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Retribuzione e reddito

La retribuzione e il reddito sono fondamentali per i rapporti di lavoro e la qualità della vita. La questione è stata oggetto di maggiore attenzione a livello europeo a causa degli sviluppi inflitti dalla crisi all’economia e alla società nel suo insieme.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Gennaio 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Il pilastro europeo dei diritti sociali stabilisce gli impegni dell’UE in materia di retribuzione: il diritto dei lavoratori a salari equi che garantiscano un tenore di vita decoroso; la garanzia di un salario minimo adeguato; la prevenzione della povertà lavorativa.

Il lavoro di Eurofound

Eurofound riferisce regolarmente su diversi aspetti della retribuzione e del reddito alla luce delle mutevoli circostanze economiche in tutta Europa.

Monitoraggio delle retribuzioni

Attraverso il suo Osservatorio europeo della vita professionale (EurWORK), Eurofound riunisce una serie di informazioni sulla retribuzione. La regolarità delle relazioni consente di produrre una serie più lunga di osservazioni sulla retribuzione contrattuale, in modo che le tendenze possano essere monitorate. Eurofound pubblica regolarmente aggiornamenti di attualità sui salari minimi previsti dalla legge e la retribuzione disciplinata da contratto collettivo. Inoltre, monitora gli sviluppi a livello nazionale in relazione a meccanismi di definizione dei salari, retribuzione equa, variabile e bassa nonché divario retributivo di genere.

I profili dei paesi per vita professionale contengono informazioni sulla retribuzione a livello nazionale e sono regolarmente aggiornati. EurWORK gestisce due banche dati in materia di retribuzione (v. risorse sotto).

L’Osservatorio delle professioni in Europa (EJM) di Eurofound valuta i cambiamenti a livello di occupazione per posto di lavoro in base a varie misure qualitative, compresa la retribuzione. In particolare, contribuisce alla conoscenza del fenomeno della polarizzazione dell’occupazione, cioè la misura in cui la crescita dell’occupazione è probabilmente maggiore nella parte superiore e inferiore della distribuzione salariale rispetto al centro.

Dati dell’indagine

Le indagini di Eurofound monitorano anche le condizioni salariali nell’UE. La retribuzione è un elemento fondamentale nella ricerca di Eurofound finalizzata alla valutazione della qualità del lavoro. Nell’indagine europea sulle condizioni di lavoro (EWCS), il reddito è uno dei sette indicatori di qualità del lavoro. L’EWCS riferisce anche sul divario retributivo di genere (maggiori informazioni sono disponibili nello strumento di visualizzazione interattiva dei dati EWCS).

L’indagine sulla qualità della vita in Europa (EQLS) monitora l’impatto del reddito sugli standard di vita e la maniera in cui la disuguaglianza di reddito è correlata alla coesione sociale e al benessere, Analizza in che modo la crisi ha colpito le famiglie soffermandosi sulle famiglie a basso reddito, il debito a livello di nucleo familiare e le categorie a rischio di povertà. L’EQLS raccoglie anche informazioni sul reddito pensionistico e sulle opzioni per prolungare la vita lavorativa (maggiori informazioni sono disponibili nello strumento di visualizzazione interattiva dei dati EQLS).

L’indagine sulle imprese europee (ECS) rileva il ricorso a sistemi di retribuzione variabile nelle aziende e l’applicazione di accordi salariali collettivi ai dipendenti in tale contesto. L’indagine consente di correlare le informazioni sulla retribuzione variabile e la contrattazione salariale alle informazioni sull’organizzazione del lavoro, la gestione delle risorse umane, la partecipazione diretta dei dipendenti e il dialogo sociale, nonché con le prestazioni e il benessere sul luogo di lavoro.

Key outputs

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La revisione annuale dei salari minimi del 2023 è stata preparata nel contesto di un’inflazione senza precedenti in tutta Europa. Se da una parte tale revisione ha portato a forti...

29 Giugno 2023
Publication
Research report
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La presente relazione prende in esame la distribuzione della ricchezza delle famiglie negli Stati membri dell’UE e analizza il ruolo della ricchezza nella mobilità sociale. Utilizzando i dati di tre...

30 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the business, administration and other services sector. It is based on the third European Company

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

Women’s labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population.

11 October 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

The use of supplementary employee reward systems has increased across Europe in recent decades, both in terms of the number of companies using them and the number of employees covered. Supplementary reward systems include performance-related pay, profit-sharing, payment by results and benefits in

01 September 2016

The German national statutory minimum wage for international truck drivers has caused considerable controversy. Some Member States fear it will damage the competitiveness of companies sending drivers to destinations via Germany. However, it is important to find a balance between promoting the free

16 June 2016

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 Marzo 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Ottobre 2022
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Maggio 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Gennaio 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Agosto 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Giugno 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Ottobre 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Giugno 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Giugno 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Aprile 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Febbraio 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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