New forms of employment

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Updated
21 October 2015
Published
12 March 2015
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Executive summary in 22 languages
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Author(s): 
Mandl, Irene; Curtarelli, Maurizio; Riso, Sara; Vargas Llave, Oscar; Gerogiannis, Elias

Abstract

Across Europe, new forms of employment are emerging that are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. Some transform the relationship between employer and employee, some change work organisation and work patterns, and some do both. This report identifiesRead more

Across Europe, new forms of employment are emerging that are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. Some transform the relationship between employer and employee, some change work organisation and work patterns, and some do both. This report identifies nine forms of employment that are new or have become increasingly important in Europe since the year 2000. While there is wide diversity in terms of their characteristics and employment relationship, all the forms aim to increase flexibility for employers and/or employees. Although some have the potential to benefit employers and employees equally, in a few cases concerns have been raised about their impact on working conditions and the labour market. The report concludes with recommendations about the need to raise awareness of the potential problems and establish safety nets for workers. 

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  • Report

    Number of pages: 
    168
    Reference no.: 
    EF1461
    ISBN: 
    978-92-897-1594-2
    Catalogue no.: 
    TJ-02-17-722-EN-N
    DOI: 
    10.2806/937385
    Permalink: 
    eurofound.link/ef1461
    Catalogue info

    New forms of employment

    Author(s): 
    Mandl, Irene; Curtarelli, Maurizio; Riso, Sara; Vargas Llave, Oscar; Gerogiannis, Elias

    Across Europe, new forms of employment are emerging that are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. Some transform the relationship between employer and employee, some change work organisation and work patterns, and some do both. This report identifies nine forms of employment that are new or have become increasingly important in Europe since the year 2000.

    Topics: 
    Non-standard employment; New forms of employment; Platform work; Working conditions and sustainable work; Working conditions; Undeclared work; Work organisation; Employment relationship; Employment and labour markets; Anticipating and managing the impact of change; Digitalisation; Inclusive labour markets; Innovation

    Formats

  • Executive summary

    Number of pages: 
    2
    Reference no.: 
    EF14611
    Catalogue info

    New forms of employment - Executive summary

    Author(s): 
    Eurofound

    Societal and economic developments, such as the need for increased flexibility by both employers and workers, have resulted in the emergence of new forms of employment across Europe. These have transformed the traditional one-to-one relationship between employer and employee. They are also characterised by unconventional work patterns and places of work, or by the irregular provision of work. However, little is known about these ‘new forms of employment’, their distinctive features and the implications they have for working conditions and the labour market. To fill this knowledge gap, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify the emerging trends. This resulted in the categorisation of nine broad types of new employment forms. Read more in the report - see Related content.

    Available for download in 22 languages

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  • Case studies

    The ‘New forms of employment’ report is based on 67 individual case studies from across Europe that represent a variety of employment forms. The cases studies either deal with a specific employer-worker relationship or comprise a policy analysis (legislation or collective agreement, public support instrument). The list below details the case studies. For the report on strategic employee sharing, the case studies on the policy analysis in Germany, Belgium, France, Hungary and Austria for this employment form have been updated, and an additional case study on Ireland has been conducted.

    No. Employment form Country Type of case study
    1 Employee sharing Germany AGZ Südbrandenburg
    2 Employee sharing Germany Policy analysis
    3 Employee sharing Belgium JobArdent
    4 Employee sharing Belgium Policy analysis
    5 Interim management Czech Republic Personal Connect and Manpower
    6 Interim management Czech Republic Human Garden and Nemos Sokolov
    7 Employee sharing Czech Republic Policy analysis
    8 Employee sharing Finland Andelslag
    9 Collaborative employment France AdPartners
    10 Collaborative employment France Policy analysis
    11 Employee sharing France Île de Noirmoutier - Île d'Yeu
    12 Employee sharing France Fédération Isocel
    13 Employee sharing France Policy analysis
    14 Employee sharing Hungary Two IT firms
    15 Employee sharing Hungary Policy analysis
    16 Platform work Lithuania LingJob
    17 Employee sharing Luxembourg Textilcord and SolarWood
    18 Employee sharing Luxembourg ArcelorMittal
    19 Employee sharing Luxembourg Policy analysis
    20 Platform work Czech Republic Topdesigner.cz
    21 Platform work Germany Clickworker
    22 Platform work Denmark Boblr
    23 Platform work Spain Adtriboo
    24 Platform work Latvia Academy of Ideas
    25 Platform work Portugal Idea Hunting
    26 Platform work United Kingdom Amazon Mechanical Turk
    27 Platform work United Kingdom Taskhub
    28 ICT-based mobile work Denmark Grontmij
    29 ICT-based mobile work Finland Suomen Pienyrittäjäin Mainostoimisto
    30 ICT-based mobile work Greece Microsoft Hellas
    31 ICT-based mobile work Latvia Belam-Riga
    32 ICT-based mobile work The Netherlands YoungCapital
    33 ICT-based mobile work Norway Hewlett-Packard Norway
    34 ICT-based mobile work Slovenia Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Ljubljana
    35 ICT-based mobile work Sweden Engbergs Transportsystem
    36 Job sharing Czech Republic Town District Prague 9
    37 Job sharing Poland Krakow Regional Labour Office
    38 Job sharing Slovenia University Medical Centre Ljubljana
    39 Job sharing Slovenia Policy analysis
    40 Casual work Slovakia Piešťany Hospital
    41 Job sharing, casual work Slovakia Policy analysis
    42 Voucher-based work Belgium Landelijk Dienstencoöperatief
    43 Voucher-based work Belgium Policy analysis
    44 Voucher-based work Italy Municipality of Gorizia
    45 Voucher-based work Italy Policy analysis
    46 Casual work United Kingdom Slivers of Time
    47 Casual work United Kingdom Local government contracting of social care
    48 Casual work United Kingdom Policy analysis
    49 Collaborative employment Germany Werkheim Hamburg
    50 Collaborative employment Germany Policy analysis
    51 Collaborative employment Spain Utopic_US
    52 Collaborative employment Spain Policy analysis
    53 Voucher-based work Greece West SA
    54 Voucher-based work Greece Policy analysis
    55 Voucher-based work Lithuania Plant nursery
    56 Voucher-based work Lithuania Policy analysis
    57 Casual work Hungary Plastic packaging company
    58 Casual work Hungary Policy analysis
    59 Casual work Romania Clock Advertising
    60 Casual work Romania Policy analysis
    61 Casual work Ireland Company case study
    62 Casual work Ireland Policy analysis
    63 Casual work The Netherlands Childcare company
    64 Casual work The Netherlands Policy analysis
    65 Employee sharing Austria Policy analysis
    66 Voucher-based work Austria Policy analysis
    67 Employee sharing Ireland Exploring the transferability of the employment form

Case studies published alongside this report have not been subject to the full Eurofound evaluation, editorial and publication process.

Part of the series

  • New forms of employment

    This series reports on the new forms of employment emerging across Europe that are driven by societal, economic and technological developments and are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. This series explores what characterises these new employment forms and what implications they have for working conditions and the labour market.

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