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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Aruande eesmärk on hinnata COVID-19 kriisi algset mõju Euroopa tööhõivele (kuni 2020. aasta II kvartalini), sh selle mõju sektorite lõikes ja erinevat liiki töötajate puhul. Aruandes

11 March 2021

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Platform work emerged onto European labour markets about a decade ago. While still small in scale, it is growing and evolving into a variety of forms. Different types of platform work have significantly different effects on the employment and working conditions of the affiliated workers.

23 September 2019

Two-thirds of the EU labour force are in permanent, full-time employment; the remaining one-third has a non-standard employment status, meaning temporary or part-time employment or self-employment. Given the variety of employment statuses, it is worth asking whether working conditions differ across

22 November 2018

Annual review of working life 2017 is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway. The annual review collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s

22 October 2018

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Despite years of gender equality legislation, men outnumber women in management positions by two to one. While structural barriers continue to impede women’s career advancement, women themselves may be deterred from becoming managers if they perceive that it would have a negative impact on their

02 October 2018

Employment relations remain defined vis-à-vis the standard employment relationship (permanent, full-time, direct). Fixed-term contracts are therefore understood as non-standard employment contracts by which an employer hires an employee for a fixed duration. The main difference between permanent and

27 July 2017

Online resources results (152)

Helping ‘inactive’ women acquire skills for job market

A study commissioned by the National Commission for the Promotion of Equality (NCPE [1]) and co-funded by the European Union (EU [2]) has assessed the skills of ‘inactive’ women in Malta. The research was part of a broader project called Unlocking the Female Potential [3] (ESF 3.47). The results of

Government urged to do more to help the unemployed

Research by Estonia’s National Audit Office (NAO [1]) has investigated ways the state has tackled the issue of unemployment in the country. The report, State activity in bringing the unemployed to the labour market (in Estonian, 1,39Mb PDF [2]), assessed the support provided by the Estonian

Domestic work and the shadow economy

A study into undeclared work in the domestic sector, In the depth of the shadows: domestic work, gender and immigration (in Portuguese, 443KB PDF) [1], has been published by the School of Economics and Management at the Technical University of Lisbon (ISEG-UTL [2]). The study, based on doctoral

Positive reaction to outplacement from job-seekers

Outplacement in Belgium provides specialised support for people who have lost their jobs. It has become an increasingly important instrument in Belgian labour policy. Outplacement has been particularly useful where collective redundancies have been made. It has been seen to support dismissed

Impact of the crisis on gender equality

The main aim of the report, The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies (3MB PDF) [1], is to chart the impact of the financial and economic crisis on those working in the EU and on gender equality [2] policies in particular. The report was

Effects of the economic crisis on employment

The effects of the economic crisis in Spain have been analysed by the First of May Foundation [1], a non-profit institution created by the Trade Union Confederation of Workers’ Committees (CCOO [2]). Its findings have been published in a report, The economic crisis and its effects on jobs in Spain

Economic crisis hits small businesses hard

A new survey in Greece has highlighted the devastating effect of the financial crisis on small businesses, which make up the vast majority of the country’s economy. The survey is the second conducted in 2012, and the eighth in a series carried out by the Institute of Small Enterprises of the

Uncovering the hidden face of undeclared work

The book /Invisible Portugal/, published in 2010 and reprinted in 2012, includes a chapter called ‘Is Undeclared Work Invisible?’ This chapter explores the relationship between regular employment and undeclared work. It identifies a range of possible motives for undeclared work, and show how they

Collective agreement breaches in hotel sector

A survey by the Cyprus Labour Institute (INEK-PEO [1]) has highlighted the multifaceted issue of breaches in collective agreements in the hotel industry. It has also looked into the extent of these breaches and at the groups of workers directly affected. [1] http://www.inek.org.cy/english/

Trends in undeclared work

The Slovakian government has been working for a number of years to combat the number of people involved in undeclared work [1]. [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef/observatories/eurwork/industrial-relations-dictionary/undeclared-work


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 veebruar 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 Mai 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 aprill 2020

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