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Nuove forme di occupazione

Il termine «nuove forme di occupazione» designa l’insieme delle diverse forme di occupazione che, dal 2000 circa, stanno emergendo o stanno acquisendo progressiva importanza. Oltre ai tradizionali rapporti di lavoro, le nuove forme di occupazione si contraddistinguono per i cambiamenti del modello di lavoro, del rapporto contrattuale, dei luoghi, della durata e dell’orario di lavoro, nonché per il maggiore ricorso alle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione (TIC) o per una combinazione di questi fattori. 

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Contesto dell’UE

I cambiamenti sociali, economici e tecnologici in Europa hanno dato vita a nuove forme di occupazione, la cui portata e diffusione è stata incrementata dalla pandemia di COVID-19. Molte di queste sono estremamente diverse dal «lavoro» tradizionale in quanto trasformano la tradizionale relazione uno-a-uno tra datore di lavoro e dipendente, oltre a essere caratterizzate da schemi di lavoro e luoghi di lavoro non convenzionali.

I responsabili politici nell’UE sono interessati alla maniera in cui queste nuove forme di occupazione possono contribuire a costruire un mercato del lavoro più flessibile e inclusivo. La discussione verte anche su come garantire un’adeguata protezione sociale e condizioni di lavoro dignitose. Fondamentale importanza riveste nel dibattito come evitare una situazione in cui queste nuove forme di occupazione siano meno favorevoli per i lavoratori rispetto ai tipi di occupazione più consolidati.

Nel 2017 la Commissione europea, il Parlamento europeo e il Consiglio hanno proclamato il pilastro europeo dei diritti sociali, che stabilisce 20 principi fondamentali essenziali per il buon funzionamento dei mercati del lavoro. Il piano d’azione per il 2021 che accompagna la proposta rileva che la digitalizzazione e i cambiamenti introdotti dalla pandemia nel mondo del lavoro giustificano un ampio dibattito politico incentrato non solo sui livelli di partecipazione al mercato del lavoro, ma anche su condizioni di lavoro adeguate alla base di posti di lavoro di qualità.

La Commissione ha altresì sollevato la questione delle condizioni di lavoro nella sua comunicazione dal titolo «Plasmare il futuro digitale dell’Europa». Buone condizioni di lavoro sono al centro di una transizione digitale efficace che promuova l’innovazione e la diffusione tecnologica.

L’attività di Eurofound in materia di nuove forme di occupazione si ricollega alla priorità della Commissione per il periodo 2019-2024 su un’Europa pronta per l’era digitale.

Messaggi principali

  • L’occupazione standard è ancora dominante in tutta l’UE, ma i mercati del lavoro europei sono caratterizzati da forme di occupazione sempre più diversificate. 
  • Si prevede che alcune nuove forme di occupazione continueranno a crescere a causa della duplice transizione verso l’era digitale e un’economia neutra in termini di emissioni di carbonio. Tuttavia, alcune nuove forme di occupazione potrebbero risentire negativamente dell’impatto della COVID-19 sull’economia e sul mercato del lavoro.
  • Molte nuove forme di occupazione derivano dalla necessità di flessibilità dei datori di lavoro/clienti o dei lavoratori. Nello sviluppo di nuove forme di occupazione, è fondamentale assicurare che tale flessibilità non riduca la protezione dei lavoratori.
  • L’orario di lavoro, la rappresentanza, nonché la salute e la sicurezza devono essere affrontati per diverse nuove forme di occupazione, tra cui il lavoro mobile basato sulle TIC, il lavoro su piattaforma digitale, il lavoro occasionale e il lavoro a voucher.
  • Per alcune nuove forme di occupazione, l’ambiguità della situazione occupazionale dei lavoratori potrebbe contribuire alla segmentazione del mercato del lavoro.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 Dicembre 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

Per colmare le lacune nelle conoscenze esistenti, dal 2013 Eurofound esamina le caratteristiche delle nuove forme di occupazione negli Stati membri dell’UE, studiando anche le implicazioni per le condizioni di lavoro e il mercato del lavoro.

Categorizzazione delle nuove forme di occupazione

Nel 2015 Eurofound ha condotto un esercizio di mappatura su scala europea per individuare le tendenze emergenti, che ha portato alla categorizzazione di nove ampie tipologie di forme di occupazione nuove o che hanno acquisito progressiva importanza negli Stati membri dal 2000: condivisione dei dipendenti, lavoro condiviso, lavoro a voucher, gestione ad interim, lavoro occasionale, lavoro mobile basato sulle TIC, lavoro su piattaforma digitale, lavoro ripartito e occupazione collaborativa. Una serie di studi di casi, condotti nell’ambito della ricerca, mostra come queste nuove forme di occupazione operano negli Stati membri nonché i loro effetti sulle condizioni di lavoro e sul relativo mercato.

Nel 2020 Eurofound ha condotto un riesame di follow-up delle nuove forme di occupazione che ne ha monitorato la portata, la diffusione e l’incidenza e ne ha evidenziato la crescente rilevanza per i mercati del lavoro europei.

Nuove tendenze emergenti

Eurofound continua a esaminare più approfonditamente alcune delle nuove tendenze identificate. La ricerca del 2016 ha valutato in particolare il potenziale vantaggio per entrambe le parti della condivisione strategica dei dipendenti sia per i datori di lavoro sia per i dipendenti. Nel 2020 uno studio sul telelavoro e sul lavoro mobile basato sulle TIC (T/ICTM) ha analizzato le conseguenze di tali regimi sull’occupazione e sulle condizioni di lavoro.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing n

16 May 2023

La presente relazione presenta la ricerca di Eurofound sul telelavoro durante la pandemia di COVID-19 nel 2020 e nel 2021. Esamina i cambiamenti nell’incidenza del telelavoro, soffermandosi sulle condizioni di lavoro dei dipendenti che lavorano da casa e sulle modifiche apportate alla

08 December 2022

Il cambiamento tecnologico sta accelerando con l’espansione della capacità dei dispositivi elettronici di memorizzare, elaborare e trasmettere informazioni in modo digitale. La digitalizzazione sta trasformando l’economia e i mercati del lavoro dell’UE: quasi un terzo dei posti di lavoro dell’Unione

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns

15 December 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 Luglio 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Marzo 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 Febbraio 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Dicembre 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 Gennaio 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 Ottobre 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 Maggio 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 Novembre 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Luglio 2016

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