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For workers, leave arrangements have a direct impact on quality of life, work-life balance and the overall sustainability of working life. The main leave entitlements of importance to workers are annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, paternity leave and sick leave, so that the worker can recover from being ill. The European Pillar of Social Rights encourages gender-balanced use of family-related leave and flexible working arrangements. Women and men shall have equal access to special leaves of absence in order to fulfil their caring responsibilities towards both children and ageing parents.

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Recent updates

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 October 2023
Publication
Research report
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The most relevant changes in working time regulation in Europe in 2019 and 2020 addressed challenges arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most focused on short-time working schemes...

14 October 2021
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (14)

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of individual employment relations in the EU during the first quarter of 2014. The terms and conditions of employment, entitlements and obligations and aspects related to the termination of the employment

18 February 2015

Working time policies, although designed within the national and sectoral framework and the boundaries of institutional regulations, are fine-tuned and implemented at the level of each company, taking account of the environment in which the company operates and the workforce it is employing. Hence

08 December 2009

The Foundation’s Company Survey on Working Time and Work–Life Balance 2004–2005 set out to map the use of a variety of working time arrangements in companies, to assess the reasons for their introduction and their impact. This analytical report addresses the issue of parental leave as well as other

17 June 2008

The comparative supplement in this issue of EIRObserver looks at the current position on family-related leave in 19 EU Member States and Norway, focusing on regulation by collective bargaining. The supplement also examines the views of trade unions and employers on this issue and assesses the impact

30 November 2004

Online resources results (102)

Luxembourg: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Tax reforms welcomed by social partners, failed negotiations over working time legislation, a slight decrease in unemployment levels, and reforms to parental leave allowance are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Estonia: Studies on sick leave show lack of incentives to encourage return to work

​​The Ministry of Social Affairs has published two studies, one on sickness absence and the other on the occupational disability compensation system, as part of the government's drive to reduce the level of absenteeism at work. The studies suggest that a reformed compensation system should motivate

Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather

Finland: Changes in legislation lead to earlier return to work after prolonged sickness absence

Legislative changes in Finland regarding sickness absence appear to have boosted the proportion of employees returning to work.

Malta: Trust fund for payment of maternity leave set up

A trust fund has been set up to help Maltese employers pay towards the new statutory 18 weeks maternity leave, after fears that businesses might discriminate against women when recruiting workers. The government will pay 4 weeks of the leave and has ordered employers to contribute to funding the

Bulgaria: Demand to link maternity and child benefits to minimum wages rejected

Parents have called for increases to maternity leave compensation and child benefits in 2016. The National Council for Tripartite Cooperation has rejected such calls and a proposal to bring parental benefits in line with the statutory minimum wage.

Romania: New legal provisions adopted to protect mothers in the workplace

The Romanian Parliament has adopted new legal provisions that aim to better protect pregnant women and mothers in the workplace. The new law provides more obligations for the employer in the area of risk prevention in terms of health and safety.

Spain: State of play regarding work–life balance and working time in companies

The economic crisis and recent labour reforms in Spain have hindered the development of policies to help employees have a better work–life balance, according to a report released in March 2015. The report, backed by the CCOO union federation, examines existing rights concerning work–life balance and

Germany: Fewer fatal work accidents in 2013

The number of fatal work accidents has fallen in Germany, although the number of occupational diseases has risen, according to a report released in December 2014. However, the Annual Report on Health and Safety at the Workplace also shows that production lost as a result of sickness leave was worth

Sweden: Government plans to reform the parental leave system

The Swedish government has announced plans to reform the parental leave system, proposing to introduce a third 'daddy month'.


Blogs results (1)
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Few events challenge the equilibrium between work and life like the arrival of a child. As gender roles continue to change in Europe, supporting the uptake of paternity and parental leave among fathers is fundamental, not just to close the ‘caring gap’ between men and women, but also to provide the

11 October 2018

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