European Industrial Relations Dictionary

Directive (EU) 2019/1152 on transparent and predictable working conditions provides more extensive and updated rights for all workers in the EU. It seeks to address in particular, the issue of insufficient protection for workers in more precarious jobs, while limiting the burden on employers and

The registration of working hours, according to the Court of Justice of the EU, is ‘a system enabling the duration of time worked each day by each worker to be measured in order to ensure effective compliance with maximum weekly working time and minimum daily and weekly rest periods’,

The circular economy is an economic model based on, among other things, sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling, in an (almost) closed loop, with the aim of retaining the highest utility and value of products, components and materials at all times.The European Commission put

The aim of the European Commission’s 2021 proposal for a directive on pay transparency is to ensure that women and men in the EU get equal pay for equal work. By highlighting possible gender bias in pay systems and job grading that does not value the work of women

Extensions of collective agreements enable the application of agreements to workers and companies that are not affiliated to the social partners responsible for their negotiation, whether trade unions or employer organisations. In this way, they provide important support for collective bargaining in

In countries with multilevel collective bargaining systems, the favourability principle has established a clear hierarchy in bargaining levels. According to this principle, if the terms and conditions in the individual contract are more favourable to the employee than the provisions of the relevant

According to the proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, presented on 21 April 2021 by the European Commission, artificial intelligence (AI) systems refer to:software that is developed with one or more … techniques and approaches … and can, for a given set

Due diligence is how a business understands, manages and communicates about risk. This includes the risks it generates for others, and the risks it encounters through its strategic and operational decisions and actions. Due diligence is defined by the 2011 OECD guidelines for multinational