gevolgen voor hun welzijn, financiën, werkgelegenheid en sociale inclusie. Er wordt gekeken naar de gevolgen voor het beroep dat wordt gedaan op zorgdiensten en de afhankelijkheid van ouderen van andere vormen van ondersteuning. In het verslag worden beleidsmaatregelen voorgesteld die in de EU-lidstaten ten uitvoer zijn gelegd om ouderen op alle bovengenoemde gebieden te ondersteunen.
The first overview of minimum wage setting for 2022 shows that, while some negotiations are still ongoing, virtually all EU Member States have increased their nominal statutory rates. Compared to last year, when most countries settled for cautious increases against a background of deep uncertainty caused by the pandemic, growth in statutory rates for 2022 was stronger, reflecting an easing of the situation. This was especially the case in central and eastern European countries, where some increases were in double digits. Nevertheless, inflation is back in the picture and should be monitored in the coming months to get an insight into how the increases in nominal minimum wage rates translate into actual changes in the purchasing power of minimum wage earners.
This programming document describes Eurofound’s planned work over the programming period 2021–2024. It sets out the policy and institutional context for the programme, outlines the multiannual programme for the four-year period and sets out the work programme for 2022. Eurofound’s priorities for 2021–2024 are shaped by the key challenges for social cohesion and just transitions in a changing environment in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis. The Agency focuses on issues where it can draw on its core expertise in the areas of working conditions, industrial relations, employment and living conditions, to support its stakeholders, by providing evidence that can assist their policy action.
The European Union Agencies Network on Scientific Advice (EU-ANSA) consists of technical and regulatory agencies that provide scientific advice to EU policymakers. This report demonstrates how EU-ANSA member Agencies are addressing the socioeconomic effects of sustainable development. It is based on two surveys conducted among the member Agencies. The survey results show that the most researched areas include the economy, employment, skills and training, gender inequalities, health and safety, social aspects, the role of regulation and social dialogue.
Opwaartse convergentie neemt in het EU-project een centrale plaats in. De lidstaten en hun burgers verbinden zich ertoe deel uit te maken van de Unie omdat zij verwachten dat hun lidmaatschap zal leiden tot evenwichtige economische welvaart en sociale vooruitgang in alle landen. Toenemende verschillen tussen de lidstaten, zoals tijdens de economische crisis van 2008-2013, kunnen worden gezien als een verbreking van de belofte van de EU en de aanzet geven tot onvrede en desintegratie.
Technologische veranderingen gaan sneller naarmate de capaciteit van elektronische apparatuur voor de digitale opslag, verwerking en verzending van informatie toeneemt. Digitalisering transformeert de economie en arbeidsmarkten in de EU: bijna een derde van de werkplekken in de EU is ingedeeld in de categorie ‘in hoge mate gedigitaliseerd’. Welke gevolgen heeft de digitale revolutie voor werk en werkgelegenheid? En welke invloed zal deze revolutie hebben op de sociale dialoog?
Een van de meest opvallende ontwikkelingen van de laatste vijftig jaar was de enorme stijging in de deelname van vrouwen aan de arbeidsmarkt. Twee van de drie netto nieuwe banen die in de laatste twee decennia in de EU zijn gecreëerd, zijn ingenomen door vrouwen. Tegelijkertijd hebben een sterk stijgende arbeidsparticipatie onder oudere werknemers als gevolg van de vergrijzing van de bevolking en beleidsveranderingen, het aandeel van oudere werknemers op de arbeidsmarkt doen stijgen.
Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2003, the first edition of the survey.
Eurofound's European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2007, the second edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 2003.
Eurofound's European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2012, the third edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 2003.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2005, the fourth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2010, the fifth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
This publication series explores scenarios for the future of manufacturing. The employment implications (number of jobs by sector, occupation, wage profile, and task content) under various possible scenarios are examined. The scenarios focus on various possible developments in global trade and energy policies and technological progress and run to 2030.
With the expansion of telework and different forms of hybrid work as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for policymakers to consider both the opportunities and the negative consequences that may result. This report will explore potential scenarios for such work. In doing so, it will identify trends and drivers, and predict how they might interact to create particular outcomes and how they are likely to affect workers and businesses. Policy pointers will outline what could be done to facilitate desirable outcomes and to avoid undesirable ones.
The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence. Using data from Eurofound and Eurostat, this report will investigate the trends and drivers of the urban-rural divide, in various dimensions: economic and employment opportunities, access to services, living conditions and quality of life.
Adequate, affordable housing has become a matter of great concern, with an alarming number of Europeans with low or lower household incomes unable to access any, especially in capital cities. Housing was a key factor in people’s experience of the COVID-19 pandemic: its quality and level of safety significantly affected how lockdowns and social distancing measures were experienced, with those who had no access to quality housing at higher risk of deteriorating living conditions and well-being.
The use of artificial intelligence, advanced robotics and the Internet of Things technologies in the workplace can bring about fundamental changes in work organisation and working conditions. This report analyses the ethical and human implications of the use of these technologies at work by drawing on qualitative interviews with policy stakeholders, input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents and Delphi expert surveys, and case studies.