The dawn of 2022 brought muted optimism to a Europe beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the progress of vaccination programmes worldwide brought hope. Government and EU support during the pandemic had kept unemployment at bay, averting the widescale collapse of businesses. In step with the EU’s plans for the year, Eurofound’s focus was firmly on a post-pandemic Europe: the recovery and the twin transition to a green and digital economy. All this changed with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the start of a war of aggression. The EU and its institutions were compelled to respond rapidly.
Europe faces a winter of uncertainty and potentially discontent. The cost of living is rising rapidly and the spectre of recession looms.
Economic concerns are affecting citizens’ trust in institutions. Research by Eurofound has indicated a decrease in trust in national institutions across the European Union – including in governments, healthcare systems and the police.
V tem poročilu so predstavljene Eurofoundove raziskave o delu na daljavo med pandemijo covida-19 v letih 2020 in 2021. V njem so proučene spremembe razširjenosti dela na daljavo, delovnih pogojev zaposlenih, ki delajo od doma, in zakonodaje, ki obravnava vprašanja, povezana s tovrstno ureditvijo dela. Ugotovitve raziskave razkrivajo strm porast dela na daljavo zaradi pandemije: leta 2021 sta dva od desetih evropskih zaposlenih delala na daljavo, kar je številka, ki je najverjetneje ne bi dosegli pred letom 2027, če do pandemije ne bi prišlo.
Raziskava „Življenje, delo in covid-19“, ki jo je Eurofound prvič pričel izvajati v začetku leta 2020, naj bi dala vpogled v razsežnosti vpliva pandemije na delo in življenje državljanov EU. Peti krog raziskave Eurofounda, ki je bil izveden spomladi leta 2022, prav tako opozarja na pojavljanje novih negotovosti, ki so jih povzročile vojna v Ukrajini, rekordno visoka inflacija in strm porast življenjskih stroškov. Evropska fundacija za usposabljanje (ETF) je v desetih sosednjih državah Evropske unije pričela izvajati pilotno raziskavo s krajšim vprašalnikom.
Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas from Russia, which has reacted by reneging on supply commitments to many Member States. Compared to other countries, market disruption has been especially acute in the EU, given the bloc’s overdependence on Russian energy supply.
This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the electricity sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the European sectoral social dialogue and their capacity to negotiate agreements.
V tem poročilu je analizirana vloga socialnega dialoga in kolektivnih pogajanj pri obravnavanju izzivov, s katerimi se je sektor civilnega letalstva spopadal med pandemijo covida-19. Vključenost socialnih partnerjev v ukrepe, uvedene za ublažitev negativnih posledic pandemije, se med posameznimi evropskimi državami razlikuje. Socialni dialog in kolektivna pogajanja so imeli pomembno vlogo v večini držav, medtem ko je bila ta vloga v nekaterih drugih bolj omejena. V poročilu so proučene tudi spremembe obstoječega socialnega dialoga in/ali postopkov kolektivnih pogajanj na nacionalni ravni.
V tem poročilu je proučena vloga socialnega dialoga in kolektivnih pogajanj pri obravnavanju izzivov, ki jih je povzročila ali zaostrila pandemija covida-19 v bolnišničnem sektorju. Poročilo prav tako išče odgovor na vprašanje, ali so bili obstoječi socialni dialog in postopki kolektivnih pogajanj na nacionalni ravni zadostno prilagojeni, da bi omogočili spoprijemanje s temi novimi izzivi. Raziskava je vključevala pregled literature za kontekstualizacijo strukturnih značilnosti bolnišničnega sektorja in analizo političnih pobud za obvladovanje krize, ki se izvajajo v EU-27 in na Norveškem.
To poročilo je pripravljeno v okviru triletnega pilotnega projekta (2021–2023) Vloga minimalne plače pri uvedbi univerzalnega jamstva za delo, ki ga je Evropska komisija poverila Eurofoundu. Poročilo se osredotoča na modul 3 projekta, v okviru katerega se raziskujejo minimalne plače in druge oblike plačila za samozaposlene.
Strogi ukrepi na področju javnega zdravja, ki so jih vlade leta 2020 uvedle za zajezitev pandemije covida-19, so nenadno spremenili naš način dela in nanj vplivali še v nadaljnjih dveh letih. Med marcem in novembrom 2021 je bilo v 36 državah opravljenih več kot 70 000 razgovorov v okviru evropske telefonske ankete o delovnih razmerah (EWCTS), ki je visokokakovostna raziskava reprezentativnega vzorca delavcev in podjetij. Njen cilj je bil pridobiti natančnejšo sliko o poklicnem življenju Evropejcev v tem izjemnem obdobju.
This series reports on the new forms of employment emerging across Europe that are driven by societal, economic and technological developments and are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. This series explores what characterises these new employment forms and what implications they have for working conditions and the labour market.
The European Company Survey (ECS) is carried out every four to five years since its inception in 2004–2005, with the latest edition in 2019. The survey is designed to provide information on workplace practices to develop and evaluate socioeconomic policy in the EU. It covers issues around work organisation, working time arrangements and work–life balance, flexibility, workplace innovation, employee involvement, human resource management, social dialogue, and most recently also skills use, skills strategies and digitalisation.
The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) is carried out every four to five years since its inception in 2003, with the latest edition in 2016. It examines both the objective circumstances of people's lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. It covers issues around employment, income, education, housing, family, health and work–life balance. It also looks at subjective topics, such as people's levels of happiness and life satisfaction, and perceptions of the quality of society.
This series brings together publications and other outputs of the European Jobs Monitor (EJM), which tracks structural change in European labour markets. The EJM analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives a qualitative assessment of these shifts using various proxies of job quality – wages, skill-levels, etc.
Eurofound's European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) examines both the objective circumstances of European citizens' lives and how they feel about those circumstances and their lives in general. This series consists of outputs from the EQLS 2016, the fourth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 2003.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2015, the sixth edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 1996, the second edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2001, which was an extension of the EWCS 2000 to cover the then 12 acceding and candidate countries. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) paints a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. This series consists of findings from the EWCS 2000, the third edition of the survey. The survey was first carried out in 1990.
Eurofound’s European Company Survey (ECS) maps and analyses company policies and practices which can have an impact on smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, as well as the development of social dialogue in companies. This series consists of outputs from the first edition of the survey carried out in 2004–2005 under the name European Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work-Life Balance.
This paper provides an analytical summary of state of the art academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage transitions to a carbon neutral economy on employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the key empirical findings around the impact of climate change and the green transitions on jobs, sectors, regions and countries in Europe, identifying the opportunities and risks that climate change policies bring to European labour markets.
As part of its response to Russia’s war on Ukraine, the EU swiftly activated its Temporary Protection Directive for those fleeing the conflict in Ukraine – enabling displaced persons to settle in the EU and have access to the labour market and basic public services. This policy brief highlights the main barriers encountered by these refugees (over 5 million people to date) when seeking a job and provides suggestions on how to facilitate their integration.
With the expansion of telework and different forms of hybrid work as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important for policymakers to consider both the opportunities and the negative consequences that may result. This report will explore potential scenarios for such work. In doing so, it will identify trends and drivers, and predict how they might interact to create particular outcomes and how they are likely to affect workers and businesses. Policy pointers will outline what could be done to facilitate desirable outcomes and to avoid undesirable ones.
Living and working in Europe, Eurofound’s 2022 yearbook, provides a snapshot of the latest developments in the work and lives of Europeans as explored in the Agency’s research activities over the course of 2022. Eurofound’s research on working and living conditions in Europe provides a bedrock of evidence for input into social policymaking and achieving the Agency’s vision ‘to be Europe’s leading knowledge source for better life and work’.
The term ‘hybrid work’ became popular due to the upsurge of telework during the COVID-19 pandemic. The term has been increasingly used to refer to situations in which (teleworkable) work is performed both from the usual place of work (normally the employer’s premises) and from home (as experienced during the pandemic) or other locations. However, the concept of hybrid work is still blurry, and various meanings are in use. This topical update brings clarity to this concept by exploring available information from recent literature and the Network of Eurofound Correspondents.
Housing affordability is a matter of great concern across the EU. Poor housing affordability leads to housing evictions, housing insecurity, problematic housing costs and housing inadequacy. These problems negatively affect health and well-being, create unequal living conditions and opportunities, and come with healthcare costs, reduced productivity and environmental damage. Private market tenants face particularly large increases in the cost of housing.
Eurofound's annual review of minimum wages reports on the development of statutory and collectively agreed minimum wages across the EU and the processes through which they were set. The focus of this year’s report is on the impact of high inflation on the setting of minimum wage rates. In addition, new figures on the net value of minimum wages are presented, along with the latest policy-relevant research in the EU Member States and Norway.
Building on previous work by Eurofound, this report will investigate intergenerational dynamics over time. During the 2008 double-dip recession, worrying intergenerational divides appeared in many Member States, and while some of the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is universal, early data suggests disparities across demographic cohorts. Eurofound will examine how different age groups may have been affected in terms of their health, labour market participation, quality of life and financial needs, both in the short term and in the long term.
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an extraordinary level of provision of social services across the EU. Healthcare and care providers carried much of the burden and, together with essential services, played a crucial role in getting citizens through the crisis. This report explores how public services adapted to the new reality and what role was played by the digital transformation of services. The aim is to contribute to the documentation and analysis of changes in funding, delivery and use of healthcare and social services during the pandemic.
Are the policies required to meet the commitments outlined under the EU’s plan for a green transition, the Fit-for-55 package, and the associated budgetary commitments – the Green New Deal – likely to lead to positive or negative employment outcomes by 2030? What types of jobs will be created or destroyed? Will shifts in employment be skewed towards the bottom, middle or top of the job–wage distribution? This report aims to provide answers to these questions, using macro-modelled estimates of the likely impacts of these policies on the structure of employment.
MEMBER OF THE NETWORK OF EU AGENCIES
Eurofound is an agency of the European Union