Abstract

Job retention schemes were the main policy instruments used across the EU during the COVID-19 pandemic to preserve employment and support businesses. The report provides an analysis of job retention schemes in the EU, focusing on their institutional characteristics, their impact on employment levels and on how they helped to cushion the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on incomes. The report also reviews the evolution of the core features of job retention schemes between 2020 and 2022, comparing how the generosity and eligibility criteria changed over time. It also discusses the involvement of the social partners in the design and implementation of the schemes.

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