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Relazzjonijiet industrijali
It-trejdjunjins, l-organizzazzjonijiet ta' min iħaddem u l-awtoritajiet pubbliċi kollha għandhom rwol fil-governanza tar-relazzjoni tal-impjieg. Huma partijiet li jingħaqdu ma' xulxin f'sistema li topera fil-livell Ewropew, nazzjonali, settorjali, reġjonali u tal-kumpaniji. F'dawn l-aħħar snin, hekk kif it-teknoloġija u l-forom ta' xogħol jevolvu f'ambjent ekonomiku li qed jinbidel kontinwament, is-sistemi tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali ffaċċjaw sfidi kritiċi.
Sib l-aktar kontenut reċenti dwar dan is-suġġett hawn taħt.
Relazzjonijiet industrijali: Diskors dwar u żviluppi fl-arranġamenti tal-ħin tax-xogħol fl-2025
Il-bidliet fl-arranġamenti tal-ħin tax-xogħol madwar l-UE fl-2025 jirriflettu d-diversità tas-sistemi nazzjonali tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali u l-livelli li fihom iseħħ id-djalogu soċjali. Dan l-artiklu janalizza d-diskors u l-iżviluppi fl-2025 dwar il-ħin żejjed, ir-reġistrazzjoni tal-ħin, il-vaganzi annwali u t-tnaqqis fil-ħin tax-xogħol.Siġġu fuq il-mejda, imma min jiddeċiedi? Sħab soċjali fil-gvernanza tal-impjiegi pubbliċi u l-istituzzjonijiet tas-sigurtà soċjali
Dan l-artiklu jeżamina l-involviment tal-unions tax-xogħol u l-organizzazzjonijiet tal-impjegaturi fil-gvernanza tas-servizzi pubbliċi tal-impjieg u l-istituzzjonijiet tas-sigurtà soċjali fil-27 Stat Membru tal-UE u fin-Norveġja, u jirrapporta dwar l-influwenza li għandhom, jekk hemm, f'dawn l-istituzzjonijiet.Paga minima fl-2026: Reviżjoni annwali
L-istabbiliment tal-paga minima madwar l-UE sar qasam ta' politika dejjem aktar dinamiku u segwit mill-qrib, iffurmat mit-traspożizzjoni tad-Direttiva tal-Paga Minima tal-UE u għaxar snin ta' tkabbir sostenibbli fir-rati statutorji. Dan ir-rapport jesamina d-diskussjonijiet dwar l-istabbiliment tal-paga li saru fl-Istati Membri u n-Norveġja fl-2025, b'fokus fuq il-pajjiżi b'u mingħajr paga minima nazzjonali, l-interazzjoni bejn il-paga minima u n-negozjar kollettiv f'setturi bi paga baxxa, u r-rwol dejjem jikber tal-valuri ta' referenza indikattivi fil-formazzjoni tad-deċiżjonijiet nazzjonali.Matul 40 sena, il-Eurofound żviluppat bħala ċentru ewlieni ta' għarfien espert għall-monitoraġġ u l-analiżi tax-xejriet fir-relazzjonijiet industrijali. Dan jinkludi rabtiet bejn id-djalogu soċjali fil-livell Ewropew u dak nazzjonali. Billi bbażat fuq l-għarfien tan-Netwerk tagħha ta' Korrispondenti tal-Eurofound fl-Istati Membri tal-UE u fin-Norveġja, hija qabdet l-iżviluppi fl-Istati Membri kollha u fl-UE kollha kemm hi.
Il-Eurofound ipproduċiet firxa ta' analiżijiet komparattivi, artikli u studji ta' każijiet madwar l-UE u n-Norveġja fil-qasam tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali, kif ukoll bażijiet tad-data aġġornati regolarment dwar suġġetti relatati.
Ir-riċerka tfassal u tiddiskuti d-dimensjonijiet u l-indikaturi ewlenin rilevanti għas-sistemi tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali fl-Ewropa fis-seklu 21. Ħajta oħra ta' riċerka tħares lejn kif l-imsieħba soċjali fl-UE u n-Norveġja esploraw suġġetti, għodod u approċċi innovattivi ġodda biex iwieġbu għall-ħafna sfidi politiċi, legali u soċjali ġodda li nqalgħu f'dawn l-aħħar snin.
Il-paga u l-ħin tax-xogħol ikomplu jkunu oqsma ta' interess kbir u jiġu riveduti kull sena. Fergħa waħda tal-aġġornament reċenti dwar il-pagi tiffoka fuq il-livelli statutorji tal-paga minima madwar l-UE filwaqt li oħra tiffoka fuq in-negozjar kollettiv tal-pagi.
Mill-2006 'l hawn, il-Eurofound ilha twettaq studji dwar ir-rappreżentanza tal-organizzazzjonijiet tal-imsieħba soċjali settorjali Ewropej, skont il-mandat tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea. Dawn l-istudji huma mfassla biex jipprovdu l-informazzjoni bażika meħtieġa għat-twaqqif u l-funzjonament tal-kumitati Ewropej tad-djalogu soċjali settorjali.
F'dan il-kuntest, il-Kummissjoni Ewropea fl-2015 nediet "bidu ġdid" għad-djalogu soċjali Ewropew. Fi stqarrija konġunta f'Ġunju 2016, il-Kummissjoni, il-Kunsill tal-Unjoni Ewropea u s-sħab soċjali enfasizzaw ir-rwol fundamentali tagħha bħala komponent sinifikanti tat-tfassil tal-politika soċjali u tal-impjiegi tal-UE.
F'Settembru 2023, il-President tal-Kummissjoni von der Leyen ħabbret summit tas-sħab soċjali mal-imsieħba soċjali Ewropej f'Val Duchesse fl-2024 biex tindirizza n-nuqqas ta' ħaddiema u ħiliet, filwaqt li tirrepeti s-summit dwar id-djalogu soċjali fl-istess post kważi 40 sena ilu. F'Marzu 2025, il-Kummissjoni u s-sħab soċjali transindustrijali ffirmaw Patt konġunt dwar it-tisħiħ tad-djalogu soċjali Ewropew. Dan jibni fuq id-Dikjarazzjoni tal-2024 tal-Imsieħba Soċjali ta' Val Duchesse.
Din hija għażla tal-aktar riżultati importanti għal dan is-suġġett.
24 October 2023
Working time in 2021–2022
The most important changes in the regulation of working time in Europe in 2021 and 2022 were related to the transposition of two European directives: the Work–life Balance Directive and the Transparent and Predictable Working Conditions Directive. The reduction of working time and more specifically the four-day working week have been increasingly debated in many EU Member States. In 2022, the average collectively agreed working week in the EU stood at 38.1 hours. Of the sectors analysed, agreed working hours were shortest in public administration, at around 37.7 hours – still longer than the overall average – and longest in the retail sector, at 38.5 hours. The average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement stood at 24.3 days in the EU, and was higher in the Member States that were part of the EU prior to its 2004 enlargement (EU14), at 25.3 days, than in the other Member States, at only 20.9 days. If working collectively agreed hours, full-time workers in the EU27 would have worked, on average, 1,726 hours in 2022, with an average of 1,698 hours in the EU14 and 1,822 hours in the other Member States.
29 June 2023
Minimum wages in 2023: Annual review
The 2023 annual review of minimum wages was prepared in the context of unprecedented inflation across Europe. While this led to hefty increases in nominal wage rates in many countries, it was in many cases not enough to maintain workers’ purchasing power. Based on developments over the last decade, this report shows that, overall, minimum wage earners in nearly all countries saw their purchasing power rising, the gap between their wages and average wages narrowing, and to some degree growth exceeding labour productivity development. Despite the short-term losses in real terms, these longer-term gains did not disappear in 2023. Even in the context of rising inflation, the processes of wage setting did not change substantially. But the early impacts of the EU directive on adequate minimum wages are noticeable, with more countries electing to use the international ‘indicative reference values’ mentioned in the directive – 50% of the average or 60% of the median wage – when determining their targets for new levels. This year’s report presents, for the first time, an in-depth insight into net minimum wages for single adults, through the EUROMOD tax–benefit microsimulation model, while presenting the latest research findings on minimum wages, published during 2022.
30 August 2022
Moving with the times: Emerging practices and provisions in collective bargaining
This report analyses recent developments and emerging practices in collective bargaining processes and outcomes, mainly in the private sector. The report covers collective bargaining systems in 10 EU Member States and is based on cases identified through interviews with key stakeholders and negotiating parties at national level. It analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent economic and social crisis on collective bargaining dynamics and collective agreements. It also investigates practices and innovations that have emerged in response to structural drivers such as technological change, decarbonisation and climate-neutrality policies, and workforce ageing. It assesses the capacity of collective bargaining systems to adapt to structural changes in work, production and the labour market as well as medium-term trends.
10 December 2021
Social partners going digital: Using digital tools and adapting social dialogue processes
Digital transformation is changing the world of work. This report looks at how social partners – the actors involved in the regulation of employment relationships – are increasingly adopting technological solutions to improve the services that they provide to their members and facilitate collective bargaining processes. Technological tools offer social partners the opportunity to enhance consultation, engage with their members through digitised processes, improve services and increase networking activities, as well as addressing the issue of membership decline. The findings of this report show that the extent to which the social partners use digital technologies varies greatly across the EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom. Provisions in collective agreements on several aspects of digitalisation have been identified in about half of the countries. Through these provisions, social partners encourage their members to boost training on digital skills, ensure fair and safe working conditions and take account of data protection and employee monitoring practices. The European social partners’ autonomous framework agreement on digitalisation has provided inspiration to national-level organisations, and follow-up actions in this regard have the potential to greatly benefit their members.
11 December 2020
Industrial relations: Developments 2015–2019
As part of its mandate to promote dialogue between management and labour, Eurofound has monitored and analysed developments in industrial relations systems at EU level and in EU Member States for over 40 years. This flagship report is based on the work done in this context during the last programming period (2015–2019). It draws on the extensive monitoring of industrial relations systems and social dialogue carried out by Eurofound on an ongoing basis. The overall aim of the report is to assist policymakers and industrial relations actors both to understand the challenges facing social dialogue and to identify possible ways to contribute to balanced and well-functioning industrial relations systems going forward.
10 September 2020
Capacity building for effective social dialogue in the European Union
The aim of this report is to add to the discussion on how Eurofound can contribute to supporting capacity building of social partners for effective social dialogue. The report includes a review by Eurofound aimed at identifying the capacity-building needs and initiatives of social partners in relation to national frameworks for autonomous collective bargaining, involvement in European social dialogue and the European Semester, and the development of membership and services for members. It also includes the results from stakeholder consultations and two exchange seminars held in 2019, along with a set of policy pointers for further discussion.
Ir-riċerkaturi tal-Eurofound jipprovdu għarfien espert u jistgħu jiġu kkuntattjati għal mistoqsijiet jew talbiet mill-midja.
Valeria Virgili
Project support officerValeria Virgili hija uffiċjal ta' appoġġ għall-proġetti fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol f'Eurofound. Bħalissa taħdem fuq in-Netwerk tad-Djalogu Soċjali, ftehim ta' livell ta' servizz finanzjat mid-Direttorat Ġenerali tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea għall-Impjieg, l-Affarijiet Soċjali u l-Inklużjoni u kkoordinat minn Eurofound biex jappoġġja l-analiżi u l-promozzjoni tad-djalogu soċjali Ewropew. Qabel dan, temmet taħriġ u appuntament temporanju ta' 11-il xahar f'Eurofound, fejn kontribwiet f'attivitajiet relatati man-Netwerk tad-Djalogu Soċjali. Qabel ma ngħaqdet mal-Aġenzija, ħadmet għal sentejn f'ADAPT, ċentru ta' riċerka Taljan speċjalizzat fil-liġi internazzjonali u komparattiva tax-xogħol u r-riċerka dwar ir-relazzjonijiet industrijali. Valeria għandha Master fil-Politika u l-Politika Soċjali mill-Università ta' Bologna.
Victoria Cojocariu
Research officerVictoria Cojocariu hija uffiċjal tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol f'Eurofound, taħdem fuq id-djalogu soċjali u r-relazzjonijiet industrijali. Hija involuta b'mod estensiv fl-istudji ta' rappreżentattività li Eurofound twettaq biex tappoġġja d-djalogu soċjali Ewropew, kif ukoll f'studji li janalizzaw ir-rwol tal-partners soċjali fuq livell nazzjonali u Ewropew u prattiċi ta' negozjar kollettiv. L-interessi tar-riċerka tagħha jinkludu d-diġitalizzazzjoni, l-organizzazzjoni tax-xogħol u l-prattiċi tax-xogħol. Mill-2025, Victoria timmaniġġja d-database tal-UE PolicyWatch. Qabel ma ngħaqdet ma' Eurofound fl-2019, Victoria kienet riċerkatriċi għall-Centre for Public Innovation f'Bukarest u għall-Open Society Foundation Rumanija, fejn kontribwiet għal proġetti ta' riċerka nazzjonali nazzjonali ta' pajjiżi terzi, kif ukoll id-drittijiet tal-bniedem. Għandha gradwati BA u MA fis-Soċjoloġija.
Mária Sedláková
Research officerMária Sedláková hija uffiċjal tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol f'Eurofound, speċjalizzata fir-relazzjonijiet industrijali komparattivi, djalogu soċjali u negozjar kollettiv. Għandha esperjenza fl-analiżi tal-kontenut ta' ftehimiet kollettivi. Ix-xogħol attwali tagħha jesplora r-rwol tal-partners soċjali fil-gvernanza tas-servizzi pubbliċi nazzjonali tal-impjieg u l-istituzzjonijiet tas-sigurtà soċjali, kif ukoll ir-rwol tad-djalogu soċjali fil-migrazzjoni tax-xogħol. Hija wkoll tikkontribwixxi għall-valutazzjoni tar-rappreżentattività tal-partners soċjali settoriali fil-livell tal-UE u tiffaċilita s-Seminars Tripartiti kull sentejn. Qabel ma ngħaqdet ma' Eurofound, Mária wettqet riċerka dwar il-ftehim kollettiv fid-Dipartiment tal-Gvernanza u t-Tripartiżmu fl-Organizzazzjoni Internazzjonali tax-Xogħol f'Ġinevra (2020–2022), wara perjodu bħala riċerkatriċi fl-Istitut tal-Istudji tax-Xogħol tal-Ewropa Ċentrali f'Bratislava (2013–2020). Għandha MA fix-Xjenza Politika b'speċjalizzazzjoni fil-Politika Ewropea Komparattiva mill-Università Ċentrali Ewropea.
Tina Weber
Senior research managerTina Weber hija maniġer anzjan tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol ta' Eurofound. Ix-xogħol tagħha ffoka fuq nuqqas ta' ħaddiema, l-impatt tax-xogħol ibridu u kultura 'dejjem attiva' u d-dritt ta' diskonnessjoni, il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol u miżuri ta' protezzjoni soċjali għall-ħaddiema indipendenti u l-impatt ta' dawn iż-żewġ transizzjonijiet fuq l-impjieg, il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol u r-relazzjonijiet industrijali. Hija responsabbli għal studji li jivvalutaw ir-rappreżentanza ta' organizzazzjonijiet soċjali Ewropej. Hija wkoll wettqet riċerka fuq il-Kunsilli tax-Xogħol Ewropej u l-evoluzzjoni tar-relazzjonijiet industrijali u d-djalogu soċjali fl-Unjoni Ewropea. Qabel ma ngħaqdet ma' Eurofound fl-2019, ħadmet għal istituzzjoni privata ta' riċerka prinċipalment tagħmel valutazzjonijiet ta' impatt u politiki tas-suq tax-xogħol tal-UE. Tina għandha PhD fix-Xjenzi Politiċi mill-Università ta' Edinburgh li ffoka fuq ir-rwol tal-unions nazzjonali u l-organizzazzjonijiet tal-impjegaturi fid-djalogu soċjali Ewropew.
Din it-taqsima tipprovdi aċċess għall-kontenut kollu li ġie ppubblikat dwar is-suġġett.
