- Observatory: EMCC
- Topic:
- Published on: 21 March 2011
About
Disclaimer: This information is made available as a service to the public but has not been edited or approved by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. The content is the responsibility of the authors.
In Spain, self-employment is the only emerging form of entrepreneurship that has been relevant in the academic debates, the media and the political agenda. The increasing number of self-employed workers in the Spanish economy since the late 1990s, together with the emergence of self-employed workers’ associations, has triggered an important debate which was incorporated in the political agenda in 2004 by the Socialist Party. The Self-employed Workers Statute was approved in 2007, while currently a law project addressed to create an unemployment insurance for self-employed workers is being debated.
The questionnaire
Part I: Public/policy discussion
General policy discussions and policy approach
Do the public/policy discussions specifically deal with the different forms of business activities, since when and for how long?
Yes, continuously since xx year? (Please indicate year) |
Yes, on and off in the last 10 years (Please indicate yes where it applies) |
Yes, has been on the public agenda, but since xx year it is no longer part of the agenda (Please indicate year) |
No, it has never been part of the public agenda (Please indicate X where it applies) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises /self-employed |
Since the 2000s there has been policy discussion. Thus, the proposal to elaborate a self-employment statute was incorporated in the electoral programme of the Socialist Party for the general elections of 2004. Currently it has been approved in the Parliament the proposition of a law addressed to create an unemployment insurance for self-employed. Now it still must be approved in the Senate. |
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Part-time entrepreneurs |
X |
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Parallel entrepreneurs |
X |
|||
Serial entrepreneurs |
X |
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Business transfers and successions |
X |
For each of the entrepreneurship/business activities covered by policy discussions, which policy domains are they covered in? Please indicate with an ’X‘ where relevant.
Labour policies |
Educational policies |
Economic/Industrial policies |
Innovation policies |
Regional policies |
Other (please specify) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises /self-employed |
X |
X |
X |
Unions’ rights and collective bargaining |
||
Part-time entrepreneurs | ||||||
Parallel entrepreneurs | ||||||
Serial entrepreneurs | ||||||
Business transfers and successions |
In which media and forum do the public debate and policy discussions about the different types of entrepreneurship take place?
Please indicate whether they are implicitly (e.g. publications are covering entrepreneurs in general with implicit implications for the different forms of entrepreneurs/business activities) covered and/or explicitly mentioned (for instance parallel entrepreneurs are explicitly mentioned in publications) in these publications
Public media such as newspapers and magazines incl. electronic media |
Policy documents and analysis |
Proposed legislation and/or business support schemes |
Others, please specify |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
During the 2000s, the media covered the political debate on regulating the self-employed workers’ employment relationships, informing also about the growing weight of self-employment in the Spanish economy. Currently, the media are covering the debate concerning the unemployment protection of self-employed workers and the increase in unemployment within this group. |
In 2005, the government asked a think-tank to elaborate a report on the situation of self-employed workers, together with a proposition of a self-employment statute. |
Self-Employed Workers' Statute approved under Law 20/2007 of 11th of July |
Counsel of the Autonomous Work: a tripartite body composed of members of the self-employed workers’ associations and the Public Administration for debating the problems of the sector, and proposing measures |
Part-time entrepreneurs | ||||
Parallel entrepreneurs | ||||
Serial entrepreneurs | ||||
Business transfers and successions |
Specific topics to describe the different types of entrepreneurship
What has motivated the public debate?
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Motivator |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
The growing share of employment which self-employment accounts for; the lack of social rights (unemployment protection, pensions, and so on) which characterise this group; the emergence of self-employed workers’ associations at the end of the 90s; the influence of the European Employment Strategy, especially the guidelines elaborated under the pillar of promoting entrepreneurship. |
Part-time entrepreneurs | |
Parallel entrepreneurs | |
Serial entrepreneurs |
What has been the focus of the policy discussion?
To help you answer question 5, we list some examples of key issues that could be addressed in the policy discussion:
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Policy focus |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Financial incentives for business creation and hiring employees; access to social rights (pensions, unemployment insurance, and so on); labour risks; rights of association and collective bargaining; protection of economically dependent self-employed workers |
Part-time entrepreneurs | |
Parallel entrepreneurs | |
Serial entrepreneurs | |
Business transfers and successions |
Has the public discussion resulted in a concrete outcome/impact?
No:
Yes:
Please specify for each of the five forms of entrepreneurship:
Type of Entrepreneurship |
Outcome/Impact |
---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
- Law 20/2000 of 11th of July. This law creates the statute of self-employed workers, which acknowledges collective rights for self-employed workers and the representativeness of their associations, also introducing measures designed to increase their social protection. Moreover, the status of economically dependent self-employed workers is created and defined. - Law project for creating unemployment insurance for self-employed workers. This law establishes an unemployment subsidy of up to 12 months for self-employed workers who are forced to leave their economic activities. In order to benefit from this subsidy, self-employed workers will have to pay special taxes to an insurance fund during at least one year. This contribution will be obligatory for economically dependent self-employed workers and those working in sectors and activities with the highest accidents rates. It will be voluntary for the rest of self-employed workers. This law still needs to be approved in the Senate. |
Part-time entrepreneurs | |
Parallel entrepreneurs | |
Serial entrepreneurs | |
Business transfers and successions |
Overall assessment
Within the last couple of years, to which extent has the public and policy discussion been more focused on the following different types of entrepreneurship compared to the business policy/entrepreneurship debate in general?
To a low degree To a high degree |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
X |
||||
Part-time entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Serial entrepreneurs |
X |
||||
Business transfers and successions |
X |
Please list the main sources of information in the search for the above
- Law 20/2007 of 11th of July. Self Employment Worker Statute.
- Valdés Dal-Ré F. et al. (2005). ‘Anuario del trabajo Autónomo’. Documentación Laboral. Nº 74 Vol. 1. Madrid
- Spain: Self-employed workers. Spanish contribution to the comparative study Self-employed workers: industrial relations and working conditions (ES0801019Q)
Part II: Standardised structural data
Which standardised business statistics are available covering the different forms of entrepreneurship/business activities (explicitly or implicitly, i.e. also data that could be used to describe these forms of entrepreneurship without being published with this specific objective/heading)?
Type of data available Indicate access to data by an ‘X’ in the first column |
First published Indicate year |
Time series of data (Biannually, annually, quarterly, monthly, once only, other) |
Data source for the data |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/ self-employed |
Number of enterprises |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available). 2 Digits available |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS |
|
Availability of regional data (please specify). Breakdown by NUTS. 3 Digits available |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS |
|
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
X |
1999 |
Yearly |
DIRCE |
|
Economic performance e.g.: |
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Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
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Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
X |
1999 |
Yearly |
DIRCE |
|
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
X |
1999 |
Yearly |
DIRCE |
|
survival rate of enterprises |
X |
1999 |
Yearly |
DIRCE |
|
Others, specify: |
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Part-time entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
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Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
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Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
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Sustainability: |
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Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
Survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Parallel entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available). 2 Digits available |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Availability of regional data (please specify) Breakdown by NUTS. 3 Digits available |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
X |
Social Security |
|||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
X |
Social Security |
|||
survival rate of enterprises |
X |
Social Security |
|||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Serial entrepreneurs |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
|||||
Business transfers and successions |
Number of enterprises |
||||
Enterprises by branch (please specify which NACE code digit level is available) |
|||||
Availability of regional data (please specify) |
|||||
Type of ownership of enterprises (sole propriety, limited company, publically listed company, etc) |
|||||
Economic performance e.g.: |
|||||
Turnover |
|||||
Exports |
|||||
Employment |
|||||
Others: ___________ |
|||||
Sustainability: |
|||||
Number of new enterprises (start-ups) by year |
|||||
Number of discontinued enterprises, incl. bankruptcies – |
|||||
survival rate of enterprises |
|||||
Others, specify: |
Is it possible to crosstab or merge the demographic data identifying the individual persons running any of the five forms of entrepreneurships/business activities with the company data specified in question 9 in a common database for analytical purpose?
No.
Type of data available Indicated access to data by an ‘X’ in the first column |
First published Indicate year |
Time series of data (Biannually, annually, quarterly, monthly, once only, other) |
Data source for the data |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/ self-employed | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner |
Social Security |
|||
Gender |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Age |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Geographical location |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Educational background (last registered education) |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Working hours of the entrepreneur |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Income of the entrepreneur |
X |
1976 |
Quarterly |
LFS/Social Security |
|
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Part-time entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Parallel entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Serial entrepreneurs | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): | |||||
Business transfers and successions | Number of enterprises held by each entrepreneur/owner | ||||
Gender | |||||
Ethnicity | |||||
Civic status (married, single, children) | |||||
Age | |||||
Geographical location | |||||
Educational background (last registered education) |
|||||
Current/previous employment of entrepreneurs (business experience) | |||||
Sector familiarity of the entrepreneur – branch/NACE |
|||||
Working hours of the entrepreneur | |||||
Income of the entrepreneur | |||||
Other types of data (Specify): |
Is the data freely accessible or does it require registration, payment and/or a special effort to access the data? Please explain the accessibility for each of the forms of entrepreneurs/business activities and datasets referred to above.
List data source/dataset |
Explain the accessibility |
---|---|
Labour Force Survey (LFS) |
Free access |
Central Directory of Enterprises (DIRCE) |
Free access |
Social Security |
Free access |
Part III: Research
Please describe studies and research available nationally for each of the forms of entrepreneurs/business activities.
List the references (author’s name, title of publication etc, year of publication, organisation) |
A short summary of the contents (e.g. topic covered, methodology applied) |
|
---|---|---|
One-person enterprises/self-employed |
Valdés Dal-Ré F. et al. (2005). ‘Anuario del trabajo Autónomo’. Documentación Laboral. Nº 74 Vol. 1. Madrid |
This monographic issue, published at the time that the statute of the self-employed workers was starting to be debated, deals with issues about regulation of self-employed workers, union and association’s rights, the status of the self-employed workers’ associations, the main laws concerning the self-employed workers approved since that time and the importance of self-employment in the Spanish economy, providing also statistic information to this regard. |
Part-time entrepreneurs | ||
Parallel entrepreneurs | ||
Serial entrepreneurs | ||
Business transfers and successions |
Pablo Sanz De Miguel. CIREM Foundation
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