- Observatory: EMCC
- Topic:
- Published on: 21 March 2011
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In Bulgaria, the debate is not aimed at different emerging forms of entrepreneurship, but in general to the creation of better conditions for starting a business, for self-employment. In this sense it is impossible clearly to distinguish problems in various forms, that are not known to the public, media and accordingly there is lack of statistics data or any other registers. To clarify the notion concerning the sole property company and self-employment in Bulgaria is based on the definition in the Commercial Code and the statistical definition of the National Statistical Institute (NSI). Under the Commercial Code ’as a sole trader can register any physical person with residence in the country ... on request, stating: the name and particulars of the person and the company objects, registered office and head office’. The definition of the NSI are self-employed persons who themselves or in association with others engaged in economic activities, work-free (private) in practice, work on lease or provide themselves other activities, not employing others. It follows that the legal form may be a sole trader or a public company, while status in employment (as an employer or self) is determined solely by the presence or absence of hired workers in the company. Used for the purposes of this study five forms of entrepreneurship can only conditionally analysed by us, because so far only occasionally are mentioned some of their characteristics.
QUESTIONNAIRE
Part I: Public/policy discussion
General policy discussions and policy approach
Do the public/policy discussions specifically deal with the different forms of business activities, since when and for how long?
Yes, continuously since xx year? (Please indicate year) |
Yes, on and off in the last 10 years (Please indicate yes where it applies) |
Yes, has been on the public agenda, but since xx year it is no longer part of the agenda (Please indicate year) |
No, it has never been part of the public agenda (Please indicate X where it applies) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises /self-employed |
1990 |
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Part-time entrepreneurs |
Yes |
|||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
Yes |
|||
Serial entrepreneurs |
Yes |
|||
Business transfers and successions |
2000 |
For each of the entrepreneurship/business activities covered by policy discussions, which policy domains are they covered in? Please indicate with an ’X‘ where relevant.
Labour policies |
Educational policies |
Economic/Industrial policies |
Innovation policies |
Regional policies |
Other (please specify) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises /self-employed |
X |
X |
||||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
X |
X |
||||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
X |
X |
||||
Serial entrepreneurs |
X |
|||||
Business transfers and successions |
X |
Privatisation (MBO) |
In which media and forum do the public debate and policy discussions about the different types of entrepreneurship take place?
Please indicate whether they are implicitly (e.g. publications are covering entrepreneurs in general with implicit implications for the different forms of entrepreneurs/business activities) covered and/or explicitly mentioned (for instance parallel entrepreneurs are explicitly mentioned in publications) in these publications
Public media such as newspapers and magazines incl. electronic media |
Policy documents and analysis |
Proposed legislation and/or business support schemes |
Others, please specify |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
X |
X |
||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
X |
|||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
X |
|||
Serial entrepreneurs |
X |
|||
Business transfers and successions |
X |
X |
X |
Specific topics to describe the different types of entrepreneurship
What has motivated the public debate?
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Motivator |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Create legal prerequisites and conditions more favourable for the development of private business |
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Using the skills and abilities of students to work and apply the results of its research activities in student or student companies |
Parallel entrepreneurs |
Promoting the successful business strategies to diversify the business and reduce risks |
Serial entrepreneurs |
Serial entrepreneurs 'business angels' mentioned as a good example of innovation and funding to support starting business |
Business transfers and successions |
That was one used during the transition form of privatisation (MBO) |
What has been the focus of the policy discussion?
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Policy focus |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Regulation of business conditions or preventing illegal activities and deception Ease the administrative burden of establishing (registration) a new company, running a company or closing/winding down a company due to bankruptcy or transferring ownership to a new owner, etc. |
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Raising entrepreneurial spirit among certain population groups, e.g. youth Education – awareness raising and training to improve business skills and competences |
Parallel entrepreneurs |
Promoting entrepreneurship Counselling and information dissemination, e.g. business planning, information campaigns |
Serial entrepreneurs |
Research and development such as supporting commercialisation of R&D through spinoffs partnerships, proof of concepts, IPR, etc. Access to finance – improving access to finance through grants, loans or equity capital |
Business transfers and successions |
Privatisation |
Has the public discussion resulted in a concrete outcome/impact?
No:
Yes:
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Outcome/Impact |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Yes, the administrative procedures for business registration were reduced, tax incentives were introduced |
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Yes, the good practice quickly spread and a registered company in schools and universities is becoming popular. There were two forums ‘Rising Stars’ organised by JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT BULGARIA |
Parallel entrepreneurs |
No |
Serial entrepreneurs |
Yes, were held the first regional forums (Plovdiv, Varna), which discussed the problems of starting business and financing of innovation. A Bulgarian network of ‘business angels’ was established |
Business transfers and successions |
The public debate has contributed to give a clearer assessment of the public of the MBO in the process of privatisation - to reveal good and bad practices |
Overall assessment
Within the last couple of years, to which extent has the public and policy discussion been more focused on the following different types of entrepreneurship compared to the business policy/entrepreneurship debate in general?
To a low degree To a high degree |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
X |
||||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Serial entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Business transfers and successions |
X |
Please list the main sources of information in the search for the above
- Newspapers ‘Pari’, ‘Trud’
- Annual Report on SMEs in Bulgaria 2008 http://www.mi.government.bg/ind/econ.html
- Law for SMEs of Bulgaria ( http://www.mi.government.bg/ind/econ.html )
- http://bban.eu/bg/entrepreneurs
Part II: Standardised structural data – NOT AVAILABLE STANDARDISED DATA FOR THE SPECIFIED EMERGING FORMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP!
Which standardised business statistics are available covering the different forms of entrepreneurship/business activities (explicitly or implicitly, i.e. also data that could be used to describe these forms of entrepreneurship without being published with this specific objective/heading)?
National statistical offices Only data for self-employed from the Labour Force Survey (quarterly and annually) from 2003 till now. For example the last available data for 1-st Quarter of 2010:
Employed |
Total |
Male |
Female |
---|---|---|---|
Total |
3 011.3 |
1 591.8 |
1 419.5 |
Employers |
103.1 |
73.6 |
29.5 |
Self-employed |
236.8 |
149.4 |
87.5 |
Employees |
2 641.1 |
1 358.9 |
1 282.3 |
In private enterprises |
1 899.5 |
1 059.4 |
840.1 |
In public enterprises |
741.7 |
299.5 |
442.2 |
Unpaid family workers |
30.2 |
10.0 |
20.2 |
Source: National Statistical Institute (www.nsi.bg)
Data from social security: Can be used data for self insured persons of the National Social Security Institute (NSSI), but can not get cuts on these emerging forms of entrepreneurship, with the exception of self-employed.
TOTAL |
259.4 |
---|---|
By place of residence: |
|
• Urban |
145.4 |
• Rural |
113.9 |
By gender: |
|
• Male |
164.8 |
• Female |
94.6 |
By age: |
|
• 15-24 |
9.0 |
• 25-34 |
36.6 |
• 35-44 |
79.6 |
• 45-54 |
72.1 |
• 55-64 |
48.8 |
• 65 and over |
13.4 |
By level of education: |
|
• Higher: |
47.6 |
- Degrees Bachelor, Master, Doctor |
42.3 |
- Degree Specialist |
5.3 |
• Upper secondary: |
137.6 |
- Secondary vocational |
93.4 |
- Secondary general |
44.1 |
• Lower secondary |
64.5 |
• Primary or lower |
9.7 |
Source: LFS of the National Statistical Institute http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal-publikacia.php?n=226&otr=26
Type of data available Indicate access to data by an ‘X’ in the first column |
First published Indicate year |
Time series of data (Biannually, annually, quarterly, monthly, once only, other) |
Data source for the data |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/ self-employed |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
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Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
Survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Serial entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Business transfers and successions |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
Is it possible to crosstab or merge the demographic data identifying the individual persons running any of the five forms of entrepreneurships/business activities with the company data specified in question 9 in a common database for analytical purpose?
No:
Yes:
Type of data available Indicated access to data by an ‘X’ in the first column |
First published Indicate year |
Time series of data (Biannually, annually, quarterly, monthly, once only, other) |
Data source for the data |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/ self-employed | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Part-time entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Parallel entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Serial entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Business transfers and successions | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): |
Is the data freely accessible or does it require registration, payment and/or a special effort to access the data? Please explain the accessibility for each of the forms of entrepreneurs/business activities and datasets referred to above.
List data source/dataset |
Explain the accessibility |
---|---|
No available data | |
Part III: Research –to such type of research are not known, except for self- employed
Please describe studies and research available nationally for each of the forms of entrepreneurs/business activities.
List the references (author’s name, title of publication etc, year of publication, organisation) |
A short summary of the contents (e.g. topic covered, methodology applied) |
|
---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
PhD. Pobeda Loukanova: ‘Self-employment in Bulgaria’, 2009, Institute of Economics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences See: http://www.iki.bas.bg/en/node/652 http://www.pari.bg/Print.aspx?PublicationId=7201eb18-b0c0-4cd9-a0c2-d0a87563d708 |
Topic covered: Analysis of the extend of self-employment in relation to economic growth;Development of self-employment sectors of the economy; Characterisation of changes in basic structures of self-employed men and women; Assessment of business factors for self-employment and Analysis of the magnitude of self-employment in relation to economic growth; Development of self-employment by sectors of the economy; Characterisation of changes in basic structures of self-employed men and women; Assessment of business factors for self-employment and starting their own business; Analysis of the effectiveness of policies to promote self-employment in the labour market; Analysis and evaluation of the social security schemes as a factor for self-employment and give reasons for trends of their changes. Results and conclusions: 50% are self-employed in the informal sector and not insured in full; Women are less active in terms of self-employment; 64% of self-employed are in agriculture; After 2000 there are orientation to trade, repairers services, hotels and restaurants; Self-employment is seen as a transitional form of employment, salvation in crisis; Targeted policies are needed for the realisation of self-employment as a winning business strategy. Methodology applied: analysis of objective data from NSSI |
Part-time entrepreneurs | ||
Parallel entrepreneurs | ||
Serial entrepreneurs | ||
Business transfers and successions |
Lyuben Tomev, Institute for Social and Trade Union Research (ISTUR)
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