Adam, Georg

A study carried out by the Chamber of Labour (Arbeiterkammer, AK [1]) in September 2005 underlines the continuing predominance of men within the governing bodies of Austria’s enterprises. Accordingly, 45 out of 79 companies listed on the Viennese stock exchange have management and supervisory boards composed exclusively of men. Only 25 out of 540 mandates for the supervisory boards are held by women (ie 4.6%), and only 7 out of 230 management board members are females (ie 3%). Women’s top-level representation in Austria’s businesses thus records an even worse situation compared with the anyhow extremely low numbers at European Union (EU) level (recording a women’s share of 7.3% in supervisory boards). [1] http://wien.arbeiterkammer.at/

In February 2005, the first-ever collective agreement for private training institutions was concluded after several years of negotiations (AT0504202N [1]). We take this as an opportunity to look at the system of industrial relations in this sector in general. [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/articles/first-collective-agreement-signed-for-private-training-institutions

On 23 September 2005, only one week after the first meeting of the bargaining parties involved, the new collective agreement for some 180,000 employees in the metalworking industry was concluded. Accordingly, both minimum and actual wages and salaries (including the apprentices’ remuneration) will increase by 3.1%, beginning on 1 November 2005. This agreement provides for the highest pay increase of recent years (see table below). Both parties, ie branch subunit representatives of the Chamber of the Economy (Wirtschaftskammer Österreich, WKÖ) on the employers’ side and representatives of the blue-collar Metalworking and Textiles Union (Gewerkschaft Metall-Textil, GMT) and white-collar Union of Salaried Employees (Gewerkschaft der Privatangestellten, GPA) on the employees’ side, have emphasised that the bargaining process proved extraordinarily difficult. However, this contrasts with the fact that the sectoral social partners reached an agreement within a few days only. Considering the high inflation rate of 2.5% in 2005 as well as outstandingly high productivity rates of the metalworking industry in 2004 (WKÖ 2005: Leistungsbericht 2004), it soon became clear that the trade unions would not be willing to accept pay increases lower than 3%. Therefore the agreement did not come as a great surprise.

A series of elections to the regional (Länder) parliaments (Landtage) were held during 2004. On 7 March, the Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, SPÖ) won - for the first time in this province - the regional elections in Salzburg, receiving 45.4% of the vote (up 13.1 percentage points from the previous election in 1999). The conservative People’s Party (Österreichische Volkspartei, ÖVP), which had been the province’s largest party and thus in power during the whole post-war period until then, lost 0.8 percentage points and for the first time fell to the second position (with 37.9%). As a consequence, Gabi Burgstaller, the head of Salzburg’s SPÖ, became the first ever social democrat and woman to be inaugurated as the province’s governor (Landeshauptfrau). Whereas the populist Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) lost more than the half of its 1999 vote, receiving 8.7% of the vote, the Green Party (Die Grünen, GRÜNE) increased its share of the vote from 5.4% to 8.0%.

In the course of the 2004 autumn bargaining round, on 3 December 2004 the sectoral social partners (AT0012235N [1]) concluded a new framework collective agreement for the information technology (IT) industry, which is the first such agreement in Austria to include provisions on a so-called further training certificate (Bildungszertifizierung) scheme. The certificate is designed to guarantee certain further training standards for most IT employees in Austria on a comparable basis. Accordingly, paragraph 23 of the new collective agreement recommends that all IT companies with a certain number of employees comply with the requirements of this certificate. 'The further training certificate is valid for the whole country’s territory. Its purpose is to record and promote both the businesses’ and the employees’ readiness to play an active role in the process of lifelong learning,' stated Karl Proyer, chief negotiator for the white-collar Union of Salaried Employees (Gewerkschaft der Privatangestellten, GPA), at a press conference in mid-January 2005. In the long run, this measure is devised both to improve the labour market chances of IT workers and to enhance the competitiveness of Austrian IT firms, due to generally better qualified employees. [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/articles/first-collective-agreement-for-information-technology-sector

Against a background of increasing unemployment levels among foreign nationals in Austria, the current government of the conservative People’s Party (Österreichische Volkspartei, ÖVP) and the populist Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) intends further to restrict labour immigration by workers from outside the European Economic Area (EEA). According to the government’s recently announced plans, the country’s overall intake of immigrant workers from outside the EEA will be near zero in 2005. Over recent years, the government’s policy line was that labour immigration should be restricted mainly with regard to less-skilled labour, whereas it aimed to attract skilled labour from outside the EEA to work in Austria within a certain quota-based framework (AT0109128N [1]). Now, in 2005, the government aims also to reduce the quota for so-called 'key workers' (defined as 'third-country nationals' earning at least EUR 2,100 before taxes per month). [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/articles/government-intends-to-restrict-labour-immigration

In December 2004, the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, WIFO) published a study on the long-term development of income distribution in Austria (/Die langfristige Entwicklung der Einkommensverteilung in Österreich/, Alois Guger and Markus Marterbauer, WIFO, 2004). The study, which was carried out on behalf of the Ministry of Social Security, Generations and Consumer Protection (Bundesministerium für Soziale Sicherheit, Generationen und Konsumentenschutz, BMSG), examines post-war developments in terms of both functional distribution (ie the distribution of the national income between the production factors labour and capital) and personal distribution (ie income relations among individuals). In the context of a generally problematic data situation regarding income statistics, due to a variety of institutions recording and processing such data in different ways, the WIFO study aims to obviate the existing lack of data quality by simultaneously and comparatively referring to (at least the most important) different data sources. This methodological approach, which takes into account the heterogeneity of different income data, seeks to make the study more reliable in comparison with previous income studies. The main findings of the research are summarised below.

On 22 December 2004, the coalition government of the conservative People’s Party (Österreichische Volkspartei, ÖVP) and the populist Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) presented draft legislation on a 'household service cheque' (Dienstleistungsscheck), which it plans to introduce in autumn 2005. This scheme seeks to facilitate and promote legal 'quasi-employment' in household services, in particular with respect to childcare, care of elderly people, domestic cleaning and home maintenance. According to Martin Bartenstein, the Minister of Economy and Labour Affairs (Bundesminister für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, BMWA), the planned measure aims to increase legal activity rates in a problematic segment of the labour market marked by a high degree of illicit employment practices, and to help reconcile the work and family life of the - mostly female - workers concerned. Mr Bartenstein stated that the introduction of the cheque will enable both (quasi-)employers and paid workers to create legal 'employment' relationships and to pay social insurance contributions on a regular basis. The use of the cheque will be voluntary and its handling will be easy and unbureaucratic, the Minister announced.

After 23 hours of unbroken and intense negotiations, on 4 November 2004 the sectoral social partners concluded a new collective agreement for some 119,000 blue-collar and 74,000 white-collar workers in the metalworking industry. This sector traditionally opens Austria's annual autumn bargaining round and plays a pattern-setting role in the overall bargaining process (AT0210202F [1]). According to the bargaining parties involved - the various branch subunits of the Chamber of the Economy (Wirtschaftskammer Österreich, WKÖ) on the employers’ side and the blue-collar Metalworking and Textiles Union (Gewerkschaft Metall-Textil, GMT) and white-collar Union of Salaried Employees (Gewerkschaft der Privatangestellten, GPA) on the employees’ side - the negotiations proved to be extraordinarily difficult. This was because the trade unions insisted on the introduction of a new common pay system applying to the sector’s blue- and white-collar workers without, at the same time, introducing more flexible working hours schemes, as demanded by the employers (AT0410202F [2]). The unions’ goal was eventually reached, albeit in exchange with a quite moderate pay increase of only 2.5% in both minimum and actual wages - and without a provision for a company-level 'distribution option' (as laid down in earlier agreements - AT0111229N [3]). [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/articles/autumn-bargaining-round-opens-against-background-of-rising-unemployment [2] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/articles/autumn-bargaining-round-opens [3] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/articles/new-collective-agreements-concluded-in-metalworking

The most recent strike statistics from the Austrian Trade Union Federation (Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund, ÖGB) - published exclusively by the Austrian Press Agency (APA) at the end of October 2004 - indicate that industrial dispute action among Austrian employees reached its highest level since the Second World War in 2003. According to the figures, 2003 saw the highest post-war number of working hours lost due to industrial action (totalling more than 10.4 million hours). In addition, more employees (some 780,000) were involved in industrial action than in any year since 1950 (when ÖGB's statistics began). On the basis of an eight-hour working day (ie the statutorily defined 'normal' working hours in Austria), this means more than 1.3 million working days lost due to industrial action in 2003. In terms of average strike duration per participant and per employee, the figures were 13.5 and 3.3 working hours lost, respectively.