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Sociale samenhang en convergentie bevorderen

Het bevorderen van sociale samenhang en convergentie vormt één van de zes hoofdactiviteiten in het werkprogramma van Eurofound voor de periode 2021-2024. Eurofound zal blijven fungeren als kenniscentrum voor het monitoren en analyseren van de belangrijkste trends en bepalende factoren voor het realiseren van opwaartse convergentie in levens- en werkomstandigheden en het versterken van economische en sociale samenhang in de EU. De COVID-19 -pandemie vormt een ongekende uitdaging voor de economische en sociale veerkracht van de EU en benadrukt de kwetsbaarheid van de reeds geboekte vooruitgang in de convergentiepatronen.

De komende vier jaar zal Eurofound belangrijk inzicht verschaffen in de uitdagingen en vooruitzichten op het gebied van sociale samenhang en convergentie in de EU. Dit inzicht zal helpen de economieën en samenlevingen binnen de EU bestand te maken tegen toekomstige schokken. Eurofound zal zijn werk van voorafgaande jaren op het gebied van opwaartse convergentie uitbouwen, en zal daarbij vooral de nadruk leggen op het mogelijke ontstaan van nieuwe ongelijkheden tussen burgers evenals mogelijkheden om de toegenomen uitdagingen voor de sociale samenhang aan te pakken die door de crisis zijn veroorzaakt. Het agentschap zal regelmatig verslag uitbrengen over trends in opwaartse convergentie in de sociaaleconomische dimensie, evenals in de dimensies die op het niveau van de lidstaten en regio’s zijn aangegeven in de Europese pijler van sociale rechten, en zal daarbij de EU vergelijken met andere ontwikkelde landen.

Bij het onderzoeken van factoren die economische en sociale convergentie bevorderen en wat de gevolgen van de convergentie zijn, zal Eurofound aandacht besteden aan uiteenlopende factoren: sociale investering, mobiliteit en institutionele kaders, regelgeving, stelsels van sociale voorzieningen, institutionele kwaliteit en overheidsdiensten sociale dialoog en structurele hervormingen. Er zal worden onderzocht hoe doeltreffend de respons van de EU op de pandemie is voor economische en sociale convergentie. Ook zal de situatie in het eurogebied in aanmerking worden genomen en zal met name aandacht worden besteed aan de vraag welke invloed arbeidsverhoudingsprocessen bij convergentie hebben.

Eurofound zal de trends in en aanjagers van sociale samenhang in de Europese Unie onderzoeken, met name door na te gaan hoe de COVID-19-pandemie bestaande ongelijkheden heeft versterkt of nieuwe ongelijkheden in het leven heeft geroepen die de samenleving in het algemeen of specifieke groepen burgers treffen. De analyse richt zich op economische, sociale en gezondheidsverschillen, zowel op de arbeidsmarkt als wat betreft de toegang tot en de kwaliteit van essentiële goederen en diensten zoals gezondheidszorg, huisvesting, onderwijs en sociale bescherming . Het verband tussen ongelijkheid, vertrouwen in en ontevredenheid met instituties wordt onderzocht. Andere aandachtsgebieden zijn migratie , integratie en maatschappelijke spanningen.

De onderzoeksresultaten die uit deze activiteit voortkomen, zullen bijdragen aan het werk van de verschillende diensten van de Europese Commissie en het Comité voor de werkgelegenheid (EMCO), het Comité voor sociale bescherming (SPC), het Economisch en Financieel Comité (EFC), de Raad en het Europees Parlement, mede met betrekking tot het Europees Semester.

“De COVID-19-crisis heeft het concept van opwaartse convergentie terug naar het middelpunt van het politieke debat gebracht…. Opwaartse convergentie is belangrijk voor de stabiliteit van de Unie. Als we de belofte van opwaartse convergentie niet waarmaken, lopen we het risico het functioneren van de Unie te ondermijnen en politieke onvrede over het project van de Europese Unie te creëren.”

Massimiliano Mascherini, hoofd van de eenheid Sociaal beleid

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Belangrijke beleidspunten

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De belangrijkste bevindingen uit het onderzoek van Eurofound dienen als input waarmee beleidsmakers een aantal belangrijke kwesties op dit gebied kunnen aanpakken.

  • Duurzame economische en sociale convergentie is essentieel voor de duurzame stabiliteit van Europa en vereist een geïntegreerde Europese aanpak.
  • Uiteenlopende economische en sociale prestaties van de lidstaten vormen een risico voor gedeelde welvaart en fatsoenlijke levens- en arbeidsomstandigheden. Daarom is het essentieel om convergentietrends in de EU in de gaten te houden en om beleid ter voorkoming van divergentie uit te voeren.
  • Vóór COVID-19 had Europa zes jaar ononderbroken economische groei doorgemaakt, waardoor de gevolgen van de crisis van 2008 werden verzacht en waardoor er sprake was van opwaartse convergentie op gebieden als werkgelegenheid en risico op armoede. Maar niet alle lidstaten profiteerden in gelijke mate en de verschillen tussen de regio’s namen toe.
  • De COVID-19-pandemie brengt het risico met zich mee dat de ongelijkheden tussen lidstaten en onder sociaaleconomische groepen toenemen. De pandemie zal duidelijk maken of de economische en sociale veerkracht van de lidstaten bestand is tegen het risico van economische en sociale divergentie in de Europese Unie. Deze toenemende verschillen kunnen ook gevolgen hebben voor de stabiliteit van de EU, wat onderstreept dat de Europese pijler van sociale rechten volledig moet worden uitgevoerd en dat deze maatregelen duidelijk aan de EU-burgers moeten worden gecommuniceerd.
  • Ervoor zorgen dat burgers vertrouwen houden in nationale en Europese instellingen moet in tijden van crisis centraal staan, omdat naleving van maatregelen om COVID-19 te beperken in hoge mate afhangt van de mate van vertrouwen in instellingen en wetenschappelijk advies. De toename van vertrouwen in de overheid waarvan melding wordt gemaakt door respondenten die hebben geprofiteerd van ondersteuningsmaatregelen, vormt tevens een duidelijke boodschap aan de nationale overheden en de EU.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of social cohesion and convergence in the EU, helping to ensure its economies and societies are resilient to future shocks. Eurofound will expand on its work from previous years on the upward convergence theme, with particular emphasis on the potential rise of new inequalities among citizens and how to address the increased challenges to social cohesion brought about by the crisis. The Agency will report regularly on trends in upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension, as well as in the dimensions outlined in the European Pillar of Social Rights at Member State and regional levels, while also comparing the EU with other developed countries.

In exploring the drivers and implications of economic and social convergence, Eurofound will pay attention to a range of factors: social investment, mobility and institutional frameworks, regulation, welfare systems, institutional quality and public servicessocial dialogue and structural reforms. The research will examine the effectiveness of the EU’s response to the pandemic for economic and social convergence. It will also consider the situation in the euro area, as well as focusing on the role of industrial relations processes in influencing convergence.

Eurofound will investigate the trends and drivers of social cohesion in the European Union, in particular examining how the COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated existing inequalities or triggered new ones affecting society more broadly or specific groups of citizens. The analysis will focus on economic, social and health disparities, both in the labour market and in terms of access to and quality of crucial goods and services such as healthcare, housing, education and social protection. The link between inequalities, institutional trust and discontent will be studied. Other areas of interest include migration, integration and societal tensions.

The research results emerging from this activity will contribute to the work of the different services of the European Commission and the Employment Committee (EMCO), the Social Protection Committee (SPC), the Economic and Financial Committee (EFC), the Council and the European Parliament, including in relation to the European Semester.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to support sustainable upward economic and social convergence, to reduce multidimensional inequalities and to develop initiatives to strengthen social cohesion, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels brought about by COVID-19. By investigating the pandemic recovery programmes at European level and their effect on economic and social convergence, Eurofound aims to inform policymakers on ways to promote convergence and the effectiveness of various initiatives. Research on social cohesion is intended to advance the debate on ways to promote policies towards a fairer and more inclusive society.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research links in with the EU objective of sustainable economic and social convergence and will seek to support the debate on the European Pillar of Social Rights, its implementation and monitoring role, as well as on the reform of Economic and Monetary Union. Findings on trust can contribute to the initiatives regarding the Future of Europe debate.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to study upward convergence towards better working and living conditions and stronger economic and social cohesion. The focus is on the potential rise of new inequalities and how to explain and address the increased challenges to the social cohesion of the EU brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Eurofound continues to report on the latest trends in and drivers of upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension by updating and maintaining its dashboard of indicators and by providing regular annual updates at Member State and regional level.

Building on previous work on income inequalities and on the middle classes, research concludes on trends in this area, shedding light on the impact of the increased cost of living on different income groups, including the middle class, and households.

Eurofound provides new evidence on the role of human capital in inequalities across the EU, in particular its role in ensuring social cohesion and convergence. Alongside exploring stocks and flows of human capital across Member States, the study offers an insight into the role of education as a driver of economic and social convergence. 

New evidence also sheds light on the emerging challenges and opportunities arising from the high inflow of Ukrainian refugees to the EU, focusing on integration efforts at EU and national level, as well as the impact on public services.

A new project on the role of digitalisation complements Eurofound’s work on convergence and inequalities. This research analyses the long-term trends in the uptake and usage of digital technologies by EU citizens and the progress made by Member States in fulfilling the targets set in their recovery and resilience plans. It also assesses if digitalisation is a driver of economic and social convergence in the EU, with a focus on income, employment and poverty.

Building on previous work in 2019 and drawing on newer data, Eurofound aims to identify changes in overall wealth distribution during recent years and produce a more detailed account of the size and composition of the population with no or negative wealth, and of the asset composition of the wealth quintiles.

New research also examines the dynamics of social cohesion, polarisation in perceived trust in institutions and satisfaction with democracy in Europe. This analysis explores social developments that can lead to tensions, withdrawal or radicalisation, and the main dimension of the polarisation in European societies over the last decade. Looking at the 2024 European elections, the research investigates new forms of inclusive participation and their possible effect on polarisation.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 januari 2024
Publication
Work programme

Eurofound expert(s)

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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Eleonora Peruffo is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. She works on topics related to upward convergence and social cohesion in Europe. During 2021–2022...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (37)

This report investigates the political dimensions of social cohesion in Europe, offering a 20-year perspective derived from 10 rounds of the European Social Survey. It scrutinises trends and regional variations in political participation, examining correlations with levels of institutional distrust

26 April 2024

This report focuses on the challenges that the EU Member States and Norway face when receiving and integrating refugees who fled Ukraine after Russia’s invasion in February 2022. It investigates their labour market integration and access to and experiences with public services that are crucial for

28 March 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing.

21 September 2023

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

Dit verslag onderzoekt de dynamiek van de milieuprestaties van de EU-lidstaten en de mate waarin de verschillen in hun prestaties sinds het begin van de jaren 2000 kleiner zijn geworden. Het verslag is het resultaat van samenwerking tussen Eurofound en het Europees Milieuagentschap, waarbij de

03 August 2023

In reactie op de oorlog van Rusland tegen Oekraïne heeft de EU haar richtlijn tijdelijke bescherming in werking gesteld voor vluchtelingen uit Oekraïne, zodat zij zich in de EU konden vestigen en toegang kregen tot elementaire publieke voorzieningen en de arbeidsmarkt. Tegen het voorjaar van 2023

14 June 2023

Het jaar 2022 begon met voorzichtig optimisme. Europa was na twee jaar COVID-19-pandemie weer aan het opkrabbelen met het herstelplan NextGenerationEU, dat moet helpen bouwen aan een sterke en duurzame toekomst. De Russische aanval op Oekraïne aan het begin van het jaar heeft de situatie echter

04 May 2023

Historisch gezien is het politieke debat over EU-convergentie in een stroomversnelling geraakt na een crisis. In de nasleep van de COVID-19-pandemie heeft dit verslag ten doel de balans op te maken van de convergentietrends van de afgelopen twee decennia. De studie begint met een empirisch onderzoek

22 March 2023

De COVID-19-pandemie heeft, al naargelang de bestaande achterstanden, uiteenlopende gevolgen gehad voor de verschillende groepen in de samenleving. Algemeen wordt ervan uitgegaan dat de ongelijkheid als gevolg van de pandemie op verschillende terreinen is toegenomen. Aan de hand van indicatoren van

24 January 2023

Online resources results (3)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Daniel Molinuevo about the European Child Guarantee, how bad the situation is with regard to child poverty and social exclusion in Europe, what Member States have committed to doing about it, what the implicatio
1 mei 2024
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Twin transition and pandemic challenge Eurofound to increase expertise, strengthen partnerships, expand reach, says new Director

Eurofound welcomed Ivailo Kalfin to his new role as Executive Director on 1 June. After one month in the job, he reflects on the challenges facing the EU, how they will impact on the work of Eurofound and his priorities for shaping the Agency over the next five years.

Monitoring Convergence in the European Union. Joint Meeting of the Social Protection Committee Indicators Sub-Group and the EMCO Indicators Group, 13 March 2018, Brussels, Belgium. Presentation by Massimiliano Mascherini, Senior Research Manager, Eurofound.

13 maart 2018
Blogs results (8)

Years of crises have eroded citizens’ trust in institutions. Without it, the very fabric of our democracy is at risk.

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 december 2023

Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

24 oktober 2023
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 juni 2022
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When it comes to Europe’s COVID-19 recovery and its aspiration to build back a more resilient society, the so-called green and digital transitions have dominated EU policy discussions. And as Eurofound made preparations for the 2022 Foundation Forum – a unique occasion for high-level debate on the

11 maart 2022
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The exponential growth of COVID-19 cases across Europe this autumn has quickly erased hopes that the virus had been contained and confirmed the surge of another wave of the pandemic. With Member States now implementing new restrictive measures for the second time since March in an attempt to control

23 oktober 2020
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

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When EU Heads of State or Government gather in Gothenburg this week to debate fair jobs and growth, it will be the first such ‘social summit’ in 20 years. At the heart of the agenda of this high-level gathering will be the formal proclamation of the European Pillar of Social Rights – 20 principles

14 november 2017
Upcoming publications results (2)

The focus of this report is on the role that human capital plays in determining inequalities across the EU, as well as within Member States. Using Cedefop’s work in this area, the report provides a comparative analysis of national trends in education and lifelong learning, including differences betw

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (2)

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