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Julkiset palvelut

Julkiset palvelut, kuten terveydenhuolto, koulutus, sosiaaliturva ja liikenne, ovat olennaisia korkeatasoisen sosiaalisen suojelun, sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden ja sosiaalisen osallisuuden turvaamiseksi. Palveluiden laatu ja saatavuus on kuitenkin tärkein seikka, joka ratkaisee palveluiden onnistumisen yhteiskunnan ja väestörakenteen muuttuessa.

Politiikanlaatijoiden haasteena on varmistaa terveys- ja sosiaalipalveluiden suunnittelu ja toteutus niin, että ne täyttävät kansalaisten moninaiset tarpeet. Tähän haasteeseen yhdistyvät myös viime vuosien ankarat taloudelliset rajoitteet sekä kysynnän kasvu, joka johtuu osittain väestön ikääntymisestä ja osittain Eurooppaan saapuvien pakolaisten suuresta määrästä. Kohtuuhintaisuuden ja laadun lisäksi myös uusia kysymyksiä on heräämässä. Tällaisia ovat esimerkiksi riski siitä, että palveluiden tarjoamisen uudet digitaaliset kanavat saattavat eristää jo valmiiksi epäedullisessa asemassa olevia ryhmiä entisestään, ja hankaluudet varmistaa palveluiden saatavuutta ja laatua koskevien vaatimusten täyttäminen.

Vuonna 2013 käynnistetyssä komission sosiaalisia investointeja koskevassa paketissa vaaditaan jäsenvaltioita painottamaan enemmän korkealaatuisia julkisia palveluita. Lisäksi vuonna 2015 hyväksytyssä komission digitaalisten sisämarkkinoiden strategiassa korostetaan julkisten palveluiden modernisointia keinona lisätä kilpailukykyä. Uuden teknologian käyttö, julkiset verkkopalvelut ja rajatylittävä yhteentoimivuus ovat keskeisiä tekijöitä kustannustehokkuuden ja palveluiden laadun lisäämisen kannalta. Komissio käynnisti huhtikuussa 2017 Euroopan sosiaalisten oikeuksien pilaria koskevan hankkeen, jonka pääperiaatteisiin kuuluu laadukkaan koulutuksen, varhaiskasvatuksen, terveydenhuollon, sosiaalisen asumisen ja muiden olennaisten palveluiden saatavuus.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Daniel Molinuevo about the European Child Guarantee, how bad the situation is with regard to child poverty...

Podcast
Group of children eating healthy food in day care centre © Oksana Kuzmina/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support access to healthy nutrition and at least one healthy meal each school day.

Web page
Happy dad, excited kid play in cardboard boxes in new house © Davids C/peopleimages.com/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective access to adequate housing for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

Web page

EU context

Eurofoundin toiminta

Eurofound tarkastelee kansalaisten tarpeita yleisesti kiinnittäen erityistä huomiota nuoriin ja ikääntyneisiin, fyysisistä terveysongelmista tai mielenterveysongelmista kärsiviin henkilöihin sekä maahanmuuttajataustaisiin henkilöihin. Se seuraa ja analysoi julkisissa palveluissa tapahtuvia muutoksia, jotka johtuvat määräraharajoitteista, politiikassa tapahtuvista muutoksista sekä teknologian ja digitalisaation kehittymisestä. Eurofound tutkii perusteellisissa tapaustutkimuksissaan julkisia palveluja tarkastelemalla myös palveluntarjoajien näkökulmia ja niiden reagointia käyttäjien muuttuviin tarpeisiin.

Keskeiset aikaansaannokset

Eurofoundin toteuttamaa Euroopan elämänlaatututkimusta (EQLS) koskevassa analyysissä tarkastellaan kriisin vaikutusta eurooppalaisiin yhteiskuntiin sekä sitä, millaisina eurooppalaiset näkevät yhteiskunnan ja julkisten palveluiden laadun. Perusteellisissa tutkimuksissa käsitellään useampia keskeisiä aiheita, kuten talouskriisin sekä sosiaaliturvauudistusten vaikutuksia elintasoon ja yhteiskunnan laatuun.

Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu elämänlaatututkimuksessa kerättyjen tietojen perusteella etenkin sosiaalista eriarvoisuutta neljällä keskeisellä elämänalalla, joita ovat terveys, elintaso, tuottava ja arvostettu toiminta sekä yksilön elämä, perhe-elämä ja sosiaalinen elämä. Myös perheet ovat olleet analyysin kohteena: on tarkasteltu erilaisten lapsiperheiden elämänlaadun muuttumista eri puolilla EU:ta ja verrattu lapsiperheiden elintasoa ja sosiaalista tilannetta. 

Muita kiinnostavia aiheita ovat olleet huonojen asumisolojen sosiaaliset ja taloudelliset kustannukset sekä yksityisten sairaalapalveluiden lisääntyminen eri puolilla Eurooppaa. Keskustelua on herännyt myös siitä, miten liikkuvien kansalaisten saapumisen lisääntyminen vaikuttaa EU:n jäsenvaltioiden julkisiin palveluihin.

Eurofound on käsitellyt myös nuorten sosiaalista osallisuutta tukevia toimenpiteitä ja tarkastellut nuorisotakuun toteuttamisesta saatuja kokemuksia. Lisäksi varhaiskasvatuksen ja hoivapalveluiden saatavuus ja tällaisten palveluiden laatu ovat nousseet yhä enemmän pinnalle EU:n poliittisessa keskustelussa, ja myös Eurofound on tutkinut aihetta.

Vuonna 2016 toteutetusta neljännestä elämänlaatututkimuksesta saatujen tietojen pohjalta Eurofoundin tutkimuksessa tullaan tarkastelemaan, miten hyvin julkiset palvelut täyttävät eri yhteiskuntaryhmien tarpeet. Tämä auttaa politiikanlaatijoita takaamaan riittävät ja asianmukaiset sosiaalipalvelut. Eurofound käsittelee digitalisoitumisen vaikutuksia, jotka ylittävät yhteiskuntarajat ja maantieteelliset rajat, sekä tutkii sitä, miten terveys- ja sosiaalipalveluiden suunnittelua ja toteutusta voidaan tukea uudella teknologialla.

Social inclusion: Protecting young people and children

Measures to support the social inclusion of young people and experience of the implementation of the reinforced Youth Guarantee have been important topics for Eurofound. In addition, access to early childhood education and care services and the quality of such services have been gaining greater prominence in the EU policy debate around the European Child Guarantee and have also been the focus of Eurofound research.

Focus on various public services

Other areas of interest for Eurofound include housing unaffordability and inadequacy, as well as household over-indebtedness and debt advisory services. Research has also explored access to energy, public transport and digital communications for people on low incomes. 

Future research will focus on mental health services and services facilitating independent living. Furthermore, the impact of the inflow of mobile citizens on the public services of EU Member States will be an important consideration.

Key outputs

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The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in...

21 syyskuu 2023
Publication
Policy brief
Front cover for Eurofound's publication entitled 'Social services in Europe: Adapting to a new reality'

Tässä raportissa käsitellään covid-19-kriisin vaikutusta sosiaalipalveluihin EU:ssa. Pandemia vaikutti kielteisesti sosiaalipalveluihin. Pandemiasta kuitenkin myös opittiin paljon siitä, miten sosiaalipalveluja voidaan mukauttaa uusiin haasteisiin ja sosiaalisiin riskeihin. Yksi opetuksista on sen...

16 elokuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Euroopan sosiaalisten oikeuksien pilarissa korostetaan oikeutta laadukkaisiin hoitopalveluihin. Tässä raportissa keskitytään kolmeen hoitotoiminnan muotoon: varhaiskasvatukseen, terveydenhuoltoon ja pitkäaikaishoitoon. On osoitettu, että näiden palvelujen saatavuudella autetaan vähentämään epätasa-arvoa kaikissa elinkaaren vaiheissa...

8 lokakuu 2020
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Examining services for labour market integration of people with disabilities based on data from the EQLS 2016 to support policymaking in designing relevant and efficient services
    • Mapping developments in advisory for household debt in EU countries as well as identifying barriers to access these services to combat poverty and assessing take-up
    • Analysing differences and inequalities in access to social services of general interest in the EU and assessing the nature and extent of convergence/divergence

     

    Eurofound expert(s)

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    Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

    Senior research manager,
    Social policies research unit
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    Daniel Molinuevo is a research manager in the Social Policies unit, having joined Eurofound in 2010. His research on health and social care has focused on the quality and...

    Research manager,
    Social policies research unit
    Publications results (103)

    Freedom of movement across Member States is one of the core values of the European Union and is closely linked to European citizenship. There is, however, a heated debate in many of the host Member States about the impact of the rising inflow of mobile citizens on their public services.

    10 December 2015

    This issue of Foundation Focus looks at mobility and migration in the EU. It reviews the policy background and the practical issues that relate to movement between EU countries by EU citizens and into the EU from third countries.

    10 December 2015

    Migration is a major policy concern at national and European level. However, while Member States have put in place specific regulations to deal with certain aspects, the overall architecture of migration-related policies is perceived as a challenge. In recent months, the significant inflow of

    10 December 2015

    Since the onset of the economic crisis, the unemployment level among young people has risen sharply and although an improvement is now being registered some EU countries still have stubbornly high youth unemployment rates. Young people, especially those who are not in employment, education or

    23 September 2015

    Many people in Europe do not receive the social benefits to which they are entitled. This is the case across countries and for many types of benefits. Addressing this ‘non-take-up’ of benefits is critical for two key reasons: benefits do not fulfil their objective if they do not reach the people

    21 September 2015

    This report explores the growing role of the private sector in the provision of public services in the EU. The research is based on sector-specific case studies carried out in Lithuania, Spain, Sweden and the UK. It focuses specifically on social services of general interest (SSGIs) in the areas of

    17 September 2015

    Access to early childhood education and care (ECEC) services and the quality of such services are important issues that are gaining greater prominence in the EU. This study presents evidence on the elements of working conditions and in-service training that increase the quality of ECEC.

    03 July 2015

    Recent EU policy documents highlight the importance of improving working conditions and enhancing the professional development of the workforce in the early childhood education and care field – both in ensuring equitable access to services and in boosting the quality of provision.

    25 February 2015

    The ageing of European society is leading to a situation where, at current employment levels, supporting the retired population will become increasingly unaffordable. The proposed solution can be summed up simply: bring more of the working age population into work and extend everyone’s working life

    23 January 2015

    In the wake of the economic and financial crisis, many European governments have cut spending on healthcare services. At the same time, unemployment, financial strain and reduced prevention have increased the need for certain healthcare services, while falling disposable income has made access to

    31 October 2014

    Online resources results (54)

    In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Daniel Molinuevo about the European Child Guarantee, how bad the situation is with regard to child poverty and social exclusion in Europe, what Member States have committed to doing about it, what the implicatio

    1 toukokuu 2024

    Finland: Major reform to healthcare and social services underway

    The Finnish government is preparing a major reform to health, social services and regional government which will make regional governments a new level of public administration. Healthcare and social services and public employment services will be transferred from local governments to regional

    Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Continued conflict at the Port of Gothenburg and an increase in sick leave due to mental ill-health in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2017.

    Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    Restrictions on extended working hours and tax reforms in the healthcare sector, strike action by family doctors, and social partner discussions on the national minimum wage are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

    Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

    A new minimum wage of €1,500, the breakdown of negotiations on working time flexibility, a record low of occupational accidents and difficult working conditions in the health sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

    Spain: Agreement to reduce temporary employment in public administration

    Approximately 250,000 temporary employment positions in Spain’s public administration will become permanent in the next three years, after an agreement on the issue was reached by the Spanish Ministry of Finance and Public Function and the major Spanish unions representing public employees. The

    Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

    Sectoral collective bargaining in the healthcare sector, changes to the dispute resolution mechanism and equal treatment for men and women in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the first

    Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

    Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather


    Blogs results (7)

    Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

    24 lokakuu 2023
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    The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care

    5 toukokuu 2022
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    Healthcare providers have been overwhelmed by the demand for COVID-19-related care. Medical appointments and treatments for other conditions have often been delayed, potentially leading to escalating health problems and greater future care needs among those who have missed out. If the pandemic leads

    18 tammikuu 2021
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    An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

    2 joulukuu 2020
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    Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

    8 toukokuu 2019
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    Austerity measures introduced during the crisis have disproportionately concerned cuts in the measures that are most vital for reducing child poverty: cash and tax benefits, a new Eurofound report shows. Furthermore, there has been a move away from universal coverage towards more targeted support

    3 helmikuu 2016
    Upcoming publications results (1)

    Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

    September 2024
    Data results (2)
    7 marraskuu 2023
    Reference period:
    24 lokakuu 2023
    Reference period:

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