Il-profil tal-pajjiż tal-ħajja tax-xogħol għal Ċipru
Dan il-profil jiddeskrivi l-karatteristiċi ewlenin tal-ħajja tax-xogħol f'Ċipru. Għandha l-għan li tipprovdi l-informazzjoni ta' sfond rilevanti dwar l-istrutturi, l-istituzzjonijiet, l-atturi u r-regolamenti rilevanti dwar il-ħajja tax-xogħol.
Dan jinkludi indikaturi, dejta u sistemi regolatorji dwar l-aspetti li ġejjin: l-atturi u l-istituzzjonijiet, ir-relazzjonijiet kollettivi u individwali tal-impjieg, is-saħħa u l-benesseri, il-paga, il-ħin tax-xogħol, il-ħiliet u t-taħriġ, u l-ugwaljanza u n-nondiskriminazzjoni fuq il-post tax-xogħol. Il-profili jiġu aġġornati b'mod sistematiku kull sentejn.
Trade unions, employer organisations and public institutions play a key role in the governance of the employment relationship, working conditions and industrial relations structures. They are interlocking parts in a multilevel system of governance that includes European, national, sectoral, regional (provincial or local) and company levels. This section looks at the key players and institutions and their role in Cyprus.
Public authorities involved in regulating working life
The Department of Labour Relations (Τμήμα Εργασιακών Σχέσεων, DLR) of the MLSI is the authority responsible for implementing the government’s policy in the area of industrial relations. Among its main responsibilities, the DLR provides mediation services for the settlement of labour disputes in private and semi-government sectors. Additionally, the department operates the Trade Union Registrar’s Service, which is responsible for the registration and monitoring of social partner organisations in Cyprus.
The main institutions that ensure the enforcement of employees’ rights in Cyprus are (1) the Department of Labour Inspection (Τμήμα Επιθεώρησης Εργασίας) and (2) the Labour Inspectorate (Υπηρεσία Επιθεωρήσεων). The Department of Labour Inspection was set up in 2002 in the context of International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 81 and covers, exclusively, the enforcement of health and safety rules at the workplace. The Labour Inspectorate operates under the Permanent Secretary of the MLSI; it was set up through the Law on the Establishment of the Labour Inspectorate Service (Law 88(I)/2020). The Labour Inspectorate is responsible for the enforcement of a total of 30 pieces of labour-related legislation, not including health and safety legislation, and has replaced the previous labour inspection teams. These teams were multidisciplinary bodies staffed by inspectors from three different departments (the DLR, the Department of Labour and the Department of Social Insurance Services); they were in operation from 2009 until the enforcement of the Labour Inspectorate at the end of 2020.
The Department of Labour is also involved in regulating working life, as under its authority is the supervision of the application of various relevant pieces of legislation, in particular regulating the employment of European citizens and of third-country nationals.
Representativeness
There are no specific criteria for defining the representativeness of employer associations and trade unions at national level. In legal terms, the only statutory regulation that might be considered as establishing criteria of representativeness refers to the formation of trade unions and their obligation to be registered with the Trade Union Registrar (Μητρώο Συντεχνιών). The requirement of official registration with the Trade Union Registrar also applies to employer associations, while a similar obligation applies if a trade union organisation or an employer association wishes to withdraw from the Trade Union Registrar or cease to function.
Overall, the most critical factor in assessing the concept of representativeness is an organisation’s capacity building for social dialogue. In this context, for an organisation to be recognised as a partner in social dialogue and to be classified as a ‘peak national organisation’ (or a ‘central organisation’, which is the most common term in Cyprus), the organisation must be a key player within the existing system of industrial relations. Particularly important are the organisation’s ability to define the terms and conditions of employment through collective bargaining at sector and company levels and its capacity to participate in the consultation process on possible social policy and industrial relations initiatives at national level.
Trade unions
About trade union representation
As provided for by the IRC, both sides recognise the right of employers and employees to organise freely and to belong to organisations of their own choice without any interference or victimisation from either side.
According to the Trade Union Laws, the Trade Union Registrar keeps a register of unions. All unions are obliged to register, after submitting a special application for registration, within 30 days from the date the union is established. To register, each union must have over 20 members, except when fewer than 20 workers are employed in a specific occupation.
In October 2009, a draft bill was introduced to the House of Representatives amending the legislation on trade unions, but, as of 2023, it had still not been enacted. It is currently still with the House of Representatives. The draft legislation was drawn up as part of the MLSI’s efforts, since 1995, to modernise the existing legislation and bring its provisions in line with present-day conditions. For this purpose, extensive consultations were held before the competent tripartite technical committee, which was set up through a decision of the Labour Advisory Board (Εργατικό Συμβουλευτικό Σώμα, LAB); these consultations lasted for almost 10 years. The main parts of the draft legislation were opposed by the Pancyprian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (Παγκύπρια Ομοσπονδία Ανεξάρτητών Συνδικαλιστικών Ορανώσεων, POASO) and by other independent trade unions. One sticking point was Article 9, which increased the minimum number of members required to form a trade union from 21 to 100 people.
In May 2012, Law 55(I)/2012 on the recognition of trade union organisations and of the right to provide trade union facilities for recognition purposes was passed as part of a package of legislative measures for the modernisation of the system of industrial relations, aimed at strengthening legislation provided for by ILO Convention No. 135. In short, Law 55(I)/2012 includes a number of provisions that seek to strengthen the rights to bargain collectively and to give trade union representatives access to workplaces, while still respecting employers’ rights.
The rate of trade union density fell from 76.1% in 1990 to 51.0% in 2008. Although exact figures after 2008 are not available, the Trade Union Registrar estimates that, by 2011, trade union density had dropped below 50%. Between 2011 and 2015, trade unions estimate that there was a further decline. Similarly, the three main trade union organisations that are active in the private sector have reported decreasing membership, although without providing specific figures. The most affected sectors are construction and manufacturing. In the view of the former Minister of Labour Sotiroula Charalambous, between 2008 and 2014 the decrease in union membership was one of the most important problems facing the trade union movement and caused a number of difficulties, including problems with finances. The declining trend in membership is reported by unions to have stabilised in 2016, in line with the stabilisation of the labour market. In 2017 and 2018, trade unions reported increasing membership, although without publishing concrete figures.
Trade union membership and density, 2010–2022
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Source | |
| Trade union density in terms of active employees (%)* | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 54.09 | 51.35 | 49.92 | 49.33 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | Trade Union Registrar |
| Trade union density in terms of active employees (%) | 48.0 | 45.6 | 45.3 | 46.6 | 45.8 | 43.6 | 43.3 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | OECD/AIAS ICTWSS database 2021 |
| Trade union membership (thousands)** | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 168,123 | 168,891 | 173,285 | 174,338 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | Trade Union Registrar |
| Trade union membership (thousands) | 186 | 182 | 180 | 175 | 171 | 166 | 168 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | OECD/AIAS ICTWSS database 2021 |
Noti: * Il-proporzjon ta' impjegati li huma membri ta' trejdjunjins. ** Is-sħubija tat-trejdjunjins (tax-xogħol) tal-impjegati ġejja għat-total tas-sħubija (tax-xogħol) f'unjin u aġġustata, jekk meħtieġ, għall-membri tat-trejdjunjins (tax-xogħol) barra mill-forza tax-xogħol attiva, dipendenti u impjegata (jiġifieri ħaddiema rtirati, ħaddiema li jaħdmu għal rashom, studenti u persuni qiegħda). N.A., mhux applikabbli; L-OECD/AIAS ICTWSS, L-Organizzazzjoni għall-Kooperazzjoni u l-Iżvilupp Ekonomiċi/l-Istitut ta' Amsterdam għall-Istudji Avvanzati tax-Xogħol il-karatteristiċi istituzzjonali tat-trejdjunjins, l-iffissar tal-pagi, l-intervent tal-istat u l-patti soċjali.
Sorsi: Eurostat [lfsa_eegaed_custom_766159]; OECD u AIAS (2021)
Il-konfederazzjonijiet u l-federazzjonijiet ewlenin tat-trejdjunjins
F'Ċipru, in-numru ta' membri ta' trejdjunjin mhuwiex meqjus bħala element ta' rappreżentanza. F'dan il-kuntest, it-tabella "Il-konfederazzjonijiet u l-federazzjonijiet ewlenin tat-trejdjunjins" tinkludi organizzazzjonijiet tat-trejdjunjins li huma relattivament żgħar f'termini ta' sħubija iżda li huma kkunsidrati influwenti fin-negozjar kollettiv.
Minbarra t-tliet organizzazzjonijiet nazzjonali ewlenin – il-Federazzjoni Demokratika tax-Xogħol ta' Ċipru (Δημοκρατική Εργατική Ομοσπονδία Κύπρου, DEOK), il-Federazzjoni Panċiprijana tax-Xogħol (Παγκύπρια Εργατική Ομοσπονδία, PEO) u l-Konfederazzjoni tal-Impjegati ta' Ċipru (Συνομοσπονδία Εργαζομένων Κύπρου, SEK) – u minkejja d-differenzi notevoli bejn is-settur privat u dak pubbliku, it-tabella tinkludi wkoll tliet organizzazzjonijiet tal-unjins li huma attivi fis-settur pubbliku: l-Organizzazzjoni tal-Għalliema tal-Edukazzjoni Sekondarja Griegi (Οργάνωση Ελλήνων Λειτουργών Μέσης Εκπαίδευσης Κύπρου, OELMEK), l-Unjoni Panċiprijana tal-Impjegati Pubbliċi (Παγκύπρια Συντεχνία Δημοσίων Υπαλλήλων, PASYDY) u l-Organizzazzjoni Panċiprijana tal-Għalliema Griegi (Παγκύπρια Οργάνωση Ελλήνων Δασκάλων, POED). Ir-raġuni għall-inklużjoni ta' dawn it-tliet organizzazzjonijiet hija li dawn jikkorrispondu fil-biċċa l-kbira għall-klassifikazzjoni tal-organizzazzjonijiet ċentrali, prinċipalment fir-rigward tal-kapaċità tagħhom li jinfluwenzaw ir-riżultati tan-negozjar kollettiv. Għall-istess raġuni, l-Unjoni tal-Impjegati Bankarji ta' Ċipru (Ενωση Τραπεζικών Υπαλλήλων Κύπρου, ETYK) hija inkluża wkoll.
Fl-aħħar nett, it-tabella tinkludi wkoll il-Federazzjoni Panċiprijana tal-Organizzazzjonijiet tat-Trejdjunjins Indipendenti (Παγκύπρια Ομοσπονδία Ανεξάρτητων Συνδικαλιστικών Οργανώσεων, POASO; qabel POAS – biddlet isimha fl-2020). POAS twaqqfet fl-1956. Il-federazzjoni tgħaqqad organizzazzjonijiet indipendenti tal-impjegati, prinċipalment dawk attivi f'intrapriżi tal-istat, u għandha status ta' osservatur fil-LAB. Sa nofs is-snin 2000, il-POAS kienet qed tissielet biex tgħix. Madankollu, fl-2007, wara li tmien unions indipendenti - li joperaw f'intrapriżi pubbliċi - ingħaqdu mal-federazzjoni, POAS reġgħet ħarġet bħala attur ewlieni. Hija kompliet saħħet il-pożizzjoni tagħha fl-2020, meta l-Panċipria Nurse Trade Union (Παγκύπρια Συντεχνία Νοσηλευτών, PASYNO) u l-Independent Union of Cyprus's Public Employees (Ανεξάρτητη Συντεχνία Δημοσίων Υπαλλήλων Κύπρου, ASDYK) ingħaqdu wkoll mal-federazzjoni. L-unjins membri tal-POASO huma partijiet firmatarji ta' diversi ftehimiet kollettivi fis-settur pubbliku usa'.
Il-konfederazzjonijiet u l-federazzjonijiet ewlenin tat-trejdjunjins
Name | Abbreviation | Number of members | Involved in collective bargaining? | ||||||||
2008 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |||
| Democratic Labour Federation of Cyprus (Δημοκρατική Εργατική Ομοσπονδία Κύπρου) | DEOK | 9,407 | 7,125 | 7,123 | 7,024 | 7,113 | 7,172 | 7,173 | n.a. | n.a. | Yes |
| Pancyprian Federation of Labour (Παγκύπρια Εργατική Ομοσπονδία) | PEO | 83,132 | 60,686 | 61,559 | 61,372 | 61,458 | 61,656 | 58,291 | n.a. | n.a. | Yes |
| Cyprus Employees Confederation (Συνομοσπονδία Εργαζομένων Κύπρου) | SEK | 70,322 | 53,467 | 56,775 | 57,842 | 59,944 | 60,635 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | Yes |
| Union of Cyprus Banking Employees (Ενωση Τραπεζικών Υπαλλήλων Κύπρου) | ETYK | 10,671 | 9,341 | 8,775 | 8,806 | 9,195 | n.a. | 8,882 | n.a. | n.a. | Yes |
| Organisation of Greek Secondary Education Teachers (Οργάνωση Ελλήνων Λειτουργών Μέσης Εκπαίδευσης Κύπρου) | OELMEK | 5,643 | 5,373 | 5,150 | 5,403 | 5,740 | 5,757 | 5,654 | 5,641 | n.a. | Yes |
| Pancyprian Union of Public Servants (Παγκύπρια Συντεχνία Δημοσίων Υπαλλήλων) | PASYDY | n.a. | 15,323 | 14,683 | 14,271 | 14,246 | 14,024 | 21,125 | 21,144 | n.a. | Yes |
| Pancyprian Organisation of Greek Teachers (Παγκύπρια Οργάνωση Ελλήνων Δασκάλων) | POED | 5,174 | 5,545 | 5,560 | 5,708 | 5,923 | 6,287 | 6,247 | 6,271 | n.a. | Yes |
| Pancyprian Federation of Independent Trade Union Organisations (Παγκύπρια Ομοσπονδία Ανεξάρτητων Συνδικαλιστικών Οργανώσεων) | POASO | 1,842 | 1,422 | 1,329 | 1,302 | 1,227 | 1,228 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | Yes |
Sors: Reġistratur tat-Trejdjunjins
Fil-livell organizzattiv, ma kien hemm l-ebda żvilupp notevoli mill-2011 'l hawn fir-rigward tal-organizzazzjoni u r-rwol tat-trejdjunjins. Matul l-istess perjodu, ma kien hemm l-ebda żvilupp leġiżlattiv li kellu impatt dirett fuq ir-rwol tal-imsieħba soċjali fid-djalogu soċjali, in-negozjar kollettiv u l-kunflitti industrijali.
L-iżviluppi rilevanti l-aktar reċenti huma kif ġej.
ASDYK twaqqfet f'Novembru 2014 bħala riżultat ta' qasma minn PASYDY. L-ASDYK ġiet irreġistrata bħala trejdjunjin f'Jannar 2015. B'kuntrast mal-istruttura organizzattiva tal-PASYDY, it-tmexxija tal-union il-ġdida għandha terminu ta' tliet snin u limitu ta' żewġ termini. Barra minn hekk, kwalunkwe uffiċjal tat-tmexxija li jikseb promozzjoni awtomatikament jirriżenja mill-kariga tiegħu fl-unjoni, filwaqt li l-uffiċjali tal-unjin ma jirċievu l-ebda ħlas. Minn Marzu 2017, l-unjin kellha 240 membru, l-aktar impjegati pubbliċi ta 'età iżgħar.
It-Trade Union Equality ta' Ċipru (Παγκύπρια Συντεχνία Ισότητα) ġiet irreġistrata f'Diċembru 2017. L-unjin għandha l-għan li torganizza persuni b'relazzjonijiet ta' impjieg mhux permanenti fis-settur pubbliku usa' u, fl-aħħar tal-2017, kellha 360 membru.
Żewġ trejdjunjins, it-Trade Union tal-Bini ta' Ċipru, l-Injam, il-Minjieri u l-Ħaddiema Ġenerali (Συντεχνία Οικοδόμων, Ξυλουργών, Μεταλλωρύχων και Γενικών Εργατών Κύπρου) u t-Trade Union tal-Ħaddiema tal-Metall, il-Mekkaniċi u l-Elettriċi ta' Ċipru (Συντεχνία Εργατών Μετάλλου, Μηχανοτεχνιτών και Ηλεκτροτεχνιτών Κύρου) (it-tnejn li huma li jappartjenu għall-PEO), iffinalizzaw l-għaqda tagħhom fl-2022; Il-proċess beda lejn l-aħħar tal-2021.
It-Trejdjunjin Indipendenti tal-Persunal Tekniku u tax-Xogħol tal-Awtorità tal-Elettriku ta' Ċipru (Ανεξάρτητη Συντεχνία Τεχνικού και Εργατικού Προσωπικού Αρχής Κύπρου) ġiet iffurmata fl-2021, filwaqt li l-Assoċjazzjoni Ċipru tal-Persuni tan-Nar (Σύνδεσμος Πυροσβεστών Κύπρου) ġiet iffurmata fl-2022.
It-Trade Union Pancyprian of Government Pharmacists (Παγκύπρια Συντεχνία Κυβερνητικών Φαρμακοποιών) xoljat fl-2021 u l-Free Workers and Employees Trade Union of the Cyprus Petroleum Storage Company (Ελεύθερη Συντεχνία Εργατουπαλλήλων Κυπριακής Εταιρείας Αποθήκευσης Πετρελαιοειδών, membru ta' SEK) xoljat fl-2022.
Id-dejta dwar is-sħubija għall-2016–2019, kif ippreżentata fit-tabella preċedenti, tindika li ż-żewġ konfederazzjonijiet ewlenin tat-trejdjunjins tal-pajjiż, SEK u PEO, qed jirkupraw mit-telf sinifikanti tas-sħubija matul il-kriżi ekonomika reċenti. Madankollu, is-sħubija tagħhom għadha ferm inqas mil-livell ta' qabel il-kriżi tal-2008. Għalkemm id-dejta mill-2020 'il quddiem mhijiex kompluta, jidher li, b'mod ġenerali, is-sħubija fit-trejdjunjins għadha relattivament stabbli.
Organizzazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem
Dwar ir-rappreżentanza ta' min iħaddem
F'dak li għandu x'jaqsam mal-organizzazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem, sal-lum, l-istruttura, l-organizzazzjoni u l-operat tal-organizzazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem f'Ċipru ma ġewx studjati u eżaminati b'mod sistematiku.
Il-biċċa l-kbira tar-referenzi f'dan ir-rigward jinsabu fil-letteratura li jew teżamina kwistjonijiet tal-liġi tax-xogħol u r-relazzjonijiet industrijali b'mod ġenerali jew tindirizza l-kwistjoni tal-operat tal-organizzazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem storikament.
Iż-żewġ organizzazzjonijiet nazzjonali ta' min iħaddem huma l-Kamra tal-Kummerċ u l-Industrija ta' Ċipru (Κυπριακό Βιομηχανικό και Εμπορικό Επιμελητήριο, CCCI) u l-Federazzjoni ta' Ċipru ta' Min Iħaddem u l-Industrijalisti (Ομοσπονδία Εργοδοτών και Βιομηχάνων, OEB). M'hemm l-ebda dejta sistematika disponibbli dwar id-densità tal-organizzazzjoni ta' min iħaddem. Madankollu, kemm is-CCCI kif ukoll l-OEB irrappurtaw li hemm xejra ċara ta 'numru dejjem jikber ta' membri u rally uniku ta 'membri. Fil-fehma tal-OEB, is-sitwazzjoni ekonomika l-ġdida li ħarġet b'riżultat tal-kriżi ekonomika, in-nuqqas ta' sigurtà tal-intrapriżi f'dan l-ambjent ġdid u l-ħtieġa urġenti li jinstabu soluzzjonijiet wasslu għal aktar intrapriżi biex ifittxu mezzi ta' rappreżentanza u protezzjoni tal-interessi tagħhom. F'dan il-kuntest, it-telf fis-sħubija ġie kkumpensat mill-adeżjoni ta' membri ġodda. Żvilupp notevoli f'dawn l-aħħar snin huwa x-xoljiment f'Diċembru 2015 tal-Assoċjazzjoni ta' Min Iħaddem tal-Bankiera ta' Ċipru (Κυπριακός Εργοδοτικός Σύνδεσμος Τραπεζών, KEST). Il-KEST ġie xolt fuq id-deċiżjoni tal-membri finali li fadal ftit wara li banek ewlenin, bħall-Bank of Cyprus u l-Bank Ċentrali Kooperattiv, telqu mill-assoċjazzjoni. Issa, l-ETYK irid jinnegozja ftehimiet kollettivi ma' kull bank separatament.
Ir-Reġistratur tat-Trejdjunjins (li huwa responsabbli wkoll għall-organizzazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem u l-assoċjazzjonijiet tan-negozju) xehed li, fl-2022, kien hemm żieda fl-interess u l-mobilizzazzjoni ta' min iħaddem biex jiffurmaw organizzazzjonijiet ġodda; fil-fatt, l-aktar żvilupp sinifikanti kien it-tnedija ta' proċess biex terġa' tiddaħħal il-KEST fl-2022, proċess li ġie ffinalizzat f'Diċembru 2022, tmien snin wara x-xoljiment tiegħu.
Sħubija u densità tal-organizzazzjoni ta' min iħaddem, 2012–2022
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | Source | |
| Employer organisation density in terms of active employees (%) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 66.1 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | OECD/AIAS ICTWSS database 2021 |
| Employer organisation density in private sector establishments (%)* | n.a. | 43 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 11 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | European Company Survey 2019 |
Nota: * Perċentwal ta' impjegati li jaħdmu fi stabbiliment li huwa membru ta' kwalunkwe organizzazzjoni ta' min iħaddem li hija involuta fin-negozjar kollettiv.
Sorsi: Eurofound u Cedefop (2020); OECD u AIAS (2021)
L-organizzazzjonijiet ewlenin ta' min iħaddem
Minbarra s-CCCI u l-OEB, it-tabella "L-organizzazzjonijiet u l-konfederazzjonijiet ewlenin ta' min iħaddem" tinkludi wkoll żewġ assoċjazzjonijiet settorjali ta' min iħaddem li huma influwenti f'termini ta' negozjar kollettiv: il-Federazzjoni tal-Assoċjazzjonijiet tal-Kuntratturi tal-Bini Ċipru (Ομοσπονδία Συνδέσμων Εργολάβων Οικοδομών Κύπρου, OSEOK), li hija membru tal-OEB, u l-Assoċjazzjoni tal-Lukandi ta' Ċipru (Παγκύπριος Σύνδεσμος Ξενοδόχων, PASYXE), li hija membru tas-CCCI. Tinkludi wkoll l-Assoċjazzjoni tal-Intrapriżi Turistiċi ta' Ċipru (Σύνδεσμος Τουριστικών Επιχειρήσεων Κύπρου, STEK), li hija membru tal-OEB.
L-organizzazzjonijiet u l-konfederazzjonijiet ewlenin ta' min iħaddem
Name | Abbreviation | Members | Year | Involved in collective bargaining? | Source |
| Cyprus Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Κυπριακό Βιομηχανικό και Εμπορικό Επιμελητήριο) | CCCI | 145 professional associations | 2023 | Yes | ccci.org.cy |
| Cyprus Employers and Industrialists Federation (Ομοσπονδία Εργοδοτών και Βιομηχάνων) | OEB | 113 employer associations, businesses and professional associations | 2023 | Yes | oeb.org.cy |
| Federation of Associations of Building Contractors Cyprus (Ομοσπονδία Συνδέσμων Εργολάβων Οικοδομών Κύπρου) | OSEOK | 5 district associations | 2021 | Yes | oseok.org.cy |
| Cyprus Hotel Association (Παγκύπριος Σύνδεσμος Ξενοδόχων) | PASYXE | 235 member companies | 2023 | Yes | cyprushotelassociation.org |
| Association of Cyprus Tourist Enterprises (Σύνδεσμος Τουριστικών Επιχειρήσεων Κύπρου) | STEK | 32 hotel members, 20 member companies and 1 professional association | 2023 | Yes | acte.com.cy |
Korpi tripartitiċi u bipartitiċi u konċertazzjoni
F'Ċipru, għalkemm il-liġi ma tistituzzjonalizzax il-korpi tad-djalogu soċjali, hemm tradizzjoni twila ta' djalogu soċjali. L-implimentazzjoni ta' kważi l-proposti u l-politiki kollha dwar ir-relazzjonijiet industrijali hija r-riżultat ta' djalogu soċjali bejn il-gvern, l-organizzazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem u t-trejdjunjins. Madankollu, l-imsieħba soċjali ilhom jesprimu aktar ilmenti f'dawn l-aħħar ftit snin dwar deċiżjonijiet u inizjattivi unilaterali tal-gvern.
Fuq livell prattiku, il-kooperazzjoni bejn it-tliet partijiet tinkiseb parzjalment permezz tal-operat ta' kumitati tekniċi u korpi oħra ta' rappreżentanza tripartitika, iżda prinċipalment permezz tar-rappreżentanza tal-partijiet interessati fil-LAB fi ħdan l-MLSI, li huwa meqjus bħala l-aktar mekkaniżmu importanti ta' rappreżentanza tripartitika. Fil-passat, kull inizjattiva governattiva kienet soġġetta għal konsultazzjonijiet eżawrjenti fil-LAB, iżda, f'dawn l-aħħar snin, numru akbar ta' miżuri legali ġew ipproċessati unilateralment mill-gvern mingħajr ebda negozjati tripartitiċi.
Il-LAB, bħala l-uniku korp għad-djalogu soċjali, kultant huwa soġġett għal kritika. Il-kritika ewlenija hija li r-rappreżentanza tad-djalogu soċjali hija ristretta għal numru żgħir ħafna ta' trejdjunjins, fil-livell tal-konfederazzjoni biss, iżda mingħajr il-parteċipazzjoni tal-konfederazzjonijiet kollha. F'dan il-kuntest, it-trejdjunjins l-oħra kollha huma prattikament esklużi mill-korpi uffiċjali tar-rappreżentanza tripartitika u b'mod partikolari l-LAB. B'mod speċifiku, f'isem min iħaddem hemm tliet rappreżentanti mis-CCCI u tlieta mill-OEB, filwaqt li f'isem it-trejdjunjins hemm rappreżentant wieħed mid-DEOK, tliet rappreżentanti mill-PEO u tliet rappreżentanti minn SEK. Madankollu, skont il-kwistjoni inkwistjoni, rappreżentanti minn trejdjunjins oħra jew assoċjazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem jistgħu jiġu mistiedna fuq bażi ad hoc, iżda prinċipalment jipparteċipaw bħala osservaturi. Il-LAB ma tlaqqax regolarment matul il-kriżi ekonomika reċenti (2012–2015). Mill-2018, il-Ministru tax-Xogħol, il-Benesseri u l-Assigurazzjoni Soċjali ilu jirrikorri għal konsultazzjonijiet mal-imsieħba soċjali fil-kuntest tal-LAB aktar ta' spiss.
F'termini tal-kwistjonijiet koperti, hemm aġenda ta' djalogu soċjali relattivament limitata u hemm nuqqas ta' inizjattiva f'isem l-imsieħba soċjali biex jespandu f'oqsma ġodda, bħall-kwistjonijiet ekonomiċi u monetarji. Fil-kuntest tas-Semestru Ewropew, pereżempju, il-Programm Nazzjonali ta' Riforma ta' Ċipru qed jitħejja prinċipalment mill-ministeri u aġenziji pubbliċi oħra involuti. L-involviment tal-imsieħba soċjali huwa minimu u limitat għall-istadju inizjali tal-proċess ta' tħejjija. It-trejdjunjins b'mod partikolari, matul il-kriżi ekonomika reċenti (2012-2015), ikkritikaw ukoll lill-gvern talli impenja ruħu għal diversi ftehimiet estensivi mal-kredituri internazzjonali tiegħu (il-Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali, il-Kummissjoni Ewropea u l-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew) mingħajr ma wettqu konsultazzjonijiet mal-imsieħba soċjali tal-pajjiż. It-trejdjunjins iqisu dawn il-prattiki bħala attakk dirett fuq is-sistema eżistenti ta' relazzjonijiet industrijali, li hija bbażata fuq il-prinċipju ta' kollaborazzjoni tripartitika.
Wara l-adeżjoni ta' Ċipru mal-Unjoni Ewropea, inħoloq il-Kumitat Nazzjonali tal-Impjiegi (NEC). L-IKĠ għandu kompożizzjoni tripartitika u huwa ppresedut mill-Ministru tax-Xogħol, il-Benesseri u l-Assigurazzjoni Soċjali. L-IKĠ kellu rwol konsultattiv dwar kwistjonijiet relatati mal-implimentazzjoni tal-politika Ewropea dwar l-impjiegi, il-prestazzjoni tas-suq tax-xogħol, il-modernizzazzjoni tas-Servizz Pubbliku tal-Impjiegi, il-monitoraġġ tal-Pjan ta' Azzjoni Nazzjonali għall-Impjiegi u r-riforma tal-qafas tal-impjiegi ta' ċittadini ta' pajjiżi terzi. L-NEC allegatament ma kienx attiv mis-sajf tal-2015.
Ta' min jinnota li l-imsieħba soċjali jipparteċipaw fi kważi l-organizzazzjonijiet kollha għat-tfassil tal-politika, bħall-Awtorità għall-Iżvilupp tar-Riżorsi Umani (HRDA) u diversi kumitati u kunsilli oħra ta' importanza minuri.
Korpi tripartitiċi ewlenin
| Name | Abbreviation | Type | Level | Issues covered | Source |
| Labour Advisory Board (Εργατικό Συμβουλευτικό Σώμα) | LAB | Tripartite | National | All issues related to labour relations | Own elaboration |
| National Employment Committee (Εθνική Επιτροπή Απασχόλησης) | NEC | Tripartite | National | All issues related to employment policy | Own elaboration |
Rappreżentanza tal-impjegati fil-livell tal-post tax-xogħol
Ċipru għandu tradizzjoni dgħajfa f'termini tal-istrutturi eżistenti għar-rappreżentanza tal-impjegati fil-livell tal-istabbiliment. F'dan il-kuntest, l-istrutturi ewlenin ta' rappreżentanza sal-lum huma r-rappreżentanza tat-trejdjunjins u l-kumitati tas-sikurezza, filwaqt li l-istrutturi stabbiliti reċentement bħall-kunsilli tax-xogħlijiet Ewropej ma jidhrux partikolarment vijabbli.
Fil-qafas tar-rwol ta' medjazzjoni tagħha, l-MLSI tħeġġeġ lill-imsieħba soċjali biex jippromwovu t-twaqqif ta' korpi ta' informazzjoni u konsultazzjoni (I&C). B'riżultat ta' dan, għadd ta' ftehimiet kollettivi kemm fil-livell settorjali kif ukoll f'dak tal-intrapriża issa inkorporaw klawżola speċjali li tirreferi għall-intenzjoni tal-imsieħba soċjali li jistabbilixxu korpi tal-I&C skont id-dispożizzjonijiet tal-Liġi 78(I)/2005 dwar l-istabbiliment ta' qafas ġenerali għall-informazzjoni u l-konsultazzjoni tal-impjegati. Madankollu, s'issa ma rriżultat l-ebda miżura prattika u sinifikanti. Fl-istess ħin, għalkemm l-imsieħba soċjali jaqblu li l-adozzjoni tal-Liġi 78(I)/2005 hija importanti safejn tistabbilixxi d-dritt tal-impjegati għall-informazzjoni u l-konsultazzjoni dwar firxa wiesgħa ta' kwistjonijiet importanti, mhumiex motivati biex jintroduċu arranġamenti ta' I&C, peress li, fl-opinjoni tagħhom, id-drittijiet tal-I&C huma salvagwardjati mis-sistema tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali nnifisha.
Ta' min jinnota li l-kumitati tas-sigurtà jeżistu fi stabbilimenti b'10 impjegati jew aktar, kif previst mil-leġiżlazzjoni dwar is-saħħa u s-sigurtà fuq il-post tax-xogħol (il-Liġi 89(I)/1996) u r-regolamenti rilevanti dwar il-kumitati tas-sigurtà (l-Att Amministrattiv Regolatorju 134/1997).
Regulation, composition and competencies of the bodies
| Body | Regulation | Composition | Competencies | Thresholds for/rules on when the body needs to be/can be set up | Source |
| Trade unions’ local committees in the private sector, local administration and state-owned enterprises | By the trade union’s own statutes or on an ad hoc basis | Every trade union maintains its own committee Representatives are elected or appointed by trade unions The number of representatives varies between trade unions (from 1 to 10 members) | Theoretically, they can deal with everything Practically, they deal with workplace-specific issues, working conditions and individual complaints They observe the application of collective agreements and report violations to trade unions They cooperate with trade union officials on the conclusion or renewal of collective agreements They provide information for and undertake consultation with the employer | No thresholds | Own elaboration |
| Joint departmental staff committees for public servants (set up at the level of ministries) | By formal regulations negotiated with PASYDY and ratified by the Council of Ministers | Equal representation of the employer and employees The employer (the state) is represented by three high-ranking officials Employees are represented by three people appointed by PASYDY | Advisory role: decisions are considered as recommendations to the government They deal only with issues related to working conditions of the ministry in question They deal only with questions affecting public servants of the ministry in question | No thresholds mentioned Joint departmental staff committees operate at every ministry | Authors’ own elaboration |
| Local committees in the public sector for hourly paid workers and employees (operation in governmental departments) | By formal regulations negotiated and concluded between the government and the trade unions | Committees are composed of the official side (employer) and the employee side The official side is represented by one high-ranking official of the department in question Employees are represented by elected representatives whose number is determined by the total number of the department’s employees (up to 100 employees are represented by three elected representatives, 101–200 employees are represented by five representatives and 201 or more employees are represented by seven representatives) | Advisory role: decisions are considered as recommendations to the government They deal with the application of the regulations determining the working conditions, welfare and training of hourly paid employees, as well as productivity-related issues in the department in question | No thresholds mentioned Local committees operate in every department of the government | Authors’ own elaboration |
| Safety representatives/safety committees | Health and safety at work law of 1996, as amended in 2015 (Law 89(I)/1996) | In establishments with 2–9 employees, a safety representative is chosen, appointed or elected In establishments with 10 or more employees, a safety committee has to be set up consisting of two elected representatives in establishments with 10–19 employees, three representatives in establishments with 20–49 employees and one additional representative for every 50 additional employees after that The employer is also represented in the safety committee | Advisory role They provide information to and undertake consultation with employees as regards health and safety | Thresholds apply In establishments with 2–9 employees, a safety representative is chosen, appointed or elected A safety committee has to be set up in establishments with 10 or more employees | Authors’ own elaboration |
