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Condições de trabalho e trabalho sustentável

As condições de trabalho e o trabalho sustentável são uma das seis principais atividades do programa de trabalho da Eurofound para o período de 2021-2024. A Eurofound continuará a funcionar como um centro de conhecimentos especializados para acompanhar e analisar a evolução neste domínio, incluindo o impacto que a crise da COVID-19 tem tido nas condições de trabalho e na qualidade do emprego, bem como nas práticas no local de trabalho.

Durante o período de 2021-2024, a Eurofound fornecerá análises importantes dos desafios e das perspetivas relacionados com as condições de trabalho e o trabalho sustentável na UE. Com base em conhecimentos especializados há muito estabelecidos neste domínio, a Eurofound analisará as tendências e os progressos ao longo do tempo e identificará as preocupações emergentes em torno das condições de trabalho e da qualidade do emprego. A análise abrangerá diferentes países, setores, profissões e grupos de trabalhadores sobre questões como a organização do trabalho e o teletrabalho , o tempo de trabalho , a conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar , a igualdade de tratamento , a saúde e o bem-estar no local de trabalho , as competências e a formação , os rendimentos e as perspetivas e a satisfação profissional. As formas atípicas de emprego serão uma prioridade específica, em especial o trabalho por conta própria.

À luz do desafio demográfico da UE que o envelhecimento da população representa, bem como da crescente diversidade da vida profissional, a Eurofound continuará a explorar os fatores que permitem que mais trabalhadores permaneçam mais tempo no mercado de trabalho. Analisará também a melhoria da qualidade do emprego enquanto facilitador de uma maior participação no mercado de trabalho e de uma maior motivação dos trabalhadores, contribuindo para um trabalho sustentável ao longo da vida.

A relação entre o trabalho e a saúde será analisada em estreita consulta com a Agência Europeia para a Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho (EU-OSHA). A Eurofound visa desenvolver a sua colaboração com a Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) sobre questões relacionadas com o futuro do trabalho e as condições de trabalho a nível mundial.

«De um modo geral, são boas notícias, porque as condições de trabalho na União Europeia estão a melhorar — embora muito lentamente — mas há a preocupação de que tal não seja necessariamente verdade para todos os grupos de trabalhadores. Depende muito do setor profissional, do nível de habilitações e, há que dizê-lo, se o trabalhador é homem ou mulher.»

Barbara Gerstenberger, chefe da Unidade «Vida ativa»

Topic

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Principais mensagens políticas

Infografia 2021

As principais conclusões da investigação da Eurofound servem de contributo para os decisores políticos abordarem algumas das questões-chave neste domínio.

  • A melhoria das condições de trabalho é crucial tanto para os trabalhadores como para os empregadores. É necessário ter em conta muitos aspetos diferentes da qualidade do emprego. Os empregos de boa qualidade permitem que as pessoas tenham vidas ativas mais longas e melhores, contribuindo para o trabalho sustentável e para um equilíbrio positivo entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar.
  • As condições de trabalho na UE estão, de um modo geral, a melhorar, ainda que o ritmo dos progressos seja gradual. Os progressos não têm sido tão rápidos para alguns grupos de trabalhadores, dependendo do tipo de contrato de trabalho, do setor e do nível de habilitações.
  • Existem muitas formas de melhorar as condições de trabalho e a qualidade do emprego na UE. Os governos têm certamente um papel importante a desempenhar no estabelecimento do quadro regulamentar. Mas os trabalhadores e os empregadores, bem como as respetivas organizações, são também intervenientes importantes. Em muitas dimensões da qualidade do emprego, é no local de trabalho que se faz a mudança.
  • Apenas um quinto das empresas europeias encontrou a fórmula de alcançar um nível ótimo de bem-estar no local de trabalho e de desempenho empresarial. Os locais de trabalho com elevado investimento e elevado envolvimento demonstraram oferecer os melhores resultados para os trabalhadores e para os empregadores, maximizando o desempenho e melhorando a qualidade do emprego através de uma maior autonomia dos trabalhadores, facilitando a participação dos trabalhadores e promovendo a formação e a aprendizagem.
  • Muitas pessoas têm dificuldade em conciliar compromissos laborais e não laborais, em especial as pessoas com filhos a cargo e outros prestadores de cuidados. Embora os regimes de trabalho flexíveis possam ajudar a resolver estas dificuldades, também trazem desafios. O teletrabalho, por exemplo, proporciona mais liberdade aos trabalhadores para escolherem quando e onde trabalhar, mas pode também originar horários de trabalho mais longos, com maior intensidade e maior dificuldade em se desligarem do trabalho.
  • O aumento do teletrabalho durante a pandemia da COVID-19 pôs em evidência o esbatimento da separação entre o trabalho e a vida privada. Muitos governos e parceiros sociais debatem iniciativas de «direito de desligar», a fim de evitar que muitos segmentos de trabalhadores fiquem em risco de esgotamento físico e emocional.
  • No futuro, os parceiros sociais devem procurar incluir disposições para os trabalhadores sobre a natureza voluntária do teletrabalho ou a adequação de tarefas específicas ao teletrabalho em qualquer enquadramento ou acordo legal. O esclarecimento sobre como os empregadores podem contribuir para as despesas associadas ao trabalho em casa, bem como as garantias de igualdade salarial e de acesso à formação para quem trabalha à distância, também assumirão uma importância fundamental.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Publications results (567)

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

Low-wage jobs have been a focus of debate in six countries across Europe during 2016. However, the issues discussed have reflected differing national concerns. For some countries, the key issue is the integration of migrants into the labour market; for others, how to stimulate job creation and

23 December 2016

The Foundation Seminar Series (FSS) is an opportunity for governments, trade unions and employers to share knowledge and experiences on the development of EU social, employment and work-related policies.

23 December 2016

Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs

21 November 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This topical update looks at the issue of employee involvement and participation at work, specifically reviewing recent pieces of research at EU and national level, EU directives, changes in the legal framework, social partner initiatives and debates identified in EurWORK quarterly reports during

25 October 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

EU Member States have been passing laws to regulate opening hours for shops and businesses on Sundays. However, there are also Member States where new legislation is restricting opening hours. According to the European Working Conditions Survey, the proportion of workers reporting working Sundays

23 September 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

Online resources results (1778)

The Renault case and the future of Social Europe

The shock announcement by French motor manufacturer Renault, on 28 February 1997, of the closure of its plant at Vilvoorde, led to an unprecedented public display of condemnation among the political establishment of the European Union (EU). The closure of the plant, in the Belgian Prime Minister's

Forthcoming mass redundancies at Tele Danmark: the Danish telecom sector in transformation

On 29 January 1997, Tele Danmark informed its employees of its decision to reduce staff by 2,500 and take on 500 new employees. The decision, which was due to come into effect by mid-1998, is part of an efficiency plan, which will cut annual costs by DKK 600 million and implement major

Employers and unions adopt positions on labour market reform

Employers and unions want to reduce the amount of temporary recruitment and the number of types of employment contract. They also want to increase their freedom to negotiate labour market issues through collective bargaining. These are the key issues in the current debate over a new round of labour

National conference on youth employment

In a context of increasingly difficult youth employment in France, and of social tension about what course of action to take, a recent national conference has defined a number of concrete objectives. These seek to secure employment for the most disadvantaged, and to expose students to the world of

Job security agreement at Blue Circle

In January 1997, the cement company, Blue Circle (BCC), and two of Britain's largest trade unions, the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU) and the General Municipal and Boilermakers Union (GMB), agreed what has been described as a "ground breaking" deal which gives a guarantee of job security

Working time moves to the top of the agenda

The immediate catalyst for the current prominence of working time in UK industrial relations is the failure in November 1996 of the Government's attempt to have the EU Directive on certain aspects of the organisation of working time (Council Directive 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993) annulled by the

Low wages in a high-wage economy

Compared to many other western industrialised countries, Germany has the image of being a high-wage economy with a relatively low inequality of incomes and living standards. This is mainly the result of the German system of branch-level central collective bargaining (Flächentarifvertrag), where

Controversial changes in Employment Security Act provide for more bargaining at company level

Late in 1996, Parliament passed legislation providing for changes in the Employment Security Act that aroused the anger of the trade unions. Although most of the new provisions apply from 1 January 1997, the most controversial modification, in Section 2 of the Act, will not come into force until 1


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The COVID-19 pandemic made us acutely aware of how dependent our society is on certain essential workers. We felt deep gratitude towards workers in healthcare especially, because they worked ceaselessly in often-difficult conditions.

22 Novembro 2023

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25 Outubro 2023
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Women and frontline workers are most exposed to the risks of adverse social behaviour at work, such as burnout, exhaustion, anxiety and depression. This is according to the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS). In this data story, we dive into EWCTS data (EU27) to examine the

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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

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Telework has become a permanent feature of working life in Europe. While we’ve seen the benefits of more flexible ways of working – particularly during the pandemic – the problems that arise from an increasingly connected life are also becoming clearer. Unfortunately, legislation alone may not be

13 Julho 2022
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As we leave behind the lockdowns and business disruptions of COVID-19 and enter a ‘new normal’, it is time to talk about how workplaces might be transformed to drive innovation. Some may baulk at this suggestion, as we continue to grapple with the pandemic fallout, but crises have always been a

28 Junho 2021
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COVID-19 has shown that some things can hit us out of the blue. The pandemic sent a shockwave through businesses all over the world and has brought massive changes to work organisation, internal communication and day-to-day operations for many companies. Doubtless, the depth of the pandemic’s impact

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Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

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The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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