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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Aruande eesmärk on hinnata COVID-19 kriisi algset mõju Euroopa tööhõivele (kuni 2020. aasta II kvartalini), sh selle mõju sektorite lõikes ja erinevat liiki töötajate puhul. Aruandes

11 March 2021

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Platform work emerged onto European labour markets about a decade ago. While still small in scale, it is growing and evolving into a variety of forms. Different types of platform work have significantly different effects on the employment and working conditions of the affiliated workers.

23 September 2019

Two-thirds of the EU labour force are in permanent, full-time employment; the remaining one-third has a non-standard employment status, meaning temporary or part-time employment or self-employment. Given the variety of employment statuses, it is worth asking whether working conditions differ across

22 November 2018

Annual review of working life 2017 is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway. The annual review collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s

22 October 2018

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Despite years of gender equality legislation, men outnumber women in management positions by two to one. While structural barriers continue to impede women’s career advancement, women themselves may be deterred from becoming managers if they perceive that it would have a negative impact on their

02 October 2018

Employment relations remain defined vis-à-vis the standard employment relationship (permanent, full-time, direct). Fixed-term contracts are therefore understood as non-standard employment contracts by which an employer hires an employee for a fixed duration. The main difference between permanent and

27 July 2017

Online resources results (152)

New measure to help mothers return part time to the public sector

Women who take maternity leave face many difficulties when they try to return to the labour market after their child is born. Providing good quality state-run childcare facilities and a basic education system could help women deal with the challenge of simultaneous child-rearing and work by making

Survey reveals scale of hidden economy

A study was carried out in 2007–2008 in the framework of a project of the University of National and World Economy (Университет за национално и световно стопанство, UNWE [1]), entitled ‘Hidden economy in Bulgaria: Contemporary evaluation in the period of European integration’. The study is based on

Flexibility in contract arrangements but employment activation ineffective

In a speech on 24 October 2007, the Luxembourg Minister of Labour and Employment, François Biltgen, gave the government definition of flexicurity [1] in Luxembourg. According to this definition, flexicurity must be marked by the stamp of subsidiarity [2]: the principles of flexicurity should be

Development and structure of flexible forms of employment

In recent years, the German labour market has undergone profound reforms. For example, rules on social welfare benefits and temporary agency work [1] have been reorganised (DE0409204N [2], DE0608049I [3], DE0212203N [4]). While these reforms were undertaken to stimulate job creation, among other

New insights into gender inequalities at work

In January 2010, the most comprehensive report on gender equality [1] at establishment level in Germany was published. The report is the outcome of two years of cooperation between 16 researchers from various institutes and universities, overseen by four members of the Hans-Boeckler Foundation (Hans

Gender gap in Danish labour market is narrowing

The Danish Ministry of Employment [1] (Beskæftigelsesministeriet [2]) published a recent report entitled /Women and men in the labour market 2009/ (Kvinder og mænd på arbejdsmarkedet 2009 (1.1Mb PDF) [3]). The report assesses differences between men and women in the labour market. Being a topic of

Pathways to regular employment

In the autumn of 2009, the Economic and Social Research Institute (Istituto di Ricerche Economiche e Sociali, Ires [1]) presented the results of the project ‘In regola [2]’ [According to the rules]. It was carried out on behalf of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (Ministero del Lavoro e

Role of temporary work in company recruitment

The Centre for Population, Poverty and Socioeconomic Policy Studies (Centre d’Études de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Économiques/International Networks for Studies in Technology, Environment, Alternatives, Development, CEPS/INSTEAD [1]) carried out a survey in 2007 on behalf of

Women and part-time work

In collaboration with the Working Life Research Centre (Forschungs- und Beratungsstelle Arbeitswelt, FORBA [1]), the scientific institute L&R Social Research [2] conducted a survey on part-time employment of women on behalf of the Department of Women’s Affairs of the Austrian Federal Chancellery

Spotlight on informal employment

In July 2008, the Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD [1]) published a Report on informal employment in Romania [2], with contributions of researchers from the National Scientific Research Institute for Labour and Social Protection (Institutul


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 veebruar 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 Mai 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 aprill 2020

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