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For workers, leave arrangements have a direct impact on quality of life, work-life balance and the overall sustainability of working life. The main leave entitlements of importance to workers are annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, paternity leave and sick leave, so that the worker can recover from being ill. The European Pillar of Social Rights encourages gender-balanced use of family-related leave and flexible working arrangements. Women and men shall have equal access to special leaves of absence in order to fulfil their caring responsibilities towards both children and ageing parents.

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Recent updates

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 October 2023
Publication
Research report
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The most relevant changes in working time regulation in Europe in 2019 and 2020 addressed challenges arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most focused on short-time working schemes...

14 October 2021
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (14)

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of individual employment relations in the EU during the first quarter of 2014. The terms and conditions of employment, entitlements and obligations and aspects related to the termination of the employment

18 February 2015

Working time policies, although designed within the national and sectoral framework and the boundaries of institutional regulations, are fine-tuned and implemented at the level of each company, taking account of the environment in which the company operates and the workforce it is employing. Hence

08 December 2009

The Foundation’s Company Survey on Working Time and Work–Life Balance 2004–2005 set out to map the use of a variety of working time arrangements in companies, to assess the reasons for their introduction and their impact. This analytical report addresses the issue of parental leave as well as other

17 June 2008

The comparative supplement in this issue of EIRObserver looks at the current position on family-related leave in 19 EU Member States and Norway, focusing on regulation by collective bargaining. The supplement also examines the views of trade unions and employers on this issue and assesses the impact

30 November 2004

Online resources results (102)

Rehabilitation reform proposed

In June 1999, the Swedish government appointed a commissioner to analyse the issue of the rehabilitation of workers who have become incapacitated - Gerhard Larsson, the former head of Samlhall, a governmental rehabilitation organisation (SE9907177N [1]). On 30 August 2000, Mr Larrson presented his

Public committee proposes controversial changes to sick pay scheme

The public committee considering changes to the present sick pay and disability pensions schemes, led by the former Labour Party (Det Norske Arbeiderpartiet, DNA) minister, Mats Sandman, delivered its report on 15 September 2000. The main rationale behind the establishment in 1999 of the so-called

Government considers improvements in parental leave rights

A cross-departmental group of government ministers is currently undertaking a review of maternity pay and parental leave provision. The review was originally announced by the chancellor of the exchequer in the March 2000 budget statement (UK0004165N [1]), and its terms of reference were published on

Managing the work-life balance

The Irish social and economic context has changed considerably in recent years. In particular, while the Irish economy was burdened with mass unemployment and poor performance during the 1980s, there has since been very strong economic growth. The expansion of the economy has resulted in continual

New provisions on parental leave and childcare payments

On 7 July 2000, the German parliament (Bundestag), with the support of the "Red-Green" coalition government, adopted a revision of the Federal Childcare Payment and Parental Leave Act [1] (Bundeserziehungsgeldgesetz, BErzGG) which contains new provisions on parental leave and childcare payments. The

Controversy over sick leave

In June 2000, the Spanish government decided to authorise the semi-public mutual insurance societies to take the decision on whether to grant employees sick leave for common illnesses, which was up to now the exclusive responsibility of the public health system. The trade unions have expressed their

White-collar workers' unions report increased stress and ill-health

Nine out of 10 white-collar workers say that they work against the clock in their daily tasks; 40% often skip their lunch break and other breaks due to lack of time; and 65% do not have time enough to finish their tasks properly. These are among the findings of a report - entitled /Stressed out

LO and NHO agree revised proposal for private sector collective agreement

On Tuesday 9 May 2000, the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge, LO) and the Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry (Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon, NHO) agreed on a revised proposal for a new collective agreement in the private sector, ending six days of

Six out of eight unions sign agreement for state-owned hospitals

On 14 March 2000, six trade unions, (CFDT, CFE-CGC, CFTC, CGT-FO, UNSA and SNCH) signed a memorandum of understanding with the Ministry for Employment and Solidarity, which provides for extra funding of FRF 10 billion for France's state-owned hospitals over three years, of which FRF 3.8 billion in

Increased holidays a central demand in spring 2000 bargaining round

February 2000 saw several Norwegian trade union confederations adopting their demands for the pay settlements due in spring 2000 (NO0002176N [1]). Detailed lists of demands will not be made available until negotiations between the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge


Blogs results (1)
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Few events challenge the equilibrium between work and life like the arrival of a child. As gender roles continue to change in Europe, supporting the uptake of paternity and parental leave among fathers is fundamental, not just to close the ‘caring gap’ between men and women, but also to provide the

11 October 2018

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