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Reforma

Até há poucos anos, a reforma do trabalho remunerado aos 65 anos de idade, e muitas vezes mais cedo, era a norma na UE. A idade da reforma difere entre os Estados-Membros da UE e tem vindo a aumentar. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 Dezembro 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Fevereiro 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

Com a geração do «baby boom» a aproximar-se da idade da reforma, o número de trabalhadores reformados passará a ser maior do que o dos trabalhadores que entram no mercado de trabalho. Face ao aumento da longevidade e à queda das taxas de natalidade em toda a Europa, uma das prioridades em matéria de políticas da UE é incentivar os europeus a prolongarem a sua vida profissional, a fim de assegurar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de pensões e uma adequada proteção social. Nos últimos anos, alguns Estados-Membros atuaram no sentido de aumentar a idade das pensões de reforma do Estado (por exemplo, para os 68 anos até 2028 na Irlanda e para os 67 anos até 2031 na Alemanha) e procuraram encontrar formas de incentivar os trabalhadores a manterem-se nos seus empregos durante mais tempo. Além disso, também são muitos os trabalhadores mais velhos que desejam continuar a trabalhar por mais tempo.

O Livro Branco da Comissão Europeia de 2012 sobre as pensões sugere iniciativas para a criação de um quadro que permita aos trabalhadores mais velhos continuarem a trabalhar e pouparem mais para a sua reforma. Insta igualmente os Estados-Membros a reduzirem as disparidades entre homens e mulheres em matéria de idade da reforma e a reverem idades de reforma obrigatórias injustificadas. A Comissão reviu ainda os regimes de reforma dos trabalhadores europeus com profissões árduas ou perigosas e, nesse âmbito, discutiu as reformas em curso e as boas práticas e apresentou recomendações aos Estados-Membros da UE.

Trabalho da Eurofound

Ao longo dos anos, a Eurofound analisou questões relacionadas com a reforma nos países da UE. A investigação considerou as possibilidades de reforma antecipada e progressiva, a oportunidade de conciliar o trabalho com uma pensão parcial, o trabalho após a reforma, a realização de atividades de voluntariado na reforma e a questão das pensões. Recentemente, a investigação centrou-se no prolongamento da vida profissional para lá da atual idade da reforma, bem como em questões referentes às preferências em termos de trabalho, ao rendimento e à qualidade de vida.

Preferências de trabalho na reforma

A análise dos resultados do terceiro Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida da Eurofound incide sobre as preferências dos trabalhadores mais velhos em termos de tempo de trabalho. A análise concluiu que quase metade dos trabalhadores com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos prefere trabalhar menos horas, tendo em conta as suas necessidades financeiras. Uma proporção significativa de reformados que não desenvolve atualmente qualquer trabalho remunerado gostaria efetivamente de trabalhar pelo menos algumas horas por semana. A investigação analisou igualmente o modo como as revisões a meio da carreira contributiva podem ajudar a clarificar a opção dos trabalhadores de permanecerem no ativo até uma idade de reforma mais tardia. 

Combinação do trabalho com uma pensão de reforma parcial

Atualmente, é frequente os trabalhadores mais velhos cessarem a sua participação na força de trabalho antes da idade legal de reforma devido a problemas de saúde, incapacidades e responsabilidades familiares. Mas o número de indivíduos que deseja simplesmente trabalhar menos, adaptando as horas de trabalho às suas preferências, é muito maior. Uma das formas de motivar e de permitir às pessoas o prolongamento da vida profissional é facilitar as reduções dos seus horários de trabalho, complementando simultaneamente a perda de rendimentos com uma pensão parcial ou benefício. Um estudo realizado pela Eurofound analisa o impacto deste tipo de planos de pensões parciais.

Trabalho após a idade da reforma

Em muitos países, as pessoas mais velhas estão a começar a exercer atividades remuneradas após a idade da reforma. O estudo da Eurofound sobre o rendimento do trabalho após a reforma na UE debruça-se sobre os motivos dos reformados para procurarem atividades profissionais remuneradas e as suas oportunidades de emprego. Analisa as estratégias de recrutamento e de retenção de reformados das empresas e realça os dilemas e as vantagens para os idosos que pretendam exercer atividades remuneradas. Examina ainda em que medida o trabalho após a reforma está relacionado com a adequação do rendimento entre a população reformada.

Reforma das pensões

As pensões são a principal fonte de rendimento de uma grande parte das pessoas reformadas. Nos últimos anos, a reforma dos sistemas de pensões centrou-se na sustentabilidade do regime de pensões público e no aumento da idade efetiva de reforma. O estudo da Eurofound sobre o envolvimento dos parceiros sociais na reforma das pensões na UE analisou as reformas introduzidas como resposta à crise económica e financeira, salientando o papel desempenhado pelos parceiros sociais nessas reformas desde 2008.

Voluntariado

Tendo em conta o envelhecimento da população europeia, a inclusão social dos idosos e as estratégias para promover o voluntariado entre os mais velhos são atualmente temas importantes da agenda política da UE. Um estudo sobre o voluntariado sénior na UE demonstra as melhores práticas em todos os aspetos do voluntariado e a sua relação com a inclusão social. Considera ainda medidas para o reforço do voluntariado durante a transição da vida ativa para a reforma.

Mulheres e homens na reforma

As mulheres reformam-se mais cedo do que os homens na maioria dos Estados-Membros, em parte porque dedicam mais tempo a cuidar dos dependentes do que os seus congéneres masculinos. Mas é provável que isto mude nos próximos anos, face aos planos de aumento da idade da reforma em muitos dos países. A Eurofound analisou o caso das trabalhadoras seniores na Europa e os incentivos para estas continuarem a aumentar a sua participação no mercado de trabalho, travando a reforma antecipada. 

Key outputs

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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Fevereiro 2019
Publication
Policy brief
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Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 Outubro 2018
Publication
Policy brief
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 Dezembro 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

Europeans are living longer than ever before, on average ten years more than in 1960. This greater life expectancy coincides with another demographic development: fewer children are being born, which will mean fewer people paying into state pension and healthcare systems and a smaller pool of

15 January 2012

Over the past five years employment rates among workers aged 65 to 74 years increased by 15% in the EU27 (Eurostat, 2011). Most people in this age group are pensioners, demonstrating that it has become more common for pensioners to take on paid employment, albeit starting from a fairly low level

14 December 2011

Europeans are living longer than ever before, but fewer babies are being born. The increased lifespan is great news but also poses many questions for individuals, their families and social systems. This fact sheet forms part of the Eurofound resource pack on 'Living longer, working better – Active

14 December 2011

Keeping older employees in the workforce for longer has been at the heart of national and European policies since the late 1990s. These policies have had an impact. Employment rates for older workers aged 55 to 64 have increased considerably over the last ten years, from 38% to 47% (Eurostat, 2000

14 December 2011

For most people work is not only a source of income but also an important aspect of their personal identity and their social life. When workers grow older, the positive elements of work often retain their importance, but for many it becomes more difficult to do their jobs. This fact sheet forms part

14 December 2011

Europe is undergoing a previously unwitnessed ageing of the population. In view of this, social inclusion of the elderly and strategies to promote voluntary work among older people are now important items on the EU’s political agenda. This report is based on 30 case studies from 11 Member States in

08 September 2011

Older people have typically been seen as the beneficiaries of voluntary activities. Indeed, the role of voluntary services is likely to become increasingly important in the context of cuts in state-provided welfare services and payments as a result of the economic crisis. However, increasing

14 March 2011

Online resources results (98)

Norway: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A settlement on pensions, amendments to the Working Environment Act, plans for a survey of foreign tour bus companies and a new report on working environments and occupational health are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Belgium: latest working life developments Q2 2018

Ongoing discussions about pension reform for ‘heavy occupations’, the signing of an agreement in the non-profit sector and strikes in the railway sector are the main topics of this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Belgium in the first quarter of 2018

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

A considerable increase in the minimum wage, unions´request for early retirement for those working in hazardous conditions, and changes in the delivery of occupational health services are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Bulgaria: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Increases in the minimum retirement pension and minimum wage, protests by police at border checkpoints, and a Bulgarian elected Vice-President of the largest European trade union organisation, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Plans to raise the earliest retirement age and the right to remain employed for longer despite concerns by social partners, and research on attitudes towards industrial action in different income groupsare the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Netherlands: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Increase in employment figures and childcare facilities, a rise in the number of accidents in the workplace, initiatives to boost youth employment and new collective agreements are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Hungary: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Publication of a study on the minimum wage, the introduction of pensioners’ cooperatives to reduce labour and skill shortages, and a proposal to extend working time are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Hungary in

Portugal: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Efforts to improve equality and social cohesion, softening the cut in unemployment benefit, early retirement without penalties for long service and union calls for an end to wage and promotion freezes in the public sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports

Greece: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Continuing negotiations with the Troika on the Greek labour market and pensions system, the conclusion of a national collective employment agreement and a judgment on human trafficking are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Estonia: First steps towards a more flexible pension system

The Estonian government has proposed several changes to its pension system, including tying the retirement age to life expectancy and making the state pension less dependent on income. All interest groups will be kept informed and consulted during the preparation of the draft legislation, when the

Article

Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 Setembro 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

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