Socialna zaščita
Sistemi socialne zaščite obstajajo za zaščito ljudi pred tveganji izgube dohodka, povezanimi z brezposelnostjo, slabim zdravjem in invalidnostjo, starševsko odgovornostjo, stroški otrok in stanovanja, starostjo ali izgubo zakonca ali starša. Za organizacijo in financiranje sistemov socialne zaščite so odgovorne države članice EU. Kljub temu ima EU posebno vlogo pri zagotavljanju, da so ljudje, ki se gibljejo prek meja in so zato v pristojnosti različnih sistemov socialne zaščite, ustrezno zaščiteni z zakonodajo EU, ki usklajuje nacionalne sisteme socialne varnosti. Takšna zakonodaja se nanaša predvsem na zakonske sisteme socialne varnosti.
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Foundation Forum 2025: Key takeaways
This paper provides the top 20 takeaways from the Foundation Forum 2025 which took place at IMMA Venues Dublin on 19–20 November 2025.Europe’s social model – The key to competitive growth – Background paper
This background paper outlines the context for the issues to be examined at Eurofound’s Foundation Forum 2025. As the global order proves to be increasingly volatile, the European Union itself is undergoing a profound transformation in terms of its socioeconomic and geopolitical landscape. Enhancing competitiveness and ensuring sustainable economic growth are now at the top of the EU agenda.Digitalizacija socialne zaščite
To poročilo se osredotoča na digitalizacijo procesov v sprednji in ozadni pisarni na področju denarnih socialnih ugodnosti. V 10 državah članicah EU in na Norveškem je digitalna prijava mogoča za vse ali vse razen ene od devetih preučevanih ugodnosti. V vsaj petih državah članicah so bile papirne prijave za nekatere ugodnosti ukinjene.Eurofoundove študije so obravnavale dostop do storitev in koristi kot sredstvo za zadovoljevanje posebnih potreb in kot del celostnih prizadevanj za spodbujanje vključevanja. Kakovostne javne storitve so ključno sredstvo za doseganje visoke ravni socialne zaščite in socialne vključenosti. Eurofoundova raziskava preučuje dostop do različnih socialnih storitev in njihovo kakovost, preučuje pa tudi vpliv COVID-19 na uporabo in zagotavljanje takih storitev. Poudarek je na tistih storitvah in ugodnostih, ki ustrezajo potrebam ranljivih skupin, kot so starejši, migranti, mladi ali invalidi.
Raziskave se osredotočajo tudi na strukturne spremembe, ki jih v veliki meri povzročajo digitalizacija, podnebne spremembe in tudi COVID-19 (glej spodnjo infografiko), ter na to, kako zagotoviti pravičen prehod, ki spodbuja socialno zaščito in pravice delavcev.
Člen 2 Pogodbe EU opredeljuje spodbujanje visoke ravni socialne zaščite kot ključno nalogo. Sistem socialne zaščite vključuje denarne in naravne dajatve. Evropski steber socialnih pravic poudarja dostop do otroškega varstva, zdravstvenega varstva, dolgotrajne oskrbe in stanovanj ter nadomestila za brezposelnost, minimalnega dohodka in sredstev za starejše ljudi, ki jim zagotavljajo dostojno življenje.
Evropski steber socialnih pravic določa 20 ključnih načel in pravic, ki so bistvene za pravične in dobro delujoče trge dela in sisteme socialne zaščite. Načela so razdeljena na tri kategorije, od katerih je ena socialna zaščita in vključevanje. Evropska komisija je 4. marca 2021 predstavila akcijski načrt za celovito izvajanje stebra, pri čemer je načela spremenila v konkretne ukrepe v korist državljanov EU, hkrati pa podprla okrevanje po posledicah COVID-19. Za zmanjšanje neenakosti je predlagala nov cilj, da bi EU do leta 2030 zmanjšala število ljudi, ki jim grozi revščina ali socialna izključenost, za vsaj 15 milijonov, vključno z vsaj 5 milijoni otrok.
Evropska komisija: Akcijski načrt za evropski steber socialnih pravicopens in new tab
Komisija je 24. marca 2021 predlagala strategijo EU o otrokovih pravicah in priporočilo Sveta o vzpostavitvi evropskega jamstva za otroke, da bi otrokom, ki jim grozita revščina in socialna izključenost, zagotovila učinkovit dostop do ključnih storitev, kot sta zdravstveno varstvo in izobraževanje. Svet za zaposlovanje, socialno politiko, zdravje in varstvo potrošnikov (EPSCO) je 14. junija 2021 sprejel evropsko jamstvo za otroke.
Evropska komisija: Strategija EU o otrokovih pravicah in evropsko jamstvo za otrokeopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Svet sprejel evropsko jamstvo za otrokeopens in new tab
Komisija uporablja postopek evropskega semestra za spremljanje sistemov socialne zaščite držav članic in po potrebi daje priporočila za posamezne države o uporabi njihovih socialnih proračunov, da se zagotovi ustrezna in trajnostna socialna zaščita.
Evropska komisija: Evropski semesteropens in new tab
Druga ključna prednostna naloga Evropske komisije je ustvariti Evropo, pripravljeno na digitalno dobo. To vključuje naložbe v digitalne javne storitve in zagotavljanje ustrezne socialne zaščite za platformne delavce.
Evropska komisija: Digitalno desetletje Evrope: digitalni cilji za leto 2030opens in new tab
To je izbor najpomembnejših ugotovitev v zvezi s to temo.
8 October 2024
Social protection 2.0: Unemployment and minimum income benefits
This report focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits for people of working age. Individuals with short or no employment records (mainly young people), the self-employed, those with non-standard working arrangements, and the long-term unemployed are often not entitled to higher-tier, or any, unemployment benefits. No Member State was identified where more than 80% of those entitled to minimum income benefits receive them. Benefit recipients at higher risk of having an inadequate income include those without access to social housing in areas with high housing costs, unemployed individuals whose most recent job was low paid and the long-term unemployed people. The report also investigates the rejection of applications (frequently, around 30% are rejected), the digitalisation of application processes (most common for unemployment benefits) and economic activation requirements (typically, 1–6% of benefit recipients annually are sanctioned for not complying with activity requirements) and service entitlements.
30 May 2023
Unaffordable and inadequate housing in Europe
Unaffordable housing is a matter of great concern in the EU. It leads to homelessness, housing insecurity, financial strain and inadequate housing. It also prevents young people from leaving their family home. These problems affect people’s health and well-being, embody unequal living conditions and opportunities, and result in healthcare costs, reduced productivity and environmental damage. Private tenants have faced particularly large housing cost increases, and owners with mortgages are vulnerable to interest rate increases. In addition, many owners without mortgages, especially in post-communist and southern European countries, experience poverty and housing inadequacy. The cost-of-living crisis affects people in all tenancies. Social housing and rent subsidies support many, but capacity differs across and within countries, and these measures exclude certain groups in vulnerable situations and fail to reach everyone who is entitled to them. Three quarters of Member States have Housing First initiatives – providing housing for homeless people – but these mostly operate on a small scale. This report maps housing problems in the EU and the policies that address them, drawing on Eurofound’s Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents.
5 July 2022
Policies to support refugees from Ukraine
11 March 2021
COVID-19: Implications for employment and working life
Disclaimer - Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.
This report sets out to assess the initial impact of the COVID-19 crisis on employment in Europe (up to Q2 2020), including its effects across sectors and on different categories of workers. It also looks at measures implemented by policymakers in a bid to limit the negative effects of the crisis. It first provides an overview of policy approaches adopted to mitigate the impact of the crisis on businesses, workers and citizens. The main focus is on the development, content and impact of short-time working schemes, income support measures for self-employed people, hardship funds and rent and mortgage deferrals. Finally, it explores the involvement of social partners in the development and implementation of such measures and the role of European funding in supporting these schemes.
8 December 2020
Upward convergence in material well-being: Is a COVID-19 setback inevitable?
The EU strives for the upward convergence of its Member States, where their performance improves and gaps between them decrease. Nearly a decade after the Great Recession, the COVID-19 crisis has again put this objective under pressure. This policy brief focuses on convergence in material well-being in Europe. Trends in several indicators largely follow the economic cycle, with upward convergence in good times and downward divergence in bad times. This could mean further divergence and polarisation among Member States as we face a new economic downturn, with the prospect of an uneven pace of recovery across countries when growth returns.
The policy brief presents an overview of policy measures implemented by the EU and Member States to smooth the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. It discusses EU coordination of minimum income schemes as a possible tool to limit deterioration and divergence in the indicators should the economy enter a downturn.
8 October 2020
Access to care services: Early childhood education and care, healthcare and long-term care
The right of access to good-quality care services is highlighted in the European Pillar of Social Rights. This report focuses on three care services: early childhood education and care (ECEC), healthcare, and long-term care. Access to these services has been shown to contribute to reducing inequalities throughout the life cycle and achieving equality for women and persons with disabilities. Drawing on input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents and Eurofound’s own research, the report presents an overview of the current situation in various EU Member States, Norway and the UK, outlining barriers to the take-up of care services and differences in access issues between population groups. It pays particular attention to three areas that have the potential to improve access to services: ECEC for children with disabilities and special educational needs, e-healthcare and respite care.
20 December 2019
Casual work: Characteristics and implications
Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment. While it offers some advantages for both employers and workers, it is often discussed by policymakers at EU and national levels due to the observed negative consequences it has for some workers. Impacts include economic insecurity and unpredictability of working time, which in turn affect workers’ health, well-being and social security. From a labour market perspective, casual work raises concerns about decent social inclusion of vulnerable groups, labour market segmentation and more general trends towards fragmentation of work and brain drain. Some policy responses have already been implemented to tackle these issues; further policy pointers are flagged in the report.
Raziskovalci agencije Eurofound zagotavljajo strokovno znanje in jih je mogoče kontaktirati za vprašanja ali poizvedbe medijev.
Marie Hyland
Research officerMarie Hyland se je Eurofoundu pridružila leta 2023 kot raziskovalka v enoti za socialno politiko. Pred tem je Marie več let preživela kot ekonomistka v Svetovni banki, kjer je delala na številnih vprašanjih, vključno s spolom, podnebnimi spremembami in razvojem zasebnega sektorja. Marieina raziskava je proučevala vpliv pravne diskriminacije na ekonomsko opolnomočenje žensk, obravnavala vlogo velikosti podjetja in vodstvenih praks na produktivnost in gospodarski razvoj ter analizirala ekonomijo politik za blažitev podnebnih sprememb. Marie je doktorirala iz ekonomije na Trinity College v Dublinu.
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