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Umirovljenje

Odlazak u mirovinu s plaćenog posla u dobi od 65 godina, a često i ranije, donedavno je bio norma u EU-u. Dob u kojoj ljudi odlaze u mirovinu razlikuje se u zemljama članicama EU-a, a dobna granica za odlazak u mirovinu sve je viša. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 prosinca 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Ovo se izvješće bavi utjecajem krize uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19 na kvalitetu života starijih građana, uključujući utjecaj na njihovu dobrobit, financije, zaposlenost i socijalnu uključenost. U njemu se istražuju učinci...

28 siječnja 2022
Publication
Research report
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 veljače 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

Kad „baby boom” generacija bude odlazila u mirovinu, bit će više radnika koji se povlače s tržišta rada nego onih koji u njega ulaze. Budući da ljudi žive duže, a stopa nataliteta pada diljem Europe, jedan je od prioriteta politike EU-a potaknuti Europljane da ostanu duže radno aktivni kako bi se osigurala održivost mirovinskih sustava i odgovarajuća socijalna zaštita. Posljednjih su godina neke države članice započele podizati dobne granice odlaska u mirovinu (na primjer, Irska će podići državnu dob umirovljenja na 68 godina do 2028., a Njemačka na 67 godina do 2031.) i traže načine poticanja radnika da duže ostanu radno aktivni. Sve više starijih radnika želi duže raditi.

U Bijeloj knjizi o mirovinama objavljenoj 2012. Europska komisija predlaže inicijative za stvaranje okvira kojim bi se starijim radnicima omogućilo da nastave raditi, ako su u mogućnosti, i time uštede više za mirovinu. Isto tako, Komisija je pozvala države članice da smanje razlike u zakonskoj dobi za umirovljenje između muškaraca i žena te da preispitaju dobi za obvezno umirovljenje  Komisija je razmotrila sustave umirovljenja za radnike u teškim ili opasnim poslovima u Europi te raspravila o reformama u tijeku i najboljim praksama, uključujući preporuke za države članice EU-a.

Rad Eurofounda

Tijekom godina Eurofound je analizirao pitanja povezana s umirovljenjem u zemljama EU-a. Istraživanjima se nastojalo razmotriti mogućnosti prijevremene i progresivne mirovine, kombiniranja rada s djelomičnim umirovljenjem, rada nakon umirovljenja, volontiranja u mirovini te pitanja povezana s mirovinama. Posljednjih godina istraživanja su usmjerena na produženje radnog vijeka u odnosu na sadašnju dob za umirovljenje, kao i na pitanja u vezi s preferencijama u pogledu rada, dohotka i kvalitete života.

Preferencije u pogledu rada u razdoblju prije umirovljenja

Analiza rezultata Eurofoundova trećeg Europskog istraživanja o kvaliteti života istražuje preferencije starijih radnika u pogledu radnog vremena. Rezultati otkrivaju da bi gotovo polovina radnika u dobi od 50 godina i više radije radila manji broj sati, uzimajući u obzir financijske potrebe. Znatan udio umirovljenika koji trenutačno ne rade plaćen posao volio bi raditi barem nekoliko sati tjedno. Istraživanje je analiziralo na koji način pregled karijere na polovini radnog vijeka može pomoći radnicima u razmatranju mogućnosti za ostajanje na radnom mjestu do što kasnije dobi pred umirovljenje. 

Kombiniranje rada s djelomičnim umirovljenjem

Trenutačno stariji radnici često napuštaju tržište rada prije zakonske dobi za umirovljenje zbog zdravstvenih problema, invaliditeta i odgovornosti u pogledu skrbi. Velik broj ljudi jednostavno želi raditi manje, usklađujući radno vrijeme sa svojim preferencijama. Jedan od načina motiviranja ljudi i omogućivanja da rade dulje jest olakšati im smanjenje broja radnih sati i istovremeno omogućiti da nadoknade gubitke u dohotku djelomičnom mirovinom ili naknadom. Istraživanje Eurofounda analizira utjecaj takvih sustava djelomičnog umirovljenja.

Rad nakon umirovljenja

U mnogim se zemljama starije osobe bave plaćenom djelatnošću nakon dobi za umirovljenje. Eurofoundovo istraživanje o dohotku od rada nakon umirovljenja u EU-u razmatra motive umirovljenika za traženje plaćenog posla i njihove mogućnosti zapošljavanja. Istražuje i strategije poduzeća za zapošljavanje i zadržavanje umirovljenika te ističe nedoumice i prednosti za starije ljude koji se žele baviti plaćenom djelatnošću. Isto tako, istraživanje proučava u kojoj je mjeri posao nakon umirovljenja povezan s primjerenošću dohotka među umirovljenim stanovništvom.

Mirovinska reforma

Mirovine su glavni izvor prihoda mnogim umirovljenicima. Reforma mirovinskih sustava posljednjih je godina usmjerena na održivost javnih mirovina i na povećanje stvarne dobi za umirovljenje. U Eurofoundovu istraživanju o uključenosti socijalnih partnera u mirovinsku reformu u EU-u razmatraju se reforme uvedene kao odgovor na gospodarsku i financijsku krizu, pri čemu se naglašava uloga socijalnih partnera u takvim reformama od 2008.

Volontiranje

S obzirom na starenje europskog stanovništva, socijalna uključenost starijih osoba i strategije za promicanje volontiranja među starijima važne su stavke u političkom programu EU-a. Istraživanje o volontiranju starijih ljudi u EU-u pokazuje najbolju praksu u svim aspektima volontiranja i njegovu povezanost sa socijalnom uključenošću. U istraživanju se razmatraju i mjere za poticanje volontiranja tijekom prijelaza s posla u mirovinu.

Žene i muškarci u mirovini

Žene odlaze u mirovinu ranije od muškaraca u većini država članica, dijelom zato što posvećuju više vremena brizi za uzdržavane osobe od svojih muških kolega. Međutim, to će se vjerojatno promijeniti narednih godina zbog planiranog povećanja dobi za umirovljenje u mnogim zemljama. Eurofound se bavio slučajevima starijih radnica u Europi i pružanjem motivacije da nastave više sudjelovati na tržištu rada, što bi dovelo do smanjenja stope prijevremenog umirovljenja žena. 

Key outputs

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Ovo se izvješće bavi utjecajem krize uzrokovane pandemijom bolesti COVID-19 na kvalitetu života starijih građana, uključujući utjecaj na njihovu dobrobit, financije, zaposlenost i socijalnu uključenost. U njemu se istražuju učinci...

28 siječnja 2022
Publication
Research report
ef18020_card_cover.png

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 veljače 2019
Publication
Policy brief
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Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 listopada 2018
Publication
Policy brief
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 prosinca 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

As the average age of the European population and of the European workforce rises, more people of working age will have to combine employment with the provision of care, especially to elderly relatives. There are many actors and institutions involved in organising such care, and many institutional

22 October 2015

The need to reform pension systems is one of the key challenges for social policymakers in Europe. This article provides an update of how the EU 28 and Norway are tackling this issue in the face of demographic change, focusing in particular on the involvement of the social partners and governments.

02 October 2015

The ageing of European society is leading to a situation where, at current employment levels, supporting the retired population will become increasingly unaffordable. The proposed solution can be summed up simply: bring more of the working age population into work and extend everyone’s working life

23 January 2015

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

14 June 2014

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to

20 January 2014

Achieving work environments that make work sustainable over a lifetime is a key facet of the promotion of longer working lives. This study - based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey - considers the dimensions of work that have proved essential to the understanding of work sustainability

09 December 2012

The proportion of people aged 65 and over will rise from 17% to 30% of the EU population by 2060, while at the same time the working age population will decline. The European Commission estimates that most of the increase in public spending in the EU over the next 50 years will be on pensions, long

28 November 2012

It is increasingly common for workers in the EU to take up paid work after retirement. This trend adds an important dimension to the current discourse on extending working lives. Facilitating work after retirement for those who want to work can contribute to sustainable pension systems. This study

14 November 2012

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions carried out major surveys on working conditions in Europe in 1990, 1995 and 2000. The findings of these surveys reveal a number of alarming trends regarding age and working conditions, in particular: a low level of access

26 August 2012

Online resources results (98)

New occupational pension regulations in force

On 1 January 2001, new regulations came into effect concerning occupational pensions (Lov om innskuddspensjon i arbeidsforhold). The new regulations provide for companies to receive tax allowances in connection with "defined-contribution" pension plans. Such allowances were previously confined to

Negotiations over 35-hour week in banking

During the second half of 2000, agreements on introducing the 35-hour working week were signed in France's major banks, after the sectoral-level social partners failed to deal with the issue in an industry-wide agreement concluded in January. Sectoral negotiations will now deal with working time

GSEE gives opinion on new draft bill on employment

In November 2000, the Greek General Confederation of Labour (GSEE) submitted to the Minister of Labour and Social Security its comments on the latter's draft bill on employment, which contains a number of measures reforming aspects of industrial relations such as overtime, working time flexibility

SEV criticises new draft bill on employment

In late November 2000, Federation of Greek Industries (SEV) commented on the government's recently issued draft bill on employment, which contains a number of measures reforming aspects of industrial relations such as overtime, working time flexibility and social insurance contributions. The

Compromise over anticipatory pension scheme reform

During late 2000 (DK0012105N [1]), quadripartite negotiations - involving the government, local authorities and the social partners - were held on the twin themes on reforming the "anticipatory pension" early retirement scheme and on a more inclusive and flexible labour market, focusing on state

Pre-retirement under debate

A report published in summer 2000 finds that large Spanish companies are increasingly using the mechanism of "pre-retirement" for older workers, even when they are not in a situation of crisis. Such schemes affect workers over the age of 50 and are seen as a way to reduce workforces that is fairly

Economic Policy Committee reports on state pension systems

In February 2000, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council of Ministers (Ecofin) requested that the Economic Policy Committee (EPC) prepare by December 2000 a preliminary report on the impact of the ageing population on state pension systems. This report was published on 26 October 2000 and is

Pension reform in place

On 5 July 2000, the Austrian parliament passed the reform of the pensions system initiated by the coalition government of the populist Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) and the conservative People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei, ÖVP) (AT0002212F [1]). The reform consists of

Interim report on 2000 collective bargaining round

In July 2000, the collective agreement archive of the Institute for Economic and Social Research (Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, WSI) within the Hans-Böckler Foundation published an interim report on the 2000 collective bargaining round ("Tarifpolitischer Halbjahresbericht. Eine

2000 collective bargaining round progresses relatively quietly

The average wage increase amounted to 3.4% in the most important collective agreements concluded in the Netherlands' 2000 collective bargaining round up until the end of June. It is noteworthy that numerous agreements now include agreements on performance-based payment in some form. It is also


Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 rujna 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

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