Life satisfaction
Data source: 2016 EQLS survey
Ability to choose or change
methods of work
Data source: 2015 EWCS survey
Possibility to accumulate overtime
for days off
Data source: 2013 ECS survey
Living and working in Portugal
18 Spalis 2017
- Population: 10.3 million (2017)
- Real GDP growth: 1.5% (2016)
- Unemployment rate: 11.2% (2016)
Data source: Eurostat
Eurofound provides research, data and analysis on a wide range of social and work-related topics. This information is largely comparative, but also offers country-specific information for each of the 28 EU Member States. Most information is available in English but some has been translated to facilitate access at national level.
Eurofound strives to strengthen the ongoing link between its own work and national policy debates and priorities related to quality of life and work. Increasingly important in this context is the Europe 2020 growth and jobs strategy launched in 2010, which has five headline targets, covering employment through to social inclusion and poverty reduction. The strategy is implemented in the context of the European Semester process – the EU's annual cycle of economic policy guidance and surveillance – which ensures that Member States keep their budgetary and economic policies in line with their EU commitments through, in part, National Reform Programmes. These programmes form the basis for the European Commission's proposals for country-specific recommendations (CSRs) for each Member State.
European Commission: The European Semester
European Commission: The European Semester - EU country-specific recommendations
European Commission: European Semester documents for Portugal
2015 Eurofound EWCS survey results in Portugal: 87% of people think their safety is not at risk because of their work
The country page gives access to Eurofound's most recent survey data and news, directly related to Portugal:
- Living in Portugal - country-level data from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)
- Working life in Portugal - key characteristic of working life across a range of parameters.
Read the highlights for 2018 for working life in Portugal
Survey results
Recent developments
Eurofound contacts in Portugal
Correspondents in Portugal
Correspondents report on topics related to developments in the countries working life and inform Eurofound’s pan-European comparative analysis. Read more
Consortium Study Centre for Social Intervention (CESIS) / Centre for Socioeconomic and Territorial Studies (ISCTE-IUL)
Eurofound governing board members form Portugal
Eurofound's Governing Board represents the social partners and national governments of all Member States, as well as the European Commission. Read more
Nelson Ferreira Ministry of Labour and Solidarity - Authority for Working Conditions
Marcelino Pena Costa Confederation of Trade and Services of Portugal - CCP
Carlos Manuel dos Anjos Alves General Workers’ Union (UGT)
Living in Portugal
Quality of life
Quality of life
Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) shows that both life satisfaction and happiness have increased in Portugal during the years of observation. Average life satisfaction increased from 6.0 in 2003 to 6.9 in 2016, but still slightly lower than the EU28 average of 7.1 (on a scale of 1–10). Similarly, happiness increased from 6.9 in 2003 to 7.5 in 2016, which was slightly above the EU28 average of 7.4.
Respondents in Portugal are less optimistic than people on average in the EU: 54% of respondents were optimistic about their own future in 2016, in comparison to 64% on average in the EU. Similarly, 54% of respondents were optimistic about their children’s or grandchildren’s future in 2016, again lower than the EU average of 57%.
| 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
| Life satisfaction | Mean (1-10) | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 6.9 |
| Taking all things together on a scale of 1 to 10, how happy would you say you are? | Mean (1-10) | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.5 |
| Optimism about own future | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 54% |
| Optimism about children’s or grandchildren’s future | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 54% |
| Take part in sports or physical exercise | At least once a week | - | - | 25% | 39% |
| In general, how is your health? | Very good | - | 11% | 16% | 19% |
| WHO-5 mental wellbeing index | Mean (1-100) | - | 60 | 66 | 66 |
| Making ends meet | With some difficulty, difficulty, and great difficulty | 41% | 33% | 41% | 37% |
| I feel I am free to decide how to live my life | Strongly agree | - | - | 29% | 19% |
| I find it difficult to deal with important problems that come up in my life | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 18% |
| When things go wrong in my life, it generally takes me a long time to get back to normal | Agree & strongly agree | - | - | - | 19% |
Work-life balance
Work-life balance
The frequency of work–life balance problems in Portugal is close to the average EU level. For instance, 53% of respondents were too tired from work to do household jobs at least several times a month in 2016, compared with the EU28 average of 59%. Additionally, 36% of respondents in Portugal had difficulties to fulfil family responsibilities because of work at least several times a month, just slightly lower than the EU28 average of 38%.The least common work–life balance problem was having difficulties to concentrate at work because of family responsibilities, reported by 22% of respondents in Portugal in 2016, which was slightly above the corresponding EU28 average of 19%.
| 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
| (At least several times a month) | |||||
| I have come home from work too tired to do some of the household jobs which need to be done | Total | 55% | 46% | 49% | 53% |
| Men | 49% | 42% | 43% | 51% | |
| Women | 64% | 51% | 56% | 55% | |
| It has been difficult for me to fulfil my family responsibilities because of the amount of time I spend on the job | Total | 38% | 29% | 27% | 36% |
| Men | 37% | 27% | 25% | 35% | |
| Women | 40% | 31% | 28% | 36% | |
| I have found it difficult to concentrate at work because of my family responsibilities | Total | 23% | 15% | 17% | 22% |
| Men | 21% | 14% | 16% | 22% | |
| Women | 26% | 17% | 18% | 22% | |
Quality of society
Quality of society
Perceived tensions between poor and rich people have decreased in Portugal, from 25% of respondents reporting a lot of tension in 2003 to 11% in 2016. This is also significantly below the EU28 average of 29% in 2016. Perceived tensions between different racial and ethnic groups have also decreased, from 37% of respondents reporting a lot of this type of tension in 2003 to 21% in 2016. This share is low compared with the EU28 average of 41%.
Only 5% of respondents in Portugal reported their involvement in unpaid voluntary work at least once a month in 2016, half the EU28 average of 10%.
| 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
| Social exclusion index | Mean (1-5) | - | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Trust in people | Mean (1-10) | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.7 |
| Involvement in unpaid voluntary work | % 'at least once a month' | - | - | 7% | 5% |
| Tension between poor and rich people | % reporting 'a lot of tension' | 25% | 23% | 21% | 11% |
| Tension between different racial and ethnic groups | % reporting 'a lot of tension' | 37% | 22% | 21% | 21% |
| I feel safe when I walk alone after dark | Strongly agree | - | - | - | 29% |
Quality of public services
Quality of public services
Quality ratings for seven public services
Note: scale of 1-10, Source: EQLS 2016.
The perceived quality of health services has increased in Portugal, from 4.9 in 2003 to 6.3 in 2016, advancing towards the EU28 average of 6.7 (on a scale of 1–10). Similar positive patterns can also be observed in the perceived quality of the education system and childcare services. However, the perceived quality of long-term care services has decreased in Portugal, from 5.4 in 2011 to 5.0 in 2016. The perceived quality of the state pension system deteriorated between 2003 and 2007, from 5.1 to 3.3, but has since improved slightly to 4.2 in 2016. All of the quality ratings for public services in Portugal are below their respective EU28 averages.
| 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2016 | ||
| Health services | Mean (1-10) | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 6.3 |
| Education system | Mean (1-10) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 6.5 |
| Public transport | Mean (1-10) | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 |
| Childcare services | Mean (1-10) | - | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.2 |
| Long-term care services | Mean (1-10) | - | - | 5.4 | 5.0 |
| Social housing | Mean (1-10) | - | - | 5.4 | 5.3 |
| State pension system | Mean (1-10) | 5.1 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
Working life in Portugal
About
- Autorius: Heloísa Perista, Maria da Paz Campos Lima and Paula Carrilho
- Institution: CESIS
- Published on: Penktadienis, Rugpjūtis 3, 2018
This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Portugal. It aims to complement other EurWORK research by providing the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life. This includes indicators, data and regulatory systems on the following aspects: actors and institutions, collective and individual employment relations, health and well-being, pay, working time, skills and training, and equality and non-discrimination at work. The profiles are updated annually.
Highlights – Working life in 2018
Highlights – Working life in 2018
Authors: Maria da Paz Campos Lima and Paula Carrilho, CESIS
Updated on: 13 March 2019
Working paper: Portugal: Developments in working life 2018
In Portugal, 2018 – the third year of Socialist Party (PS) government’s mandate – was very positive from the perspective of various indicators. These included economic growth, employment creation and reduction in the unemployment rate – which was down to 6.6% – and a slight decrease in poverty and inequality levels. As in previous years, expectations surrounding post-austerity recovery were of critical concern to public sector employees, who generated a wave of strikes in the last quarter of 2018, including a general strike focused on wages and careers. This certainly presented a challenge, in view of the strict conditions imposed on public expenses in accordance with EU constraints.
Legislative changes that were implemented included reinforcing gender equality rights on the grounds of equal pay for performing equal work or work of equal value; reinforcing social rights for the self-employed in relation to sickness, child cash support and unemployment benefits; creating better conditions for the self-employed in order to secure the continuity of their contributory careers and give employers increased responsibility for social security contributions for the self-employed; reducing penalties on early retirement for employees with long working careers.
June 2018 saw the signing of the tripartite agreement on combating precarious work, labour market segmentation and promoting greater dynamism in collective bargaining. It included some of the measures negotiated between the leftist parties as a condition of their support for the PS government and also measures responding to the concerns of employer confederations. The trade union confederations were divided at the Standing Committee for Social Concertation (CPCS), with the General Union of Workers (UGT) signing the agreement and the General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (CGTP) clearly opposing it. The legislative package to implement this agreement was generally approved, with the PS voting in favour, the centre-right parties abstaining and the leftist parties voting against it. Due to some contentious issues, detailed discussion and the final vote were postponed until 2019.
In relation to collective bargaining, the CGTP considered that the measures were very limited as they did not fully reinstate the principle of most favourable treatment and kept in place the possibility of termination of collective agreements by unilateral decision of one of the signatory parties. Moreover, the CGTP expressed concerns over the proposal within the tripartite agreement to replace individual employer–employee negotiations of ‘working time accounts’ with company referendums organised by the employers, a measure that CGTP viewed as a new threat to collective bargaining. The CGTP also warned that the supervision of such referendums would be almost impossible, due to lack of trade union resources and the limited presence of worker representative structures in the workplace.
While these matters remained open pending the parliament’s final decision, the Ministry of Labour came forward at the end of the year with a new package, the 3 em Linha programme – with a focus on work–life balance and gender equality. The plan, which was ambitious in terms of implementation, would involve tripartite consultations and collective bargaining, and one of the issues addressed in connection with work–life balance and gender equality is precisely working time flexibility and new rights in relation to working time accounts. The debate with social partners was expected to take place in 2019.
Key figures
Key figures
Comparative figures on working life in Portugal
|
2012 |
2017 |
% (point) change |
|||||
|
Portugal |
EU28 |
Portugal |
EU28 |
Portugal |
EU28 |
||
|
GDP per capita |
16100 |
25700 |
17400 |
27600 |
8.1% |
7.4% |
|
|
Unemployment rate – total |
15.8 |
10.5 |
9.5 |
7.6 |
-6.8 |
-2.9 |
|
|
Unemployment rate – women |
15.6 |
10.6 |
11.3 |
7.9 |
-6.1 |
-2.7 |
|
|
Unemployment rate – men |
15.1 |
10.4 |
8.6 |
7.4 |
-7.3 |
-3.0 |
|
|
Unemployment rate – youth |
38.0 |
23.3 |
23.8 |
16.8 |
-14.2 |
-6.5 |
|
|
Employment rate – total |
73.4 |
71.7 |
74.7 |
73.4 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
|
|
Employment rate – women |
69.7 |
65.5 |
71.6 |
67.9 |
1.9 |
2.4 |
|
|
Employment rate – men |
77.3 |
77.8 |
77.9 |
78.9 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
|
|
Employment rate – youth |
37.1 |
42.4 |
34.0 |
41.7 |
-3.1 |
-0.7 |
|
Source: Eurostat - Real GDP per capita (chain linked volumes [2010], in EUR) and percentage change 2012-2017 (both based on tsdec100). Unemployment rate by sex and age - annual average, % [une_rt_a]; Employment rate by sex and age - annual average, % [lfsi _emp_a].
Background
Background
Economic and labour market context
Between 2012 and 2017, Portugal’s GDP grew by 8.1%, slightly higher than the EU average of 7.4% for the same period. During this time, there was a decrease in unemployment, which stood at 9.5% in 2017. The EU average for the same year was 7.6%. Female employment rate increased slightly from 2012 and stood at 71.6% in 2017, higher than the EU average of 67.9%. Total employment rate in 2017 was 74.7, slightly higher that the EU average for the same year, 73.4%.
More information on:
- European Commission: EURES - living and working in Portugal
- European Industrial Relations Dictionary: Undeclared work
- Data - Tackling undeclared work in Europe
Legal context
The main legislation covering the employment relationship and industrial relations in force are the Labour Code (Código de Trabalho) that regulates the private sector and the General Labour Law in Public Functions (Lei Geral do Trabalho em Funções Públicas) that regulates the public sector.
The 2009 Labour Code was subject to seven amendments between 2011 and 2014, during the centre right government PSD/CDS, mostly to comply with the requirements of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Troika institutions – the European Commission (EC), the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These amendments introduced regulations to increase labour market flexibility and decentralise collective bargaining (Law 23/2012), to allow the suspension of collective agreements in companies in crisis and to shorten the periods of validity and survival of collective agreements (Law 55/2014). The rules on the extension of collective agreements were modified by Resolution 90/2012 which introduced criteria based on employers’ associations representativeness (to employ more than 50% of all employees in the industry concerned); and later by Resolution 43/2014 that added new alternative criteria, i.e., that the number of members of the employers’ association consist at least of 30% of micro, small and medium enterprises.
The amendments to the Labour Code introduced in 2015 aimed at improving gender equality at work and parental rights. The amendments introduced in 2016, in the new political cycle of the government of the Socialist Party supported by left parties, re-established four civil and religious holidays (Law 8/2016) that had been suppressed in 2012; and introduced new rules to combat modern forms of forced labour (Law 28/2016), considering not only the criminal responsibility of subcontractors and temporary staffing agencies, but also the responsibility of company users. Also Law 73/2017 reinforcing the legal framework regulating harassment at work in the private and public sectors, amended the Labour Code, the Labour Procedure Code and the General Labour Law in Public Functions. In the public sector, the most important changes were the reversal of nominal wages cuts that had been in place since 2011 and the re-establishment of the 35 hour week in the public sector, through the second amendment (Law 18/2016) to the General Labour Law in Public Functions.
Industrial relations context
In Portugal, industrial relations democratic institutions emerged in the context of the revolutionary transition to democracy post 1974. After almost half a century of dictatorship and the longest authoritarian corporatism in Europe (Wiarda, 1977; Schmitter, 1982, 1999), the new democratic state played a major role in the 1970s to improve labour standards and in the configuration of the system of industrial relations. The political influence of trade union and employer confederations was encouraged by the institutionalisation of tripartite concertation, a process that started in 1984 and gained increasing relevancy (Campos Lima and Naumann, 2011). In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, tripartite social pacts played a central role in conditioning collective bargaining towards wage moderation, although CGTP – the most representative trade union confederation – did not sign them. In contrast, UGT signed all those social pacts.
The Labour Code 2003, a centre–right government initiative, reversed the principle of favor laboratoris and introduced mechanisms to speed up the termination of collective agreements and reduce their period of validity after expiring. Collective bargaining entered into crisis in 2004, with a sharp decline of the level of renewals of collective agreements and respective coverage (only 600,000 workers). A recovery of collective bargaining was facilitated by the medium-term tripartite agreement in 2006 on the trajectory of the minimum wage signed by all social partners. By the year 2008, when the international financial crisis occurred, around 1,800,000 workers were covered by collective agreement renewals, representing around 65% of total employees (excluding public administration). The 2009 Labour Code, a socialist government initiative, introduced new rules: re-establishing partially the favor laboratoris principle; further facilitating the unilateral ‘caducity’ of collective agreements and reducing their survival period; and introducing the possibility of non-union negotiations at firm level, based on trade union mandate (Campos Lima and Abrantes 2016; Campos Lima, 2017). The 2003 Labour Code had opened the way for employers to withdraw unilaterally from existing collective agreements, but due to loopholes in the law, this did not apply to some very important agreements (mainly in manufacturing). The revision of the Labour Code in 2009 removed all obstacles for the withdrawal from agreements.
The measures and legislation imposed in the period 2011-2014, during the centre–right coalition, in line with MoU requirements (and beyond), reduced even more drastically the bargaining power of trade unions. Legislation gave more room for non-union representatives to negotiate at firm level. The period of survival of collective agreements was even more reduced, encouraging employers to withdraw unilaterally from existing agreements. Stricter conditions (based on representativeness of employer organisations) were required for the extension of collective agreements. It became possible to proceed to the suspension (derogation) of collective agreements for companies in crisis. All these changes combined with the economic crisis led to a dramatic decline in the level of collective agreement renewals and workers covered, which reached the lowest historical levels in 2012, 2013 and 2014 (Campos Lima, 2017).
The increase of the minimum wage in 2015 and 2016 (in connection with tripartite agreements) and the milder exigencies introduced by the 2014 rules on the extension, contributed to some recovery of collective bargaining, but there is still a long way to go. This is one of the challenges of the present socialist government. The left parties that support the government and CGTP have been asking for an in-depth revision of the legal framework of collective bargaining in order to fully re-establish the principle of favor laboratoris and to allow collective agreements to expire only following a joint decision of the parties. The debate on the minimum wage increase for 2017, and on labour market reforms and collective bargaining at the CPCS, initiated in the last quarter of 2016, culminated in the signature of the Tripartite Commitment for a Mid-term Concertation Agreement in January 2017 and the signature of the Amendment to the Tripartite Commitment in February 2017 (see section Tripartite and bipartite bodies and concertation). In line with the debate at the CPCS in 2017, the government revised the criteria for the extension of collective agreements (see extension mechanisms) and a bipartite agreement between employer confederations and trade union confederations suspended temporarily for 18 months any unilateral initiatives demanding the expire of agreements (see expiry of collective agreements).
Actors and institutions
Actors and institutions
Trade unions, employers’ organisations and public institutions play a key role in the governance of the employment relationship, working conditions and industrial relations structures. They are interlocking parts in a multilevel system of governance that includes European, national, sectoral, regional (provincial or local) and company levels. This section looks into the main actors and institutions and their role in Portugal.
Public authorities involved in regulating working life
In Portugal, the Ministry of Labour, Solidarity, and Social Security (Ministério do Trabalho, Solidariedade e Segurança Social, MTSS) approves and implements policies related to employment, vocational and qualification training, labour market and industrial relations through the Directorate-General for Employment and Labour Relations (Direção-Geral do Emprego e das Relações de Trabalho, DGERT) and the Working Conditions Authority (Autoridade para as Condições do Trabalho, ACT). DGERT is responsible for supporting the development of policies, legislation and regulations on employment and vocational training and on industrial relations, including working conditions and health, safety and well-being at work.
ACT is responsible for promoting improved working conditions by ensuring compliance with labour regulations and for promoting occupational risk prevention policies in public administration departments and bodies, and in all sectors of activity.
Two other bodies are able to pursue inquiries in cases of occupational disease or other damage to health that occurred during work or are related to work. The Social Security Institute (Instituto da Segurança Social, ISS), through the Protection against Occupational Risks Department (Departamento de Proteção Contra os Riscos Profissionais), is responsible for managing the treatment and recovery from illness or disability arising from occupational hazards. The Directorate-General of Health (Direção-Geral da Saúde, DGS) is one of the main stakeholders in the definition, promotion and enforcement of occupational health policy, through its Environmental and Occupational Health Division (Divisão de Saúde Ambiental e Ocupacional). The DGS is responsible for promoting the assessment of the relationships between work and health/ill health and evaluating the impact of work on health (disability and death). It is also responsible for supporting the development of policies, legislation, regulations, guidelines, etc. on health surveillance.
Representativeness
Portuguese legislation does not provide rules regarding criteria and mechanisms to access the representativeness of trade unions and employer associations and regarding the implications of representativeness in social dialogue institutions and collective bargaining. All officially registered unions or employer associations are entitled to engage in collective bargaining. What counts is mutual recognition.
The MoU required that the extension of collective agreements should be based on representativeness, both of trade unions and employer associations. The legal changes in 2012 and in 2014 referred only to employer representativeness/representation. In the 2012 version, they had to represent 50% of employment in the sector, in many sectors an impossible target. In the 2014 version their membership had to include 30% of micro, small and medium enterprises, to be allowed to extend the collective agreements.
These rules were withdrawn in 2017 for a number of reasons: the negative impact in collective bargaining, by reducing the number of extensions and the number of updated collective agreements and their coverage; the weakness of employers’ associations as highlighted by the Green Paper on Labour Relations 2016, with only 19% of companies in Portugal in 2014 claiming to be affiliated to employer associations; and the fact that both employer confederations and trade union confederations were opposed or reticent to criteria of the extension based on representativeness/representation. In May 2017 Resolution 82/2017 (PDF) replaced the criteria of representativeness/representation of employer associations by new criteria for the extension of collective agreements: the effect on the wage bill and economic impacts; the level of the wage increase; the impact on the wage scale and on the reduction of inequality; the percentage of workers to be covered (in total and by gender); and the proportion of women that will benefit.
More information on representativeness of the main social partner organisations can be found in Eurofound’s representativeness study of the cross-industry social partners or in Eurofound’s sectoral representativeness studies.
- Publication: Representativeness of the social partners in the European cross-industry social dialogue
Trade unions
About trade union representation
The right to organise in a trade union (liberdade sindical) is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic and by the Labour Code. Very few groups are excluded from this right, namely members of the armed forces and militarised security forces.
Measuring trade union membership in Portugal is a particularly difficult task because most unions do not provide updated and accurate information. Since 2010, the annual mandatory survey (Relatório Único/Ordinance 55/2010) for all companies in the market sector (Relatório Único/Ordinance 55/2010) includes a question to employers about the number of employees affiliated to trade unions. As highlighted in the Green Paper on Labour Relations 2016, the percentage of companies that indicate unionised workers is less than 4% and the data on unionised workers points to a union density between 11% and 9% in the period of 2010-2014. Furthermore, these data do not include the public sector where trade union density is always much higher.
Published data (Visser, ICTWSS 5.1., 2016) show a remarkable stability of union density in Portugal until 2011. It would be necessary to do further in-depth research in order to check whether this picture reflects the real trends. The latest published data (Visser, ICTWSS 5.1, 2016) reported that CGTP comprised around 460,000 members in 2011 and UGT around 193,000 in the same year and that independent unions comprised around 19,000 members. There is some discrepancy between this data and the own assessment by trade union confederations, in particular by UGT. According to the CGTP report (13th congress of CGTP /February 2016), this confederation has lost almost 64,000 members in the last four years, one-tenth of the 614,000 members it had in 2012. UGT reported (Expresso, 20 April 2016) they had lost 80,000 members in those four years, estimating they have at present around 420,000 members.
Union density is particularly high in public administration and in large state-owned companies, and it is above the average in transport and manufacturing.
Trade union membership and trade union density
|
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
Source |
|
|
Trade union density in terms of active employees |
19.3 |
18.3 |
18.5 |
n.a |
n.a |
n.a |
(Visser ICTWSS 5.1, 2016) |
|
Trade union membership in 1,000s |
770 |
723 |
700 |
n.a |
n.a |
n.a |
(Visser ICTWSS 5.1, 2016) |
Main trade union confederations and federations
There are two trade union confederations (CGTP and UGT) that have access to tripartite social concertation at macro level (Standing Committee for Social Concertation, CPCS).
Main trade union confederations and federations
|
Long name |
Abbreviation |
Members |
Involved in collective bargaining |
|
General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses – Intersindical Nacional) |
CGTP-IN |
In 2011, approximately 460,000 Source: ICTWSS Database 5.1 September 2016 in XLSX, J. Visser, (AIAS), University of Amsterdam |
No, not directly (only via its member organisations) |
|
General Union of Workers (União Geral de Trabalhadores) |
UGT |
In 2011, approximately 193,000 Source: ICTWSS Database 5.1 September 2016 in XLSX, Jelle Visser, (AIAS), University of Amsterdam |
No, not directly (only via its member organisations) |
|
Union Federation of Financial Sector (Federação Nacional do Sector Financeiro) |
FEBASE (UGT) |
At present, approximately 79,000 (large share of retired workers) Source: Data based on results of internal elections at the three unions in the banking sector and authors’ estimates of membership of the two unions in the insurance industry |
Yes |
|
Federation of unions of Metal Chemical, Electric, Pharmaceutical, Paper, Printing, Energy and Mining industries (Federação Intersindical das Indústrias Metalúrgicas, Químicas, Eléctricas, Farmacêutica, Celulose, Papel, Gráfica, Imprensa, Energia e Minas) |
FIEQUIMETAL (CGTP-IN) |
Due to a broad and complex process of mergers carried out by FIEQUIMETAL during the past few years, it is difficult to estimate the membership numbers of this federation, but FIEQUIMETAL probably has between 70,000 and 90,000 members |
|
|
National Federation of Teachers (Federação Nacional dos Professores) |
FENPROF (CGTP-IN) |
60,000 Source: Data based on results of internal elections at the member unions |
|
|
National Federation of Public Sector Trade Unions (Federação Nacional dos Sindicatos da Função Pública) |
FNSFP (CGTP-IN) |
Between 50,000 and 65,000 Source: Data based on results of internal elections at the member unions |
|
|
Federation of unions of Textile, Wool, Clothing, Footwear and Leather workers (Federação dos Sindicatos dos Trabalhadores Têxteis, Lanifícios, Vestuário, Calçado e Peles de Portugal) |
FESETE (CGTP-IN) |
50,000 Source: Data based on results of internal elections at the member unions |
During the past 15 years, the most comprehensive and profound restructuring among Portuguese unions was carried out by FIEQUIMETAL. The process began in 1999 with the merger of CGTP’s metal and chemical and chemical workers’ federations and was continued in 2007 with the integration of the electrical workers’ federation. In 2010, eight of FIEQUIMETAL’s member unions merged into four newly created regional unions covering several branches of manufacturing. In the same year, the national Union of Paper and Printing Workers integrated itself into these four new organisations. FIEQUIMETAL now covers the following sectors: metal, chemical, electrical, pharmaceutical, paper and pulp, graphical, press, energy and mining.
Another important structuring process occurred in 2007 when UGT’s three banking and two insurance unions created the National Federation of the Finance Sector (FEBASE). During the same year, CGTP’s transport and communication unions founded FECTRANS. In contrast to FIEQUIMETAL, the creation of FEBASE and FECTRANS did not result in restructuring the member organisations.
Employers’ organisations
About employers’ representation
The Constitution guarantees the right to organise voluntarily and protects against any coercion to affiliate in an association, and the Labour Code specifies this right for employers’ organisations.
As regards the legal status of interest associations, there is an important distinction between the employers’ organisations that are recognised as social partners on the one hand and pure trade associations on the other.
The main employers’ organisations that are represented in the most important cross-sectoral, national institution for social dialogue, the Permanent Commission of Social Concertation (Comissão Permanente de Concertação Social, CPCS) are: the Entrepreneurial Confederation of Portugal (Confederação Empresarial de Portugal, CIP), the Confederation of Commerce and Services of Portugal (Confederação do Comércio e Serviços de Portugal, CCP), the Confederation of Farmers of Portugal (Confederação dos Agricultores de Portugal, CAP), and the Confederation of Portuguese Tourism (Confederação do Turismo Português, CTP).
The Entrepreneurial Confederation of Portugal was founded in 2010 as a result of the merger of the Confederation of Portuguese Industry (CIP) with the two large national entrepreneurial associations, AIP and AEP. With this merger, CIP consolidated its leading role in the employers’ camp.
There are no published membership data regarding employers’ organisations. However the annual mandatory survey to all companies in the market sector (Relatório Único) includes a question to employers about their affiliation in employers’ associations and their number of employees, which allows to estimate the overall employers’organisations density in terms of the percentage of companies that are affiliated (19% in 2014) and in terms of active employees (39% in 2014), as reported in the Green Paper on Labour Relations 2016.
Employers’ organisations – membership and density
|
2012 |
2013 |
Source |
2014 |
Source |
|
|
Employers’ organisation density in terms of active employees |
- |
34% |
ECS 2013 survey question: ‘Is your company a member of any employers’ organisation which participates in collective bargaining?’ |
39% |
National Source: Relatório Único/ Green Paper on Labour Relations 2016 |
|
Employers’ organisation density in private sector establishments* |
n.a. |
- |
European Company Survey 2013 |
19% |
National Source: Relatório Único/Green Paper on Labour Relations 2016 |
* Percentage of employees working in an establishment that is a member of any employers’ organisation that is involved in collective bargaining.
Main employers’ organisations
There are two main employers’ confederations (CIP and CCP) covering more than one sector that have access to the body of tripartite social concertation at macro level (Standing Committee for Social Concertation, CPCS).
Main employers’ organisations and confederations
|
Long name |
Abbreviation |
Members |
Year |
Involved in collective bargaining |
|
Entrepreneurial Confederation of Portugal (Confederação Empresarial de Portugal) |
CIP |
Approximately 820,000 (without members of Chambers of Industry and Commerce) Source: Authors’ calculations based on data provided by CIP |
2013 |
No, only via its members |
|
Confederation of Trade and Services of Portugal (Confederação do Comércio e Serviços de Portugal) |
CCP |
No data |
- |
No, only via its members |
Tripartite and bipartite bodies and concertation
The tripartite body for social concertation at macro level is the Standing Committee for Social Concertation (Comissão Permanente de Concertação Social – CPCS). It was created in 1984 and produced several agreements on income policies, setting reference values for the wage increases in collective bargaining. In 1990 and 1996, broad pacts covering a wide range of areas were signed. These agreements were only signed by one trade union confederation, UGT; CGTP-IN did not sign any of them.
In 1991, the first specific agreements were signed at the CPCS: one on health and safety at the workplace and the other on vocational education and training. After the last broad agreement signed in 1996 (which was also the last agreement with guidelines for wage bargaining), this new type of specific agreement became the dominant means of social concertation until 2008. CGTP-IN signed several agreements of this type. The areas covered by these specific agreements were health and safety (1991, 2000, 2006), occupational training (1991, 2000, 2007), public pension schemes (2001, 2006), and the minimum wage mid-term agreement (2006). The tripartite agreements of 2008 and 2012 encompassed again a large number of issues including the revision of labour legislation, both against the opposition of CGTP. Analysis of social dialogue under the shadow of Troika and of tripartite agreement 2012 suggest that mostly the government combined unilateral decision with subordinating social dialogue to MoU demands and that no significant trade-off was really achieved (Campos Lima and Abrantes, 2016; Almeida et al, 2016).
Since the last quarter of 2014, tripartite concertation with a focus on the minimum wage regained importance with the signature of a tripartite agreement. In the new political cycle, under the government of the Socialist Party supported by the left parties, another tripartite agreement was signed with a focus on the implementation of the minimum wage update for 2016.
Moreover, the debate on the minimum wage increase for 2017 and on labour market reforms and collective bargaining at the CPCS initiated in the last quarter of 2016 culminated in the signature of the Tripartite Commitment for a Mid-term Concertation Agreement in January 2017 and the signature of the Amendment to the Tripartite Commitment in February 2017.
This Tripartite Commitment comprised the 2017 minimum wage update and a fiscal measure benefiting SMES and also the compromise to promote joint actions to improve collective bargaining and modernise the labour market, including:
- the bipartite commitment between trade union and employer confederations (extended also to the state as an employer) to commit their constituencies (unions, employer associations, single employers) not to require unilaterally the expiry of collective agreements during a period of 18 months (starting January 2017);
- the tripartite debate based on the Green Paper on Labour Relations 2016 in relation to the following issues: measures to combat labour market segmentation; revision of the regime of wage guarantee fund; and discussion of a proposal regarding the framework and legal deadlines for the extension of collective agreements.
Main tripartite and bipartite bodies
|
Name |
Type |
Level |
Issues covered |
|
Standing Committee for Social Concertation (Comissão Permanente de Concertação Social, CPCS) |
Tripartite |
National |
All issues related to work relations, employment, economic and social affairs; agreements may refer to political strategies and/or to specific measures |
Workplace-level employee representation
The rights of works councils (comissões de trabalhadores) and trade union organisation at the company level are guaranteed by the Constitution and regulated by the Labour Code.
The competences of works councils are largely limited to information and consultation. The legal possibility of unions to delegate their ability to sign collective agreements to works councils created in 2009 and extended in 2012 did not have any effect in practice.
Unions have the exclusive right to sign legally binding collective agreements and to call for strikes. Union structures at company level (delegates or committees) are involved in collective bargaining if the trade union board wants to be. It is the board who makes the decisions in relation to the negotiations.
Data from the ECS confirm the findings of a survey in the 1990s: the trade union delegates are the most numerous bodies (in terms of establishments and employees covered).
Regulation, composition and competences of the bodies
|
Regulation |
Composition |
Competences of the body Involved in company level collective bargaining? |
Thresholds/rules when they need to be/can be set up |
|
|
Workers’ Commission (Comissão de Trabalhadores, CT) |
Constitution of the Portuguese Republic and Labour Code |
Workers elected by all employees of the company |
No, but since 2009 (and extended in 2012), the Labour Code allows unions to delegate their right to collective bargaining to representative bodies at company level. This includes CTs. (The central competence of CTs is information and consultation.) |
CTs can be created in all companies. There is no threshold. |
|
Trade union delegate (Delegado Sindical) |
Constitution of the Portuguese Republic and Labour Code |
Delegate elected by the members of the respective union employed in the company |
Involved via their trade union. The signing party of collective agreements is always the union. |
Union delegates may be elected in all companies. There is no threshold. |
|
Union Committee (Comissão Sindical, CS) or Inter-union Committee (Comissão Intersindical, CIS) |
Constitution of the Portuguese Republic and Labour Code |
Constituted by Union Delegates of one (CS) or several (CIS) unions |
Involved via their trade union(s). The signing party of collective agreements is always the union. |
Union Committees and Inter-Union committees may be elected in all companies. There is no threshold. |
Employee representation at establishment level
In the figure, we see a comparison between Portugal and European Union for the people with 'Establishment size : All' when asked 'Official structure of employee representation present at establishment'. For the 'Yes' answer, Portugal's score is lower than the European Union score. For the 'No' answer, Portugal's score is higher than the European Union score. The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries.
Industrial action and disputes
Industrial action and disputes
Legal aspects
In Portugal, strikes are the most widely used form of industrial action by far. Other forms of industrial dispute, such as sit-ins and other disruptive actions, were relevant during the revolutionary period (1974–1975) and its aftermath, but they do not occur any longer. An exception may be when workers at a factory that is closing try to stop the withdrawal of equipment and material from the establishment in order to avoid their sale before the company has paid its debt to the dismissed workforce.
Incidence of different forms of industrial action between 2010 and 2013
|
Work-to-rule or refusal to do overtime |
13% |
|
Work stoppage or strike for less than a day |
12% |
|
Strike of a day or more |
31% |
|
Blockade or occupation |
3% |
Note: Percentage of private sector establishments reporting any form of industrial action during the indicated period.
Source: European Company Survey 2013
Industrial action developments, 2012–2015
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
|
|
Working days lost per 1,000 employees |
44.4 |
32.5 |
11.1 |
8.0 |
4.7 |
|
Number of strikes |
127 |
119 |
90 |
75 |
76 |
|
Top four reasons |
Wages (26.9%) Working conditions (19.5%) Statute of the company (8.5%) Employment and training (6%) |
Wages (19.5%) Working conditions (17.1%) Statute of company (17.1%) Employment and training (12.5%) |
|
Wages (17.9%) Working conditions (15.0%) Statute of company (8.1%) Employment and training (6.3%) |
Wages (50.4%) Working Conditions (12.0%) Collective regulation procedures (7.2%) Employment and training (2.0%) |
Source: GEE, 2014a, 2014b; GEP, 2016, 2017.
Dispute resolution mechanisms
Collective dispute resolution mechanisms
The Labour Code regulates the following collective dispute resolution mechanisms:
- Conciliation and Mediation (Labour Code, Articles 523–528) : Conciliation may be initiated at the request of one or both parties of the conflict. The process is normally carried out at the responsible service of the Ministry of Labour. The parties are obliged to attend the conciliation meetings, but the success of the process depends entirely on their will. If the conciliation fails, it may be transformed into mediation. Mediation may be initiated at the request of one or both parties of the conflict. The mediator is appointed by the Ministry of Labour. He or she presents a compromise for the resolution of the conflict. The parties are obliged to attend the mediation meetings, but the success of the process depends entirely on their will.
- Voluntary arbitration (Labour Code, Articles 506–507): The parties involved in the negotiation of a collective agreement may initiate a process of voluntary arbitration at any time during the conflict. The arbitrating body is comprised of one representative from each side of the conflict (employers and trade unions) and a third member who is chosen by the two representatives. The involved parties are obliged to inform the Ministry of Labour about the beginning and the conclusion of the process.
- Mandatory arbitration (Labour Code, Articles 508–509): Mandatory arbitration may take place if all previous steps of negotiation and conciliation in relation to a collective agreement (conciliation, mediation and voluntary arbitration) have failed and if the majority of social partners represented at the CPCS recommend it. In case of risks to life, health or security of citizens, the Ministry of Labour may unilaterally initiate the mandatory arbitration (after consultation with the CPCS). In the case of the negotiation of a completely new agreement, one of the parties may request mandatory arbitration if the other one has brought all previous steps of negotiation and conciliation to failure. The Ministry of Labour decides on the execution of a mandatory arbitration, taking into consideration (a) the number of workers affected by the conflict, (b) the relevance of social protection of the covered workers, (c) the social and economic impact of the conflict, and (d) the position of the involved parties regarding the object of the arbitration. After consultation of the involved parties and the regulating or supervising body of the respective sector, the Ministry of Labour unilaterally determines the decision regarding the arbitration.
- Necessary arbitration (Labour Code, Articles 510–511): If a collective agreement expires and is not substituted by another agreement during the 12 months (covering at least 50% of the respective workforce), the Ministry of Labour may initiate the process of a necessary arbitration (which is regulated by a specific decree-law). This type of arbitration is designed to be triggered in the course of the expiration of a collective agreement. In the case of a strike in a sector or institution that provides indispensable services for the population, the respective trade union is obliged to present in its prior notice of the strike submitted at the Ministry of Labour a proposal for ‘minimum services’. If the involved parties do not come to a common solution, an arbitration takes place at the Economic and Social Council (Conselho Económico e Social, CES) (Labour Code, Articles 534, 537–538).
Individual dispute resolution mechanisms
The Labour Code (Article 492-2 f) stipulates that collective agreements shall regulate conflicts regarding employment contracts, ‘namely by conciliation, mediation and arbitration’. It seems that the most important collective agreements revised since 2009 (textile, clothing, shoe, metal, construction, commerce) do not make use of this legal possibility to regulate the resolution of individual conflicts.
In the case of disciplinary measures against an individual worker and in case of dismissal, the respective works council and trade union organisations must be informed (Labour Code, Articles 353, 356–357). In the case of the dismissal of a worker resulting from the extinction of the workplace or because of ‘inadaptation’ of the worker to the demands of his or her job, the respective works council and trade union organisations must be informed and consulted (Labour Code, Articles 370, 375, 377–378).
The Labour Code (Article 387) states that the legality and admissibility of a dismissal can only be judged by a legal court.
The most common forms of collective dispute resolution in Portugal in relation to collective bargaining are conciliation and mediation. Arbitration is less common. The Annual Report on Collective Bargaining 2015 (CRL/MTSSS, 2016) examined the trends observed in the period 2005–2015, concluding that the most common and most successful form of dispute resolution has been conciliation. However, between, 2010 and 2014, the cases of conciliation that failed outnumbered the successful ones. Mediation has been less frequent and with more limited results. Between 2005 and 2015, only one decision based on voluntary arbitration was published; and three processes of compulsory arbitration were concluded. As to the necessary arbitration, there was not a single case in the last decade.
Individual employment relations
Individual employment relations
Individual employment relations are the relationship between the individual worker and their employer. This relationship is shaped by legal regulation and by the outcomes of social partner negotiations over the terms and conditions governing the employment relationship. This section looks into the start and termination of the employment relationship and entitlements and obligations in Portugal.
Start and termination of the employment relationship
Requirements regarding an employment contract
According to the Labour Code (Law 7/2009 of 12 February, Article 68-2), the minimum working age is 16 years. A person aged less than 16 who has completed compulsory education may be hired for soft jobs with adequate tasks (Article 68-3), or in a family company a person aged less than 16 may work under the direct supervision of an adult family member (Article 68-4). In any case, the employer must inform the inspecting authority about the hiring of a person aged less than 16 within eight days (Article 68-5).
In Portugal, employment contracts are not subject to specific formalities. However, the Portuguese Labour Code requires that employment contracts in a written form should include information regarding:
- the identification of the employer and the employee;
- the workplace;
- the daily and weekly working hours;
- the date of the contract and the date of its entry into force;
- functions to be performed by the employee;
- the amount of the basic wage and other remuneration;
- a definition of the notice period in case of termination of the contract.
There is no timeframe for signing the contract. The Labour Code protects workers who do not have clear contractual situations. A worker who does not have a written and signed contract may be considered as an effective worker.
Dismissal and termination procedures
According to the Portuguese Labour Code (Law 7/2009 of 12 February), an employment contract may be terminated due to:
- expiration;
- revocation;
- dismissal for a cause attributable to the employee;
- collective dismissal;
- dismissal due to elimination of the job;
- dismissal for inability to adapt;
- unilateral termination of the contract by the employee without just cause;
- unilateral termination of the contract by the employee with just cause.
Dismissal of the employee without just cause or for political or ideological reasons is forbidden.
The employer must inform the employee of the notice period for termination of the employment contract.
Entitlements and obligations
Parental, maternity and paternity leave
Portuguese legislation regulates parental leave, not maternity or paternity leave. Nonetheless, it contains an incentive that favours those cases where both parents use the paternity leave.
Statutory leave arrangements
|
Maternity leave |
|
|
Maximum duration |
In Portugal there are no specific arrangements regarding maternity leave. |
|
Reimbursement |
Not applicable |
|
Who pays? |
Not applicable |
|
Legal basis |
Not applicable |
|
Parental leave |
|
|
Maximum duration |
Initial parental leave is 120 or 150 consecutive days of leave. It is obligatory for the mother to take 42 days (six weeks) following the birth; the remaining period may be shared between the father and the mother by mutual agreement. The duration of the leave is extended by 30 days in the case of shared leave; each parent takes a leave of 30 consecutive days or two periods of 15 consecutive days. Mothers have the option to take up to 30 days of initial parental leave before birth. It is obligatory for the father to take 15 working days’ exclusive parental leave, of which five days must be taken consecutively immediately after birth and 10 days during the subsequent 30 days. Initial parental benefit is extended by 30 days per child in the case of multiple births. In the case of multiple births, an extra two days for each child (besides the first one) are added to the compulsory parental leave exclusive of the father. There is an extended parental leave. This may be granted to one or to both parents (alternately), up to a maximum period of three months (for each parent) provided that it takes places immediately after the Initial Parental Benefit or after the Extended Parental Benefit from the other parent. |
|
Reimbursement |
The parental leave benefit varies according to the option of the parental leave: - 120 and 150 days’ initial parental leave corresponds to a daily allowance of 100% and 80% of the average daily wage, respectively. - In the case of shared leave between the father and the mother of 150 or 180 days, the benefit corresponds to a daily allowance of 100% or 83% of the average daily wage, respectively. When the level of earnings is very low, the law provides a minimum amount of €11.44 per day, equal to 80% of the 1/30 Index of Social Support (€428.90 in 2018). For the extended parental leave of three months the benefit corresponds to a daily allowance of 25% of the average daily wage. When the level of earnings is very low, the law provides a minimum amount of €5.72 per day, equal to 40% of the 1/30 Index of Social Support (€428.90 in 2018). |
|
Who pays? |
The public social security system is responsible for the payment of these leaves. |
|
Legal basis |
Decree law 91/2009 of 9 April, amended by Decree-Law 70/2010 of 16 June, Decree-Law 133/2012 of 27 June and Law 120/2015 of 1 September . Law 7/2009 of 12 February (Labour Code) – updated version
|
|
Paternity leave |
|
|
In Portugal, there are no specific arrangements regarding paternity leave. |
|
Sick leave
In Portugal, the right to paid sick leave is granted by law (Decree-Law 28/2004 of 4 February, with the changes introduced by Decree-Law 146/2005 of 26 August, Decree-Law 302/2009 of 22 October, Law 28/2011 of 16 June and Decree-Law 133/2012 of 27 June) to employees working under a labour contract (the worker should have made contributions to the social security system for at least six months, consecutive or not) and, optionally, to independent workers too. Additionally, beneficiaries must have registered earnings for at least twelve days of work in the four months immediately before the month preceding the onset of incapacity. However, this condition does not apply to self-employed workers or to seafarers covered by the voluntary social security scheme (these workers must have paid their social security contributions up to the end of the third month preceding the onset of incapacity).
The benefit is payable from the fourth day of incapacity for work onwards (there is an unpaid three-day waiting period) in the case of employees or from the 31st day of incapacity for work onwards (unpaid 30-day waiting period) in the case of self-employed workers or beneficiaries covered by the voluntary social security scheme.
No waiting period is applicable in case of: i) tuberculosis, ii) hospitalisation or outpatient surgery treatment in a duly authorised establishment, iii) sickness initiated during the entitlement period to the parental benefit and extending beyond this period.
This payment is granted by the state through social security. The amount of this allowance is calculated as a percentage of the worker’s salary (this salary is determined by taking into account the average salary of the previous six months before the sickness, Christmas and Holiday allowances excluded), but this percentage varies according to the duration of the leave and to the nature of the sickness.
The amount of the average daily pay covered by sickness allowance varies according to the duration of the incapacity to work: 55% for up to 30 days; 60% for 31–90 days; 70% for 91–365 days; and 75% if it is more than 365 days.
The minimum rate of benefits payable is set at 30% of the daily amount of Index of Social Support (€428.90 in 2018). Where the person's reference income is lower than the Index of Social Support, the sickness benefit will be equal to the reference income. The benefits cannot exceed the reference income. The employment relationship may be terminated while the employee is on sick leave (Law 7/2009 of 12 February (Labour Code).
Retirement age
Ordinance 99/2017 of 7 March established that the normal age of entitlement to old age pension in 2018 is 66 years and 4 months.
Early retirement can be claimed if the insured person has both a minimum age of 60 and 40 years of contributory career. Early retirement is penalised according to the established by Decree-Law 187/2007: 0.5% per month of anticipation reduced by 12 months for every period of three years for those with more than 30 years of insurance record. There is also a sustainability factor to be included in the formula applied for the calculation of early retirement pensions, which takes into account the average life expectancy and is currently set at 13.88 percent.
However, Ordinance 126-B/2017, of 6 October set changes to the early retirement regime. It covers workers with a record of contributions of 48 years and workers aged 60 or more with a record of contributions of 46 years who started their working life up to the age of 14. These workers, both from private sector and civil servants, will not suffer any early retirement penalty, including no application of the sustainability factor. This is deemed to cover around 15 thousand people in the first year.
There is a special pathway to retirement for long-term unemployed older workers. If unemployment occurs after the completion of 57 years, retirement is allowed, without penalties, at the age of 62. If unemployment occurs between the ages of 52 and 56, retirement is allowed, with penalties, at the age of 57. In this latter case, the qualifying period is increased from 15 to 22 years of insurance.
There are special retirement conditions for people with arduous jobs, such as miners, seafarers in fisheries, maritime workers of merchant navy, coastal navigation and coastal fishery, air traffic controllers, professional classical and contemporary dancers and embroiderers from Madeira Island. These professionals may request early retirement within the specific conditions set up for each activity as regards age and contributory records, but they always have to comply with the 15-year (successive or not) record of contributions for Social Security or for any other social protection scheme which entitles them to a retirement pension.
Pay
Pay
Pay: For workers, the reward for work and main source of income; for employers, a cost of production and focus of bargaining and legislation. This section looks into minimum wage setting in Portugal and guides the reader to further material on collective wage bargaining.
Minimum wages
The statutory minimum wage was created during the democratic revolution of 1974. It is set by the government after consultation with the social partners. There are no fixed rules or permanent expert committees. Until 2011, the increases usually took place at the start of every year.
In 2006, a tripartite agreement was signed at the CPCS (by the government and all union and employers’ confederations), stipulating that the minimum wage would be increased until 2011 at a pace that was foreseeably faster than the increase of collectively agreed wages. The aim was to reach €500 per month in 2011, but the escalation of the crisis and Troika MoU requirements stopped the process at €485 (2011). The government imposed a freeze of the minimum wage during three years. No other agreements were made until 2014, when a tripartite agreement was signed at the CPCS to increase the minimum wage for 2015 to €505. In the new political cycle, two tripartite agreements were signed regarding the conditions of implementation of the minimum wage update to €530 for 2016 and to €557 for 2017. It is relevant to note that a trajectory of the minimum wage increase to reach €600 in 2019 is part of the parliamentary deals with the left parties and one of the conditions they put forward to support the government of the Socialist Party (See the section Tripartite and bipartite bodies and concertation.) The minimum wage increase for 2018 to €580 had into consideration this trajectory.
For more information regarding the level and development of minimum wages, please see:
- Publication - Statutory minimum wages in the EU 2018
- Eurostat: Minimum wage statistics
Collectively agreed pay outcomes
For more detailed information on the most recent outcomes in terms of collectively agreed pay, please see:
- Topic: Collective bargaining
- Publication – Developments in collectively agreed pay
Working time
Working time
Working time: ‘Any period during which the worker is working, at the employer’s disposal and carrying out his activities or duties, in accordance with national laws and/or practice’ (Directive 2003/88/EC). This section briefly summarises regulation and issues regarding working time, overtime, part-time work as well as working time flexibility in Portugal.
Working time regulation
Working time is regulated by the Labour Code, by collective bargaining and by employers at company level.
The Labour Code sets the general framework by defining basic notions, by setting certain limits, such as for regular weekly working time and possible deviations from it, which may result from regulations regarding flexibility (working time accounts), and by regulating different types of flexible working time arrangements.
Collective agreements at branch, professional or company level may regulate the working time in the respective areas within the stipulations of the Labour Code. There is no articulation between the different levels of collective bargaining.
Employers regulate working time in their companies within the stipulations of the Labour Code and of the respective collective agreement (if there is one).
The Labour Code 2009 introduced regulations regarding working time accounts (banco de horas) for the first time, making their introduction in the companies dependent on their regulation by collective agreement. The amendments to the Labour Code in 2012 introduced the concept of individual working time accounts (banco de horas individual) to be negotiated between the employer and the individual employee, without the interference of the unions or of worker representatives.
For more detailed information on working time (including annual leave, statutory and collectively agreed working time), please consult:
- Publication - Working time developments in the 21st century: Work duration and its regulation in the EU
Overtime regulation
Overtime is regulated by the Labour Code, by collective bargaining and by employers at company level.
The Labour Code sets the general framework by defining basic notions and by setting certain limits, for example to the maximum number of overtime hours per year and per day.
Collective agreements at branch, professional or company level may regulate overtime in the respective areas within the stipulations of the Labour Code. There is no articulation between the different levels of collective bargaining.
Employers regulate overtime in their companies within the stipulations of the Labour Code and of the respective collective agreement (if there is one).
The amendments to the 2012 Labour Code reduced by half overtime time payment and suspended for two years collective bargaining provisions more favourable to the workers.
Part-time work
According to the Portuguese Labour Code (Law 7/2009 of 12 February), a part-time worker is an employed person whose normal working hours are lower than the normal working hours prevailing in the enterprise/institution, for the respective professional category or in the respective occupation. In 2017, 8.6% of the Portuguese workforce had a part-time job, slightly less than half of the EU28 average. Part-time work is more evident among Portuguese female workers. Although the difference has been decreasing over the years, the percentage of female workers working part time is still considerably higher than that of male workers.
Persons employed part-time in Portugal and EU28 (% of total employment)
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
|
Total (EU 28) |
18.6 |
19.0 |
19.0 |
19.0 |
18.9 |
18.7 |
|
Total (Portugal) |
11.0 |
10.8 |
9.9 |
9.6 |
9.2 |
8.6 |
|
Women (EU 28) |
31.4 |
31.8 |
31.7 |
31.5 |
31.4 |
31.1 |
|
Women (Portugal) |
14.0 |
13.7 |
12.4 |
12.3 |
11.9 |
11.4 |
|
Men (EU 28) |
7.7 |
8.1 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.2 |
8.1 |
|
Men (Portugal) |
8.1 |
8.0 |
7.5 |
6.9 |
6.6 |
5.8 |
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey [lfsi_pt_a] – Persons employed part-time (20 to 64 years of age) – total and by sex.
Involuntary part-time
Involuntary part-time workers can be defined as those working part time because they could not find a full-time job.
Persons employed in involuntary part-time in Portugal and EU28 (% of total part-time employment)
|
|
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
Total (EU 28) |
28.4 |
30.0 |
30.4 |
29.9 |
28.5 |
27.1 |
|
Total (Portugal) |
47.8 |
49.5 |
49.9 |
50.7 |
49.2 |
48.5 |
|
Women (EU 28) |
24.9 |
26.4 |
26.8 |
26.2 |
25.0 |
23.7 |
|
Women (Portugal) |
51.8 |
53.4 |
54.4 |
55.0 |
52.8 |
49.9 |
|
Men (EU 28) |
41.0 |
42.4 |
42.7 |
42.5 |
40.1 |
38.7 |
|
Men (Portugal) |
41.2 |
43.0 |
42.9 |
43.2 |
42.8 |
45.8 |
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey [lfsa_eppgai]- involuntary part-time employment as a percentage of the total part-time employment, by sex and age (20 to 64 years of age)
Night work
According to the Portuguese Labour Code (article 223), night work means a period with a minimum duration of seven hours and a maximum duration of eleven hours, including the time range between midnight and 05.00, comprised in the period between 22.00 of one day and 07.00 of the next day unless provided otherwise by collective agreement instrument.
Nearly 8% of all workers, more men than women (9.8% and 5.7%, respectively), report being engaged in night work (between 22:00 and 05:00) (Perista, 2017)
Shift work
Shift work (article 220 of the Portuguese Labour Code) means that the work is performed in daily and successive, continuous or discontinuous periods and the workers change periodically and regularly from one working schedule to the subsequent one, according to a pre-established scale.
According to the results from the 2015 Working Conditions Survey in Mainland Portugal, over one-quarter (26.8%) of workers worked shifts ( Perista, 2017)
Weekend work
The Portuguese Labour Code makes no reference to weekend work.
Results from the 2015 Working Conditions Survey in Mainland Portugal show that almost one-third (32.1%) worked on Saturdays (at least once a month) and about 15% worked on Sundays (at least once a month) ( Perista, 2017)
Rest and breaks
The Labour Code establishes in its articles 214 and 232 the right of the worker to a daily rest of at least eleven consecutive hours between two consecutive periods of daily work; and the right to at least one day of rest per week. A period of complementary weekly rest, continuous or discontinuous, in all or in some weeks of the year, may be imposed by collective agreement instrument or by employment contract.
Working time flexibility
Law 7/2009 of 12 February and Law 23/2012 of 25 June introduced significant changes in working time regulations in Portugal. While the standard working time continued to be 40 hours a week and 8 hours per day, new forms of working time flexibility and new regulations on overtime were introduced.
Law 7/2009 of 12 February introduced the regime of working time adaptability, with the possibility of working 60 hours a week and 12 hours per day, to be set up by collective agreements, with the condition that it would not exceed 50 hours on average for a period of two months. It also introduced a regime of individual adaptability whereby employer and employee can have an individual agreement defining periods of normal working time of 10 hours per day and 50 hours per week. Furthermore, it introduced regulations regarding working time accounts ( banco de horas), which allowed 4 hours of additional work per day or up to 60 hours a week, up to a maximum of 200 hours a year, making their introduction in the companies dependent on their regulation by collective agreement. The Law 23/2012 introduced the concept of individual working time accounts (banco de horas individual) to be negotiated between the employer and the individual employee, without the interference of the unions or of worker representatives, a measure that weakened collective bargaining and the bargaining power of the unions.
The possibility to adapt the start and end of their working day to facilitate personal and parental needs is commonly understood as flexible working hours in Portugal. However, this possibility is not specifically regulated as such by law.
Do you have fixed start and finishing time in your work?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Portugal and European Union for the workers with 'Age : All' when asked 'Do you have fixed starting and finishing times in your work?'. For the 'No' answer, Portugal's score is higher than the European Union score. For the 'Yes' answer, Portugal's score is lower than the European Union score. Data is based on question 39d from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries.
Health and well-being
Health and well-being
Maintaining health and well-being should be a high priority for workers and employers alike. Health is an asset closely associated with a person’s quality of life and longevity, as well as their ability to work. A healthy economy depends on a healthy workforce: organisations can experience loss of productivity through the ill-health of their workers. This section looks into psychosocial risks and health and safety in Portugal.
Health and safety at work
The table below shows that the number of accidents at work has been decreasing over time, with some fluctuations. However, between 2013 and 2014, there were more 4,048 accidents, representing an increase of 3.8%.
Accidents at work, with four days’ absence or more working days lost
|
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
|
|
All accidents |
145,666 |
133,100 |
124,738 |
121,730 |
109,511 |
107,086 |
111,134 |
|
Percent change on previous year |
- |
-8.6 |
-6.3 |
-2.4 |
-10.0 |
-2.2 |
3.8 |
|
Per 1,000 employees |
37.6 |
35.3 |
33.2 |
32.8 |
30.9 |
31.0 |
n.a. |
Source: Eurostat
Men are more vulnerable to accidents at work, both fatal and non-fatal. The number of accidents involving an absence of four or more days from work increased in 2015: in 2015, there were 134,378 accidents with more than three days’ absence, representing an increase of 3.2 compared to 2014.
Accidents at work, fatal and non-fatal, by sex, age and number of working days lost
|
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
||
|
Non-fatal |
239,787 |
217,176 |
215,424 |
208,987 |
193,436 |
195,418 |
203,388 |
208,296 |
|
|
Sex |
Men |
181,107 |
162,105 |
160,417 |
151,999 |
134,057 |
134,728 |
143,523 |
144,176 |
|
Women |
58,680 |
55,071 |
55,007 |
56,988 |
59,379 |
60,690 |
59,705 |
64,120 |
|
|
Age group |
Up to 34 years |
96,912 |
77,073 |
76,319 |
73,581 |
67,776 |
63,432 |
64,697 |
63,456 |
|
35–44 years |
65,483 |
56,303 |
59,266 |
59,370 |
56,592 |
56,394 |
57,555 |
58,098 |
|
|
45–54 years |
51,002 |
46,130 |
49,994 |
47,972 |
46,124 |
46,221 |
50,208 |
51,480 |
|
|
55+ years |
24,811 |
24,040 |
25,094 |
24,947 |
21,754 |
23,535 |
26,889 |
29,905 |
|
|
Unknown |
1,583 |
13,630 |
4,752 |
3,117 |
1,199 |
5,837 |
4,092 |
5,184 |
|
|
Accidents with four days’ absence or more |
161,537 |
151,040 |
142,313 |
137,590 |
125,850 |
123,150 |
130,215 |
134,378 |
|
|
Fatal |
231 |
217 |
208 |
196 |
175 |
160 |
160 |
161 |
|
|
Sex |
Men |
221 |
210 |
199 |
188 |
168 |
154 |
153 |
159 |
|
Women |
10 |
7 |
9 |
8 |
7 |
6 |
7 |
2 |
|
|
Age group |
Up to 34 years |
59 |
51 |
49 |
39 |
36 |
30 |
18 |
33 |
|
35–44 years |
56 |
74 |
53 |
45 |
38 |
42 |
39 |
34 |
|
|
45–54 years |
69 |
57 |
56 |
66 |
52 |
48 |
65 |
58 |
|
|
55+ years |
43 |
35 |
50 |
46 |
49 |
40 |
38 |
34 |
|
Source: Occupational Accidents (2011 and 2012 and 2016) and Statistics synthesis- Occupational accidents 2015 – Ministry of Labour, Solidarity, and Social Security / Office for Strategy and Planning (Acidentes de trabalho – Ministério do Trabalho, Solidariedade e Segurança Social, MTSS /GEP)
Psychosocial risks
Law 102/2009 of 10 September, Article 15, specifies that besides chemical, physical and biological risks, the employer must ensure that exposure to psychosocial risks is limited and that the safety and health of workers is not at risk.
Law 73/2017 of 16 August reinforces the legal framework that regulates harassment at work in the private and public sectors, amending the Portuguese Labour Code, the Labour Procedure Code and the General Labour Law in Public Functions. Companies with seven or more employees are required to adopt codes of good conduct aimed at preventing and combating harassment at work. Noncompliance constitutes a very serious administrative infringement, triggering penalties of variable amounts, depending on the company’s annual turnover and the employer’s degree of responsibility.
Starting on February 2017 and until January 2019, the General Confederation of Portuguese Workers – National Trades Union (Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses – Intersindical Nacional – CGTP-IN) develops information, awareness-raising and training campaigns on harassment in the workplace.
Some campaigns about psychosocial risks in the workplace have been implemented in Portugal. Those campaigns are led by the Working Conditions Authority (Autoridade para as Condições do Trabalho, ACT), which is the public body responsible for promoting improved working conditions by ensuring compliance with labour regulations and for promoting occupational risk prevention policies, in close coordination with social partners.
Work intensity: Do you have enough time to get the job done?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Portugal and European Union for the workers with 'Age: All' when asked 'Do you have enough time to get the job done?'. For the 'Always or most of the time' answer, Portugal's score is higher than the European Union score. For the 'Rarely or never' answer, Portugal's score is lower than the European Union score. For the 'Sometimes' answer, Portugal's score is lower than the European Union score. Data is based on question 61g from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The national comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries.
Skills, learning and employability
Skills, learning and employability
Skills are the passport to employment; the better skilled an individual, the more employable they are. Good skills also tend to secure better-quality jobs and better earnings. This section briefly summarises the Portuguese system for ensuring skills and employability and looks into the extent of training.
National system for ensuring skills and employability
The Qualifica centres are responsible for the educational and occupational Recognition, Validation and Certification of Competences (RVCC) processes for adults; collaborating in the definition of criteria for structuring a network of educational and training opportunities appropriate to local qualification needs, improving contact between schools and companies’ training centres; monitoring the young people’s and adult’s paths referred for different qualification solutions to benchmark the fulfilment or deviation of the trajectories defined; and collecting information regarding the interaction between the learning outcomes of young people and adults and the labour market in order to improve the quality of education and training system.
The Recognition, Validation and Certification of Competences System (Sistema de Reconhecimento, Validação e Certificação de Competências, RVCC) allows accreditation for skills and competencies that have been acquired in different learning contexts, including personal, professional and social life. RVCC includes three stages: recognition (of knowledge, know-how and skills of each applicant), validation (of skills through a standard assessment) and certification of skills (which is formalised by issuing a certificate of basic education at level 1, 2 or 3 or a secondary education diploma, depending on the case).
The Qualifica programme comprises a set of lifelong learning measures that had been implemented within the ‘New Opportunities’ initiative and was subsequently discontinued.
This programme focuses on adult education and training, complementing a process of certification with training. Its main objective is to contribute to the improvement of the levels of qualification among the population and the improvement of individuals’ employability. Qualifica centres, where adults can validate their competences, are key structures in the implementation of this programme.
Training
The Institute for Employment and Vocational Training (Instituto do Emprego e Formação Profissional, IEFP) is responsible for managing public employment services, job centres and vocational training centres. IEFP aims to promote employment and combat unemployment through the implementation of active employment policies, including vocational training.
Training: Have you had any on the job training in the past year?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Portugal and European Union for the workers with 'Age : All' when asked 'Have you had on-the-job training in the last 12 months?'. For the 'No' answer, Portugal's score is higher than the European Union score. For the 'Yes' answer, Portugal's score is lower than the European Union score. Data is based on question 65c from the sixth "European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries.
Work organisation
Work organisation
Work organisation underpins economic and business development and has important consequences for productivity, innovation and working conditions. Eurofound research finds that some types of work organisation are associated with a better quality of work and employment. Therefore, developing or introducing different forms of work organisation are of particular interest because of the expected effects on productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of companies, as well as on workers’ working conditions. Ongoing research by Eurofound, based on EurWORK, the European Working Conditions Survey and the European Company Survey, monitors developments in work organisation.
More information on:
For Portugal, the European Company Survey 2013 shows that between 2010 and 2013, 57% of establishments with 10 or more employees reported changes in the use of technology, 43% introduced changes in ways to coordinate and allocate the work to workers and another 20% saw changes in their working time arrangements.
Work organisation: Are you able to choose or change your methods of work?
In the figure, we see a comparison between Portugal and European Union for the workers with 'Age : All' when asked 'Are you able to choose or change your methods of work?'. For the 'No' answer, Portugal's score is higher than the European Union score. For the 'Yes' answer, Portugal's score is lower than the European Union score. Data is based on question 54b from the sixth "European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The National comparisons visualisation presents a comparative overview for the values of all answers between two selected countries.
Source: Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey 2015
More detailed figures are available from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey.
Equality and non-discrimination at work
Equality and non-discrimination at work
Equality between men and women is enshrined in the Portuguese Constitution, namely in the employment field.
Furthermore, specific legal provisions ensure equality and non-discrimination at work:
- Law 105/97 of 13 September aims to ensure the effectiveness of the right of both sexes to equal treatment at work and employment.
- The Labour Code (Law 7/2009 of 12 February) includes a subsection on Equality and Non-discrimination, which includes provisions regarding the prohibition of discrimination based on sex as well as sanctions in case there is a breach of the law.
- Decree-Law 133/2013 of 3 October establishes that public companies must implement goals of social and environmental responsibility, namely the promotion of equality and non-discrimination, and adopt equality plans in order to achieve effective equal treatment and opportunities between men and women, to eliminate discrimination and to promote the reconciliation of professional, family and personal life.
- Law 35/2014 of 20 June approves the General Labour Law in Public Functions, applying the provisions of the Labour Code, namely regarding equality and non-discrimination and parenting.
- Law 120/2015 of 1 September proceeds to the ninth amendment to the Labour Code reinforcing the rights of maternity and paternity, as well as including several measures to promote a better work–family reconciliation.
- Law 28/2015 of 14 April prohibits discriminatory practices based on ‘gender identity’.
- Law 93/2017 of 23 August establishes the legal regime for the prevention, prohibition and fight against discrimination on the grounds of race/ethnic origin, nationality, ancestry and territory of origin.
The national mechanism for the promotion of equality and non-discrimination between men and women in labour and employment is the Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment (Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego, CITE). Its main responsibilities are to promote equality and non-discrimination between women and men in labour, in employment and in vocational training; protection of parentality (maternity, paternity and adoption); and reconciliation of professional, personal and family life.
Although the promotion of equality and non-discrimination between men and women in labour and employment is not its main mission, the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality (Comissão para a Cidadania e a Igualdade de Género, CIG) also has competences at this level.
Equal pay and gender pay gap
As provided for in Article 31 of the Labour Code, approved by Law 7/2009 of 12 February, women are entitled to receive equal pay for equal work or work of the same value as that performed by men. Nevertheless, a gender pay gap persists regarding both wages and earnings.
The gender pay gap (average monthly remuneration) has being decreasing – from 18% in 2010 to 16.7% in 2015, representing a decrease of 7.2%.
The gender pay gap has been addressed by several legislative support measures:
- The Resolution of Council of Ministers 13/2013 of 8 March approved a set of measures ensuring and promoting equal opportunities and outcomes for women and men in the labour market. The main objective of these measures is the elimination of the gender wage gap; the promotion of balance between work and personal and family life; the encouragement of corporate social responsibility; and the elimination of occupational segregation and other differences that still exist.
- The Assembly Resolution 45/2013 of 4 April recommends that the government implements the necessary mechanisms to combat direct and indirect wage discrimination by prioritising inspective and punitive action. It also develops a national plan against direct and indirect wage discrimination.
More recently, the Resolution of Council of Ministers 18/2014 of 7 March has adopted several measures for the promotion of equal pay between men and women and the elimination of wage discrimination based on sex, namely:
- the discussion about wage differences will be promoted among the social partners;
- every three years, state-owned companies should produce a report on male and female wages in order to take concrete measures to be included in the respective plans for gender equality;
- following this report, state-owned companies should take concrete measures to eliminate the situations of wage inequality between women and men that were identified;
- to provide an electronic tool to companies to evaluate the gender pay gap and identify concrete situations of wage differences between women and men which cannot be explained by objective factors;
- it is recommended that private companies with more than 25 employees develop a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the pay gap between women and men. These companies should consequently develop a strategy to address the unjustified differences in those remunerations.
The Resolution of the Council of Ministers 11-A/2015 of 6 March 2015 provides for a mechanism to support companies in the identification and analysis of the gender pay gap as a tool to promote equal pay.
Quota regulations
There is no legal obligation for specific quotas regarding private companies (except for those which are listed). However, there is a legal basis for encouraging the participation of women in management bodies:
- The Resolution of Council of Ministers 19/2012 of 23 February aims to increase the participation of women in management bodies of companies in the public and private sectors. Public companies must adopt plans for equality and identical procedures are recommended for the private sector.
- The Decree-Law 133/2013 of 3 October laid down the principles and rules applicable to public sector companies. This Decree-Law establishes that the administration and supervision bodies of state-owned enterprises must pursue the objective of a plural presence of men and women in their composition.
- The Resolution of the Council of Ministers 11-A/2015 of 6 March 2015 marks the commitment with listed companies aiming at a more balanced representation of women and men in their boards, with a target of 30% of the underrepresented sex until the end of 2018.
- Law 62/2017 of 1 August establishes a minimum representation of women on executive company boards and surveillance boards in public companies and private listed companies. For public companies, the required minimum of female board members will be 33.3% as of 1 January 2018. For private listed companies, the set minimum be 20% from 1 January 2018, but increasing to 33.3% from 1 January 2020.
Working life links
Working life links
Employers
- AECOPS - Construction and public works employers
- AIP - Association of Portuguese Industry
- CAP- Confederation of Portuguese Farmers
- CCP - Commerce and services employers
- CIP - Confederation of Portuguese Industry (Confederação da Indústria Portuguesa)
- CTP - Confederation of Portuguese Tourism (Confederação do Turismo Português)
Trade Unions CGTP and Affiliates
- CGTP - General Confederation of Portuguese Workers
- FESHOT - Hotel and Tourism Workers' Unions
- FENPROF - Federation of Teachers' Unions
- FNSFP - Federation of Public Service Unions
- SEP - Nurses' Union
- SIND-HOT-NORTE - northern Hotel And Restaurant Workers' Union
- SPGL - Lisbon Teachers' Union
- SPN - Northern Teachers' Union
- SPRC - Central Region Teachers' Union
- STAL - Local Authority Workers' Union
- STCDE - Union For Workers In Consulates And Diplomatic Missions
- STFPN - union Of Northern Public Service Workers
- STFPSA - Union Of Southern Public Service Workers
- USS - Federation of Unions in Setubal
UGT and affiliates
- UGT - General Workers' Confederation (En)
- FNE - Education Workers' Federation
- SBSI - Southern And Islands Bank Workers' Union
- SEN - Southern Nurses' Union
- SINDEFER - Rail Workers' Union
- SINDEL - Energy Workers' union
- SINDETELCO - Posts And Telecommunications Workers' Union
- SINDITE - medical Technicians' Union
- SINTAP - public Administration Workers' Union
- SITESE - Commerce, Hotels And Services Workers' Union
- SMAV - Audiovisual Workers' Union
- SPZC - Central Area Teachers' Union
- SPZN - Northern Area Teachers' Union
- STE - Technical Civil Servants' Union
Confederacao Quadros and affiliates
- Confederação Quadros - Managerial And Professional Union Confederation
- FNAM - Doctors' Federation
- SINTTAV - Telecommunications And Audiovisual Workers' Union
- SNTCT - Posts And Telecommunications Workers' Union
- STAL - Local Authority Workers' Union
- STFPC - Union Of Central Region Public Service Workers
Other Union Organisations
Government
- Directorate-General Employment and Work Relations (Labour Ministry)
- Minister Of Labour, Solidarity, And Social Security, Office for Statistics and Planning (Labour Ministry)
Other Links
Bibliography
Bibliography
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Banco de Portugal (2015), Boletim económico – Dezembro 2014 [Economic Bulletin – December 2014], Lisbon.
Campos Lima, M. P. and Abrantes, M. (2016), Country report: Portugal, DIADSE – Dialogue for advancing Social Europe.
Campos Lima, M. P. (2016) 'O desmantelamento do regime de negociação coletiva em Portugal, os desafios e as alternativas', Cadernos do Observatório sobre Crises e Alternativas, 8, 1-54.
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Lacomblez, M., Ferreira, I., Castelhano, J. and Nogueira, S. (2014), Género, trabalho e saúde em Portugal [Gender, employment and health in Portugal], Centro de Psicologia da Universidade do Porto/European Trade Union Centre – ETUI, Lisbon.
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