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Leave

For workers, leave arrangements have a direct impact on quality of life, work-life balance and the overall sustainability of working life. The main leave entitlements of importance to workers are annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, paternity leave and sick leave, so that the worker can recover from being ill. The European Pillar of Social Rights encourages gender-balanced use of family-related leave and flexible working arrangements. Women and men shall have equal access to special leaves of absence in order to fulfil their caring responsibilities towards both children and ageing parents.

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Recent updates

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 October 2023
Publication
Research report
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The most relevant changes in working time regulation in Europe in 2019 and 2020 addressed challenges arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most focused on short-time working schemes...

14 October 2021
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (14)

This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level, drawing on debates about the reduction of working time and the four-day working week.

24 October 2023

The most relevant changes in working time regulation in Europe in 2019 and 2020 addressed challenges arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most focused on short-time working schemes, on approaches to teleworking for those able to work from home and on regulations to ensure the safe provision

14 October 2021

This biennial review charts developments in a range of working time issues in the EU and Norway in 2017–2018. It finds that while the average collectively agreed working week across the EU remains unchanged since 2016 – at 38 hours – there was a slight decrease in the past two years in the 15 Member

03 October 2019

In the context of ongoing negotiations at EU level on adopting a work–life balance package for families and caregivers, Eurofound was requested by the European Commission to provide an update of the available data regarding paternity and parental leave for fathers. This report presents the currently

07 February 2019

This report examines the main trends and milestones characterising the evolution of the most important aspects of collectively agreed working time in the European Union during the first decade of the 21st century. Drawing primarily on information collected by Eurofound across all EU Member States

01 March 2016

The Commission has decided to withdraw its draft Maternity Leave Directive, which has been stuck in the legislative process since 2008. This article describes key developments and explores some of the contradictions that were predicted in the Commission’s 2015 Work Programme and the Better

14 July 2015

The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive’s provision of granting at least two

13 July 2015

The European Working Time Directive lays down minimum safety and health requirements for the organisation of working time in the EU by, for example, establishing that all workers have the right to a limit to weekly working time of 48 hours.

12 June 2015

The take-up rate of parental and paternity leave among fathers has been increasing in most Member States but it still remains relatively low. Covering all the EU Member States and Norway, this report looks at the most recent trends in terms of take-up of parental and paternity leave, existing

25 February 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on health and well-being in workplaces in the EU during the second quarter of 2014. The new strategic framework on health and safety, work–life balance, patterns of sick leave and initiatives to combat violence and harassment

18 February 2015

Online resources results (102)

Malta: Heated debate on proposed changes to Employment and Industrial Relations Act

In August 2014, the Malta Employers’ Association (MEA) put forward proposals to amend the Employment and Industrial Relations Act. The MEA's proposed curtailment of sick leave stirred heated public debate and criticism from trade unions. The MEA's response was that unions were sensationalising the

Ireland: Changes to sick pay rules worry employers

Changes to rules on state sickness benefits have caused friction between employers and unions. The changes came in the 2014 budget, with new rules meaning workers can only claim state illness benefits from the government after six days of absence. Previously they could claim after three days off

France: Donation of leave to employees with seriously ill children

Certain French companies have traditionally allowed employees to donate some of their leave to colleagues with seriously ill children. This tradition is sometimes implemented informally and sometimes enshrined in a company-level labour agreement. The French National Assembly has now passed a law

France: Effect of motherhood on employment in the public and private sectors

The family wage gap is the difference in earnings between women with and without children. A study conducted by France’s Centre for Employment Studies finds that the gap is wider in the private sector than in the public sector. This is largely because, for women, having children is linked to reduced

Industrial relations in the EU, Japan and USA, 2001

This report examines industrial relations developments in 2001 in the world's three leading economies - the European Union, Japan and the USA - with the aim of highlighting some of the main areas of difference and similarity. It looks at a number of important structures and processes and the way in

Government plans to extend paternity leave

In April 2002, the Finnish government submitted to parliament a report on child-related policy, which proposes that fathers specifically should be entitled to one month of childcare-related leave. At the same time, the social partners have promoted fathers' leave by conducting a 'time out for family

Increased flexibility for families 'may be a set-back for gender equality'

The new coalition government of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and Conservative People's Party (Konservative Folkeparti) has issued a number of controversial proposals since taking office in November 2002. First, it proposed that employees and employers should have the right to conclude an agreement on

Government proposes more flexible maternity-related leave

Early in February 2002, the new coalition government of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and Conservative People's Party (Konservative Folkeparti) (DK0112147F [1]) tabled a proposal [2] for an amendment of the existing legislation concerning maternity and parental leave. Under the proposal, the maximum

2002 Social Security Funding Law adopted

France's Social Security Funding Law for 2002 was adopted in December 2001. The law contains a number of significant provisions, such as a general rise in pensions and increased paternity leave. However, attempts to control healthcare expenditure are flagging, and the new legislation also fails to

National agreement introduces right to breastfeeding breaks

In November 2001, Belgium's National Labour Council concluded a collective agreement which introduces a right to breastfeeding breaks at work for nursing mothers from July 2002. Employers must provide a suitable area for employees who wish to use this right. The agreement brings Belgian provisions


Blogs results (1)
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Few events challenge the equilibrium between work and life like the arrival of a child. As gender roles continue to change in Europe, supporting the uptake of paternity and parental leave among fathers is fundamental, not just to close the ‘caring gap’ between men and women, but also to provide the

11 October 2018

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