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Invecchiamento della forza lavoro

L’invecchiamento della popolazione europea lancia molte sfide ai responsabili delle politiche in relazione all’occupazione, alle condizioni di lavoro, agli standard di vita e al welfare, in quanto è all’origine di preoccupazioni sulla sostenibilità dei sistemi pensionistici e sull’offerta di lavoro. La promozione di opportunità di lavoro per una forza lavoro che invecchia richiede nuove idee a livello aziendale, nazionale e comunitario.

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EU context

Nonostante la crescita significativa dei tassi di occupazione dei lavoratori anziani negli ultimi dieci anni in molti paesi dell’UE, la relazione congiunta sull’occupazione 2017 della Commissione europea sottolinea che è possibile aumentare ulteriormente tali tassi. Nel 2016, il tasso di occupazione dei lavoratori anziani di età compresa tra i 55 e i 64 anni nell’UE si è attestato al 55,3 %, rispetto al 66,6 % di quelli di età compresa tra i 15 e i 64 anni, ove l’aumento maggiore si è registrato tra le donne.

Il pilastro europeo dei diritti sociali delinea un quadro in base al quale i mercati del lavoro hanno la possibilità di meglio adattarsi alle nuove sfide promuovendo nel contempo l’equità e la solidarietà tra le generazioni e ribadendo il diritto a un ambiente di lavoro adeguato alle esigenze professionali dei lavoratori per consentire loro di prolungare la loro partecipazione al mercato del lavoro. Inoltre, il recente accordo autonomo delle parti sociali europee sull’invecchiamento attivo e l’approccio intergenerazionale costituiscono un impegno a facilitare per i lavoratori più anziani la partecipazione attiva e una protratta permanenza sul mercato del lavoro.

Il lavoro di Eurofound

Eurofound vanta una lunga esperienza nell’affrontare problematiche relative all’invecchiamento della forza lavoro. Dagli anni ’90 la ricerca si è concentrata sulla partecipazione al mercato del lavoro, sulle prestazioni lavorative, le condizioni di lavoro e le preferenze occupazionali dei lavoratori più anziani nel contesto politico del profilo demografico in evoluzione in Europa. Il lavoro si è incentrato anche sul sostegno pubblico e sulle iniziative a livello aziendale che promuovono l’occupazione dei lavoratori più anziani, prendendo in esame la situazione delle lavoratrici anziane ed evidenziando l’aumento dei tassi di occupazione per questo gruppo e la crescente proporzione della forza lavoro, specialmente nella fascia di età 55-64 anni.

Dati dell’indagine

Le principali indagini di Eurofound forniscono una serie di dati sulla situazione dei lavoratori anziani. La sesta indagine europea sulle condizioni di lavoro (EWCS) esamina come i lavoratori anziani si posizionano tra le diverse dimensioni della qualità del lavoro. Sebbene abbiano meno probabilità di diventare disoccupati rispetto a quelli più giovani, i dati mostrano che i lavoratori più anziani hanno l’impressione che se diventassero disoccupati non troverebbero un nuovo lavoro con lo stesso trattamento economico e avrebbero persino difficoltà a rientrare nel mercato del lavoro.

Uno studio basato sulla quinta indagine europea sulle condizioni di lavoro (EWCS) esamina le caratteristiche della forza lavoro più anziana e del lavoro a diverse età nonché i fattori che rendono il lavoro sostenibile per una forza lavoro che invecchia: buone condizioni di lavoro, benessere fisico e mentale ed equilibrio tra vita professionale e vita privata.

L’indagine sulla qualità della vita in Europa di Eurofound (EQLS) presenta i risultati relativi all’età in relazione a varie dimensioni della qualità della vita in Europa. Un’analisi delle preferenze in materia di occupazione dopo i 50 anni, che si basa sulla terza EQLS, evidenzia che molti lavoratori anziani preferiscono lavorare meno ore anche dopo aver tenuto conto delle proprie esigenze finanziarie. Facilitare questo maggiore allineamento tra orario di lavoro e preferenze può consentire alle persone di lavorare più a lungo, motivandole in tal senso.

Vite professionali più lunghe

Di recente, Eurofound si è unita ad altre tre agenzie dell’UE per esaminare il lavoro “a misura di anziano” in Europa, le sfide politiche associate all’invecchiamento della forza lavoro e le soluzioni innovative.

Molti lavoratori non sono in grado di lavorare o sono demotivati a farlo fino all’età pensionabile prevista per legge. Tuttavia, c’è anche una fascia di persone in grado e disposte a lavorare anche dopo tale limite di età. Eurofound ha studiato questo fenomeno crescente rappresentato dalla ripresa del lavoro dopo il pensionamento.

La ricerca recente si è concentrata sul prolungamento della vita lavorativa attraverso schemi di pensionamento flessibili, esaminando in particolare schemi pensionistici parziali che possano contribuire a questo obiettivo. Anche le revisioni di metà carriera possono contribuire a prolungare la vita lavorativa. La ricerca ha esaminato come possono aiutare a chiarire le opzioni dei lavoratori per rimanere nel mondo del lavoro fino a un’età pensionabile successiva, mettendo in evidenza diversi strumenti sviluppati dalle aziende per far rimanere i lavoratori anziani.

Altre ricerche documentano le iniziative nazionali e settoriali da parte dei governi e delle parti sociali volte a far restare i lavoratori più anziani nel mercato del lavoro, compresi incentivi finanziari e condizioni migliori. In un progetto precedente, sono state analizzate le iniziative di gestione dell’invecchiamento introdotte prima e dopo la recessione per evidenziare le buone prassi nelle aziende in Europa.

Risorse

Key outputs

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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 Maggio 2019
Publication
Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 Gennaio 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 Dicembre 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Slovenia over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

13 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Spain over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Finland over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Germany over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Italy over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice at

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in the Netherlands over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Austria over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Belgium over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in the United Kingdom over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing

06 September 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Greece over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

06 September 2007

Online resources results (133)

Older workers show highest levels of company loyalty

In 2007, Factum Group [1] – a partnership of central and eastern European market research agencies – conducted international research into workers’ attitudes, loyalty to their employer and job satisfaction in seven countries, including Lithuania. In Lithuania, the study was carried out by the Market

Factors determining early exit from employment

A study on ‘Early exit from employment’ was conducted by the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]) in 2007. The main aim of the study was to assess the key factors influencing the early retirement choices of older workers. The report aimed to contribute

Labour market participation of older people

In the context of the EU EQUAL [1] initiative, the Empeiria Development Partnership, whose coordinating partner is the Economic and Social Council of Greece (Oικονομική και Κοινωνική Επιτροπή, ΟΚΕ [2]), has carried out studies and research (in Greek) [3] on the issue of ‘active ageing’. The key

Increase in generational wage gap since early 1990s

In September 2007, the Research Unit of the Central Bank of Italy (Banca d’Italia [1]) published a working paper entitled The generation gap: Relative earnings of young and old workers in Italy (862Kb PDF) [2]. The paper examines the developments of labour market entry wages, as well as the gap

Managing the transition from work to retirement

According to the analysis of the survey findings on the Transition from work into retirement (3.5Mb PDF, in Polish and English) [1] which was published by the Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS [2]) in 2007, persons aged 55 to 64 years show a very low level of economic

Report signals employment challenges in the EU despite continuing economic growth

The European Commission has outlined key messages (148Kb PDF) [1] from its report Employment in Europe 2007 [2]. The report begins by providing a brief analysis of European labour markets (Chapter 1 (752Kb PDF) [3]), noting that in 2006 EU economic growth was better than anticipated. This had

Study reveals gap in labour market supply and demand

A study (in Latvian (1.1Mb WinZip file)) [1] on labour force supply and demand – one of 13 studies – was initiated by the Republic of Latvia’s Ministry of Welfare (Labklājības ministrija Latvijas Republikas [2]) in the framework of the National Labour Market Research Programme (in Latvian) [3]

‘Inclusive working life’ programme reduces sick leave in companies

The Norwegian national intervention programme ‘Inclusive Working Life’ (/Inkluderende arbeidsliv/, IWL) was initiated in 2001 with the objective of reducing sick leave, preventing early retirement and promoting employment of employees with ‘impaired functionality’, that is, reduced work ability

Motives behind early retirement and working beyond retirement

In the Czech Republic, the statutory retirement age has been increased progressively up to 62 years. However, current political debate considers that raising the retirement age to 65 years is an inevitable step. Taking into account these changes, it is interesting to see how many people today are

Older workers’ attitudes towards working after retirement

Commissioned by the National Social Security Institute (Национален Осигурителен Институт, NSSI [1]), the national representative survey on Factors for introducing flexible retirement forms and encouraging the employment of older people (in Bulgarian, 186Kb PPT) [2] is the first of its kind to


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Gennaio 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 Marzo 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 Novembre 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 Giugno 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Gennaio 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 Settembre 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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