Il-profil tal-pajjiż tal-ħajja tax-xogħol għall-Belġju
Dan il-profil jiddeskrivi l-karatteristiċi ewlenin tal-ħajja tax-xogħol fil-Belġju. Għandha l-għan li tipprovdi l-informazzjoni ta' sfond rilevanti dwar l-istrutturi, l-istituzzjonijiet, l-atturi u r-regolamenti rilevanti dwar il-ħajja tax-xogħol.
Dan jinkludi indikaturi, dejta u sistemi regolatorji dwar l-aspetti li ġejjin: l-atturi u l-istituzzjonijiet, ir-relazzjonijiet kollettivi u individwali tal-impjieg, is-saħħa u l-benesseri, il-paga, il-ħin tax-xogħol, il-ħiliet u t-taħriġ, u l-ugwaljanza u n-nondiskriminazzjoni fuq il-post tax-xogħol. Il-profili jiġu aġġornati b'mod sistematiku kull sentejn.
"Relazzjonijiet individwali ta' impjieg" tirreferi għar-relazzjoni bejn il-ħaddiem individwali u min iħaddmu. Din ir-relazzjoni hija ffurmata mir-regolamentazzjoni legali u mir-riżultati tan-negozjati tal-imsieħba soċjali dwar it-termini u l-kundizzjonijiet li jirregolaw ir-relazzjoni tal-impjieg. Din it-taqsima tħares lejn il-bidu u t-tmiem tar-relazzjoni ta' impjieg u d-drittijiet u l-obbligi fil-Belġju.
Rekwiżiti fir-rigward ta' kuntratt ta' impjieg
Kuntratt ta' impjieg jirrikjedi l-kunsens taż-żewġ partijiet u l-qbil tagħhom dwar in-natura tal-kuntratt, il-paga u n-natura tax-xogħol. Il-ħaddiem irid ikollu 18-il sena jew aktar; inkella, il-kuntratt irid ikun awtorizzat mill-ġenituri/kustodji tagħhom. L-età minima tax-xogħol hija ta' 15-il sena. Iż-żewġ partijiet huma liberi li jaqblu dwar il-paga sakemm din ma tkunx inqas mill-paga minima ffissata minn ftehimiet kollettivi settorjali. Il-kuntratt tax-xogħol irid jirrispetta wkoll il-ħin tax-xogħol statutorju.
Il-kuntratti miftuħa m'għandhomx għalfejn jinkitbu, filwaqt li l-kuntratti b'terminu fiss iridu jinkitbu u għandhom jispeċifikaw id-data tat-tmiem tal-kuntratt.
Il-Ftehim Kollettiv Nru 38 tas-6 ta' Diċembru 1983 jinkludi diversi rekwiżiti għar-reklutaġġ u l-għażla tal-ħaddiema, bħal dwar in-nuqqas ta' diskriminazzjoni u dwar kif tista' tiġi ttrattata informazzjoni privata jew kunfidenzjali.
Proċeduri ta' tkeċċija u terminazzjoni
Hemm tliet proċeduri ta' terminazzjoni unilaterali, kif ġej.
Il-kuntratt jista' jiġi tterminat minn min iħaddem jew mill-impjegat b'avviż.
Il-kuntratt jista' jiġi tterminat miż-żewġ partijiet mingħajr avviż għal raġunijiet ta' importanza kbira.
Il-kuntratt jista' jiġi tterminat miż-żewġ partijiet mingħajr avviż u mingħajr raġunijiet ta' importanza kbira iżda bil-ħlas ta' indennizz kumpensatorju.
It-tkeċċijiet huma limitati wkoll fil-każijiet li ġejjin.
Il-ħaddiema ma jistgħux jitkeċċew matul l-ewwel sitt xhur tal-leave tal-mard.
Matul it-tqala: il-protezzjoni kontra t-tkeċċija tan-nisa tqal issir valida hekk kif min iħaddem jiġi infurmat bit-tqala u sal-aħħar tal-ewwel xahar wara t-tmiem tal-leave tal-maternità. It-tkeċċija hija awtorizzata meta t-tkeċċija tkun motivata minn raġunijiet oħra minbarra t-tqala.
Ir-rappreżentanti tal-impjegati ma jistgħux jitkeċċew ħlief għal raġunijiet ta' importanza kbira jew għal raġunijiet ekonomiċi jew tekniċi.
Leave tal-ġenituri, tal-maternità u tal-paternità
Il-liġijiet Belġjani jistabbilixxu dispożizzjonijiet għal-liv tal-ġenituri, tal-maternità u tal-paternità. Il-leave tal-paternità jibqa' ħafna iqsar mil-leave tal-maternità; madankollu, dan l-aħħar (mill-1 ta' Jannar 2023) żdiedet għal 20 jum.
Arranġamenti statutorji tal-leave
Maternity leave | |
Maximum duration | Maternity leave can begin a maximum of six weeks before the expected date of the birth (leave before the birth is the prenatal leave, which can be extended to eight weeks in the case of a multiple birth). Five of these six weeks are optional and can be carried over to the postnatal leave. Only the week before the expected birth date is regarded as mandatory leave. After the birth, postnatal leave is a minimum of 9 weeks and a maximum of 17 weeks (if time is carried over from the prenatal leave). This postnatal leave can be extended to 19 weeks in the case of a multiple birth. Other extension mechanisms exist for particular cases. |
Reimbursement | During the maternity leave, the employee’s income is paid by the mutual insurance system. For the first 30 days, the amount is based on 82% of the gross salary with no upper threshold. Afterwards, the amount cannot exceed 75% of the gross salary. In the public sector, the full salary is paid for the entire duration of maternity leave. |
Who pays? | The insurance committee of the National Sickness and Disability Insurance Institute (Institut national d’assurance maladie-invalidité/Rijksinstituut voor zieke- en invaliditeitsverzekering, INAMI/RIZIV) is responsible for paying maternity leave allowance. In many cases, mutual funds play an intermediary role in the payment of maternity leave allowance. |
Legal basis | Articles 111–117 of the Consolidated Act of 14 July 1994 concerning the healthcare and sickness insurance scheme. |
Parental leave | |
Maximum duration | Parental leave is a temporary reduction of working time by a fifth or half, or not working for four months, before the child is 12 years old (21 for disabled children). |
Reimbursement | Reduction of working time by half: €299.03 per month (gross without seniority years). Reduction of working time by a fifth: €192.62 per month for cohabiting parents (gross without seniority), €254.13–260.23 per month for single parents (depending on number of children). Temporary break of work (4 months): €598.08 per month (gross without seniority). |
Who pays? | The salary is replaced by benefits from the National Office of Employment (Office national de l’Emploi/ Rijksdienst voor Arbeidsvoorziening, ONE/RVA). |
Legal basis | Royal Decree of 29 October 1997 on parental leave, modified by several royal decrees in 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2012. |
Paternity leave | |
Maximum duration | Paternity leave is 20 days during the first four months after the birth. |
Reimbursement | For the first three days, there is no change in salary. For the remaining seventeen days, the mutual fund pays 82% of the usual gross salary. |
Who pays? | The insurance committee of INAMI/RIZIV is in charge of paternity leave allowance. In many cases, mutual funds play an intermediary role by paying paternity leave allowance. |
Legal basis | Article 30 of Law of 3 July 1978. |
Leave tal-mard
Il-ħaddiema kollha jew il-persuni qiegħda, irrispettivament mill-età tagħhom, li huma morda temporanjament jew b'diżabilità għandhom id-dritt li jirċievu benefiċċji tal-mard jew benefiċċji ta' diżabilità. L-ammont ta' benefiċċji tal-mard ivarja skont il-paga tas-soltu, it-tul tal-mard u jekk l-impjegat għandux xi dipendenti. Għall-persuni li jaħdmu għal rashom, dan huwa ammont fiss.
Il-livell ta' benefiċċji pagabbli huwa differenti għall-ħaddiema tal-kullar blu, il-ħaddiema tal-kullar abjad u l-persuni qiegħda.
Għall-ħaddiema blu, l-ewwel 14-il jum jitħallsu minn min iħaddem (fil-livell tas-salarju tas-soltu tagħhom). Mill-15-il jum, is-sistema ta' assigurazzjoni reċiproka tieħu ħsieb il-benefiċċji tal-mard. Għall-ħaddiema tal-kullar abjad, min iħaddem iħallas l-ewwel xahar tal-benefiċċji tal-mard (ibbażat fuq is-salarju tas-soltu tagħhom). Wara xahar, il-fond reċiproku jieħu f'idejh il-ħlas tal-benefiċċji. Fl-aħħar nett, il-persuni qiegħda jirċievu ammont ta' benefiċċji tal-mard ugwali għall-benefiċċji tal-qgħad li normalment jirċievu.
From the second month to the sixth month, blue- and white-collar workers receive 60% of their usual gross wage. Mis-7 sat-12-il xahar, it-tqassim tal-benefiċċji tal-mard jiddependi fuq it-tip ta' kuntratt tax-xogħol u s-sitwazzjoni tal-familja. It-tabella ta' hawn taħt turi l-benefiċċji minimi tal-mard.
Benefiċċji minimi tal-mard
Full-time jobs (per day) | Part-time jobs (per day) | |
Head of household | €73.10 | €63.11 |
Living alone | €58.21 | €46.70 |
Cohabitant | €49.91 | €46.70 |
Età tal-irtirar
Fil-Belġju, l-età legali tal-irtirar hija ta' 65 sena, bl-eċċezzjonijiet għall-minaturi, il-baħħara, in-nies fil-militar u l-piloti (f'dawn il-każijiet hija ta' 55 jew 60 sena skont l-iniebsa tax-xogħol u n-numru ta' snin maħduma). Barra minn hekk, ħafna dispożizzjonijiet jistabbilixxu etajiet minimi ta' rtirar kmieni li jiddependu fuq kemm-il sena xi ħadd ħadem. M'hemm l-ebda differenza bejn is-sessi.
Informazzjoni dwar l-età tal-irtirar, 2012–2023
Year | Minimum age | Number of years worked | Exceptions for long careers |
2012 | 60 | 35 | Not available |
2013 | 60.5 | 38 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 40 years |
2014 | 61 | 39 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 41 years |
2015 | 61.5 | 40 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 40 years |
2016 | 62 | 40 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 42 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 41 years |
2017 | 62.5 | 41 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 43 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 42 years |
2018 | 63 | 41 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 43 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 42 years |
2019 | 63 | 42 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 44 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 44 years |
2020 | 63 | 42 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 44 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 43 years Age 62 for those who have worked for at least 43 years |
2021 | 63 | 42 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 44 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 43 years Age 62 for those who have worked for at least 43 years |
2022 | 63 | 42 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 44 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 43 years Age 62 for those who have worked for at least 43 years |
2023 | 63 | 42 | Age 60 for those who have worked for at least 44 years Age 61 for those who have worked for at least 43 years Age 62 for those who have worked for at least 43 years |
Kif stabbilit fi ftehim governattiv tal-2014, il-gvern se jestendi l-età legali tal-irtirar għal 67 sena fil-futur b'mod inkrementali: se tiżdied għal 66 fl-2025 u 67 fl-2030.
