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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 Rugsėjis 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

The report describes the impact of the ‘great recession’ on employment and the job structure in the EU27. Quintile charts are used to give a simple, graphical representation of the extent of employment change in a given period as well as an indication of how that change has been distributed across

10 October 2011

Despite progress during the last generation, gender gaps in the labour market are closing only gradually, if at all. At EU level the gap remains at over 17% and has not declined in recent years. Variations in national gender pay gaps around this average figure do not reveal any obvious pattern in

18 May 2009

Overall dissatisfaction with their working conditions and job situation among temporary agency workers would seem to indicate the existence of poor working conditions among this group. However, specific health and quality of work indicators paint a more ambiguous picture. They reveal that the main

30 August 2004

This working paper uses data from the third European Survey on Working Conditions to look at changes in employment relations between 1996 and 2000. It analyses the relationship between employment status and working conditions. The concept of employment status is two-dimensional. The research

13 August 2002

During the summer of 1998 more than 30,000 persons aged between 16 to 64 years from 16 European countries were interviewed about their current employment status, their working conditions and their preferences. This leaflet summarises the main findings of the survey in relation to self-employment and

22 June 2000

A summary of the results of research on the relationship between employment status and health. A bibliographic review was undertaken and data from the 1996 Second European Survey on Working Conditions complemented by Eurostat data was also analysed.

03 August 1999

Online resources results (152)

Germany: The IAB Establishment Panel

The IAB Establishment Panel is an annual survey of 16,000 establishments in Germany that employ at least one worker who pays social security contributions. The survey, which is run by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), was launched in western Germany in 1993 and extended to eastern Germany

Part-time pensioners have long careers

Part-time pensions have existed in Finland since 1987. They can be granted as a statutory earnings-related pension to both wage earners and self-employed people who move from full-time to part-time work [1]. People who are aged 60–67 years are entitled to receive the part-time pension. A total of

Flexible working time accounts prove their worth during the crisis

Despite the dramatic reduction in production and volume of orders in German companies during the economic crisis, employment remained remarkably stable. As well as the introduction of short-time working, the use of flexible working time accounts is said to be one reason why adverse effects on

50 years of change in employment

A recent paper (in French, 166Kb PDF) [1] by Oliver Marchand of the Demographic and Social Statistics Directorate of the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Insee [2]) examined trends in the workforce and employment structure in France between 1962 and 2007. Highlights of his

Fewer and shorter contracts for agency workers

A report (in Italian, 3.73Mb PDF) [1] on the activities of Forma.Temp [2] (the bipartite training fund for the temporary agency sector, IT0807019Q [3]) in 2009 was published jointly by Forma.Temp and Ebitemp [4] (the bipartite body for temporary work) in July 2010. The report summarises trends in

Crisis impacts usage of fixed-term contracts

Because it is easier to end fixed-term contracts than open-ended ones, fixed-term workers might be expected to be more strongly affected by the economic crisis than those on standard employment contracts. But although this trend was evident across the EU, Eurostat’s Labour Force Survey (LFS) figures

Glass ceiling effect of working time arrangements

In his recent book, /Lavorare al tempo del cliente nel post-fordismo/ (‘Working at the customer’s pace in post-Fordism’), Giancarlo Cerruti summarises the changes in working time arrangements at a hypermarket on the outskirts of Turin between 1991 (three years after its opening) and 2009. The

Rise in undeclared work 2004–2009

For the first time, the Statistical Bulletin on Labour and Social Protection – 2009 [1] published under the aegis of the Romanian Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection [2] included a chapter on undeclared work [3]. [1] http://www.mmuncii.ro/ro/676-view.html [2] http://www.mmuncii.ro/ro/

Rising numbers of temporary employees and independent contractors

The number of employees with a fixed contract and independent contractors in the Dutch labour market has risen almost constantly over the last few decades, with only some decline in harsh economic times and a more than average increase after the recession. This rise is absolute (Figure 1) as well as

Failures of vocational training

Research outlined in the 2008 and 2009 Hungarian labour market yearbooks (Kézdi et al, 2008 and 2009) suggests that the position of skilled workers with vocational qualifications in the labour market shows no sign of improvement. This update summarises the main findings of this research, along with


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 Vasaris 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 Gegužė 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 Balandis 2020

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