- Observatory: EMCC
- Topic:
- Published on: 21 March 2011
About
Disclaimer: This information is made available as a service to the public but has not been edited or approved by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. The content is the responsibility of the authors.
Single self-employed and part-time entrepreneurs are most emerging forms of business activities of self-employers in Slovakia, which have been publicly discussed during the last 10-20 years. The discussion was focussed on the development of economic and employment conditions and resulted in changes in business and labour legislation. Contributions of self-employed to compulsory insurance funds, taxation and informal employment of self-employed by employers instead of their regular employees were the most topical issues. To encourage unemployed to run own business as self-employer particular measures were adopted during the economic crisis. NADSME regularly analyses, supports and provides information about actual state and development of SMEs in the country.
The questionnaire
Part I: Public/policy discussion
General policy discussions and policy approach
Do the public/policy discussions specifically deal with the different forms of business activities, since when and for how long?
Yes, continuously since xx year? (Please indicate year) |
Yes, on and off in the last 10 years (Please indicate yes where it applies) |
Yes, has been on the public agenda, but since xx year it is no longer part of the agenda (Please indicate year) |
No, it has never been part of the public agenda (Please indicate X where it applies) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises /self-employed |
Yes |
|||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Yes |
|||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
X |
|||
Serial entrepreneurs |
X |
|||
Business transfers and successions |
2003 |
For each of the entrepreneurship/business activities covered by policy discussions, which policy domains are they covered in? Please indicate with an ’X‘ where relevant.
Labour policies |
Educational policies |
Economic/Industrial policies |
Innovation policies |
Regional policies |
Other (please specify) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises /self-employed |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
Part-time entrepreneurs |
X |
X |
X |
|||
Parallel entrepreneurs | ||||||
Serial entrepreneurs | ||||||
Business transfers and successions |
X |
X |
X |
X |
In which media and forum do the public debate and policy discussions about the different types of entrepreneurship take place?
Please indicate whether they are implicitly (e.g. publications are covering entrepreneurs in general with implicit implications for the different forms of entrepreneurs/business activities) covered and/or explicitly mentioned (for instance parallel entrepreneurs are explicitly mentioned in publications) in these publications
Public media such as newspapers and magazines incl. electronic media |
Policy documents and analysis |
Proposed legislation and/or business support schemes |
Others, please specify |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Hospodárske noviny Trend |
Professional articles Feasibility and impact studies of the Ministry of Finance and Slovak Craft Industry Federation |
Flat taxation, lump sum costs and simplifies book keeping. Changes in the Labour Code. |
|
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Hospodárske noviny |
Professional articles |
Abolishment of double payments to compulsory social insurance fund |
|
Parallel entrepreneurs | ||||
Serial entrepreneurs | ||||
Business transfers and successions |
ES 5.-7. Schemes Technology Innovation Frameworkprogramme |
Specific topics to describe the different types of entrepreneurship
What has motivated the public debate?
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Motivator |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Identified dysfunctionalities required changes in business legislation. Identified failures in the labour market: definition of dependant work, mass layouts and easier dismissals and taking care for OSH, high contributions to compulsory social insurance, own responsibility in case of lacking orders. |
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Identified dysfunctionalities needed changes in business legislation. |
Parallel entrepreneurs | |
Serial entrepreneurs | |
Business transfers and successions |
Harmonisation of Slovak legislation with the EU legislation. Identified dysfunctionalities in business and employment conditions. Participation in development projects. |
What has been the focus of the policy discussion?
To help you answer question 5, we list some examples of key issues that could be addressed in the policy discussion:
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Policy focus |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Regulation of business conditions in order to reduce administrative burden of establishing own business. Regulation of taxation burden and contributions of self-employed to compulsory social insurance funds. Financial incentives for business creation by unemployed –especially during the economic crisis. To combat illegal employment through substitution of regular employees by self-employed to reduce employers´ labour cost. Special schemes for taxation and contribution to compulsory insurance funds aimed at encouraging self-employment. |
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Promoting self-employment. To avoid double payments of part-time employers to compulsory social insurance funds. |
Parallel entrepreneurs | |
Serial entrepreneurs | |
Business transfers and successions |
Increase of social protection of employees concerned by the transfer. |
Has the public discussion resulted in a concrete outcome/impact?
Yes, it resulted in amendments mainly to labour, business, social insurance and taxation legislation with active participation of social partners.
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Outcome/Impact |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Yes: New legislation has been implemented, including new business promotion schemes. Positive impact on the labour market in terms of increased number of self-employed in the economy. |
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Yes: New legislation has been implemented, which encouraged part-time entrepreneurs to keep their business. Previous double payments to compulsory social insurance fund was reduced or even eliminated. |
Parallel entrepreneurs | |
Serial entrepreneurs | |
Business transfers and successions |
Yes: Amendments to the Labour Code increased social protection of employees concerned by the transfer. Changes in the Business Code better regulate illegal business activities. |
Overall assessment
Within the last couple of years, to which extent has the public and policy discussion been more focused on the following different types of entrepreneurship compared to the business policy/entrepreneurship debate in general?
To a low degree To a high degree |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
X |
||||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Serial entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Business transfers and successions |
X |
Please list the main sources of information in the search for the above
Policy reviews and proposals from trade and branch organisations
Legislation passed
Government and policy publications
Policy reviews and proposals of representative employer organisations
Standpoints of central trade union confederation and sectoral trade union associations
Part II: Standardised structural data
Which standardised business statistics are available covering the different forms of entrepreneurship/business activities (explicitly or implicitly, i.e. also data that could be used to describe these forms of entrepreneurship without being published with this specific objective/heading)?
Type of data available Indicate access to data by an ‘X’ in the first column |
First published Indicate year |
Time series of data (Biannually, annually, quarterly, monthly, once only, other) |
Data source for the data |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/ self-employed |
Number of enterprises |
X |
1999 |
Monthly Once only Once only Once only Annually |
Slovak Statistical Office (ŠÚ SR) -RES SR Social Insurance Agency Taxation Office Business Licensing Office Health Insurance Agencies Publications of National Agency for development of SME Publications of National Agency for development of SME |
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
X |
1999 SK NACE 5 digit level |
monthly |
ŠÚ SR - RES SR |
|
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
X |
1999 |
monthly |
ŠÚ SR -RES SR. According to regional breakdown by districts; aggregate data are available at the county level. |
|
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
X |
1999 |
monthly |
ŠÚ SR -RES SR |
|
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
X |
1999 |
monthly |
ŠÚ SR -RES SR |
|
Exports -share |
X |
1999 |
annually |
Publications of National Agency for development of SME |
|
Employment - share |
X |
1999 |
Annually |
Publications of National Agency for development of SME |
|
Others: Share on GDP |
X |
Annually |
Publications of National Agency for development of SME |
||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
X |
1993 1999 |
Once only Annually |
Social Insurance Agency Business Licensing Office Publications of National Agency for development of SME |
|
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
X |
1993 1999 |
Once only Annually |
Social Insurance Agency Business Licensing Office Publications of National Agency for development of SME |
|
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Social Insurance Agency Health Insurance Agencies Taxation Office |
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Social Insurance Agency Business Licensing Office |
|
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Social Insurance Agency Business Licensing Office |
|
Survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office |
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office. Usually 3, max. 4 digit NACE code level is available |
|
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office. Regional breakdown usually follows the location of regional administration, usually by counties. |
|
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office |
|
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office |
|
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Serial entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office Social Insurance Agency |
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office. Usually 3, max.4 digit NACE code level is available |
|
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office. Regional breakdown usually copes the location of regional administration |
|
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office Social Insurance Agency |
|
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office Social Insurance Agency |
|
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Business transfers and successions |
Number of enterprises |
X |
When the change takes place |
Social Insurance Agency Business Licensing Office |
|
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
Note: Social and Health Insurance Agencies, Business Licensing Office and Taxation Office do collect data about self-employed, but these data are not processed for the public use.
Is it possible to crosstab or merge the demographic data identifying the individual persons running any of the five forms of entrepreneurships/business activities with the company data specified in question 9 in a common database for analytical purpose?
No
Type of data available Indicated access to data by an ‘X’ in the first column |
First published Indicate year |
Time series of data (Biannually, annually, quarterly, monthly, once only, other) |
Data source for the data |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/ self-employed | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office |
Gender |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office |
|
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office |
|
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) |
X |
1999 |
Annually |
Publications of National Agency for development of SME |
|
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
X |
1993 |
Once only |
Business Licensing Office |
|
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Part-time entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Parallel entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Serial entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Business transfers and successions | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): |
Note: Business Licensing Offices collect these data but they do not process them statistically for the public use.
Is the data freely accessible or does it require registration, payment and/or a special effort to access the data? Please explain the accessibility for each of the forms of entrepreneurs/business activities and datasets referred to above.
List data source/dataset |
Explain the accessibility |
---|---|
ŠÚ SR |
Some data are publicly available. Most of them are available on request for fee. |
Social Insurance Agency |
Data are statistically not processed for the public use. Only some information is publicly available. Statistics only on special request – might be for fee. |
Business Licensing Office |
Data are statistically not processed for the public use. Only some information is publicly available. Statistics only on special request – might be for fee. |
Taxation Office |
Data are statistically not processed for the public use. Only some information is publicly available. Statistics only on special request – might be for fee. |
Publications of National Agency for development of SME (NADSME) |
Accessible on the web site of NADSME. |
Note: In general, data are available in compliance with the Act on a free access to information.
Part III: Research
Please describe studies and research available nationally for each of the forms of entrepreneurs/business activities.
List the references (author’s name, title of publication etc, year of publication, organisation) |
A short summary of the contents (e.g. topic covered, methodology applied) |
|
---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
NADSME Annual Reports: Stav malého a stredného podnikania v Slovenskej republike (Actual state of SMEs in Slovakia) for years 1998 -2008. Živnostníci a podnikateľské prostredie v SR (Craftsmen and business environment in Slovakia). NADSME 2006. Barošová, M.: Vybrané aspekty podnikania žien (Selected aspects of women business), IVPR Bratislava 2009. |
Provide comprehensive information about the actual state a development of the SMEs in the country. Study is aimed at the analysis of existing potential for development of self-employment in the country. It was based on available statistics and outcomes of self-employed craftsmen opinion sample survey. Research study is based on analysis of available statistics about actual state and development trends in women business in Slovakia. Among others, it covered also women self-employed. |
Part-time entrepreneurs | ||
Parallel entrepreneurs | ||
Serial entrepreneurs | ||
Business transfers and successions |
Ludovit Cziria Institute for Labour and Family Research , Viola Kromerová Slovak Craft Industry Federation
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