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Fomento de la cohesión social y la convergencia

El fomento de la cohesión social y la convergencia es uno de los seis ámbitos de actividad principales del programa de trabajo de Eurofound para el período 2021-2024. Eurofound seguirá funcionando como centro de conocimientos especializados para el seguimiento y el análisis de las tendencias clave y de los factores determinantes para lograr una convergencia al alza de las condiciones de vida y de trabajo y para reforzar la cohesión económica y social en la UE. La pandemia de COVID-19 representa un desafío sin precedentes para la resiliencia económica y social de la UE, al poner de relieve la fragilidad de cualquier avance en los patrones de convergencia ya alcanzados.

Durante los próximos cuatro años, Eurofound proporcionará información importante sobre los retos y las perspectivas del ámbito de la cohesión social y la convergencia en la UE, ayudando a garantizar que sus economías y sociedades sean resilientes frente a futuras crisis. Eurofound profundizará en su trabajo de años anteriores sobre el tema de la convergencia al alza, haciendo especial hincapié en el posible aumento de nuevas desigualdades entre la ciudadanía y la manera de abordar el aumento de retos para la cohesión social que ha provocado la crisis. La Agencia informará periódicamente sobre las tendencias de la convergencia al alza en la dimensión socioeconómica, así como en las dimensiones esbozadas en el pilar europeo de derechos sociales a escala nacional y regional, comparando al mismo tiempo la UE con otros países desarrollados.

Al estudiar los factores que impulsan la convergencia económica y social y sus implicaciones, Eurofound prestará atención a una serie de elementos: inversión social, movilidad y marcos institucionales, regulación, sistemas de bienestar, calidad institucional y servicios públicos diálogo social y reformas estructurales. La investigación examinará la eficacia de la respuesta de la UE a la pandemia para la convergencia económica y social. También estudiará la situación en la zona del euro y se centrará en el papel de los procesos de relaciones laborales a la hora de influir en la convergencia.

Eurofound estudiará las tendencias y los motores de la cohesión social en la Unión Europea, en concreto, examinando de qué modo la pandemia de COVID-19 ha acentuado las desigualdades existentes o ha dado lugar a otras nuevas que afectan a la sociedad en general o a grupos específicos de ciudadanos. El análisis se centrará en las disparidades económicas, sociales y sanitarias, tanto en el mercado laboral como en términos de acceso y calidad de bienes y servicios esenciales como la asistencia sanitaria , la vivienda, la educación y la protección social . Se estudiará la relación entre las desigualdades, la confianza institucional y el descontento. Otros ámbitos de interés incluyen la migración , la integración y las tensiones sociales.

Los resultados de la investigación que resulten de esta actividad contribuirán al trabajo de los diferentes servicios de la Comisión Europea y del Comité de Empleo (COEM), el Comité de Protección Social (CPS), el Comité Económico y Financiero (CEF), el Consejo y el Parlamento Europeo, también en relación con el Semestre Europeo.

«La crisis de la COVID-19 ha vuelto a situar el concepto de convergencia al alza en el centro del debate político... La convergencia al alza es importante para la estabilidad de la Unión. Si no se cumple la promesa de una convergencia al alza, se corre el riesgo de socavar el funcionamiento de la Unión y de crear descontento político con el proyecto de la Unión Europea.»

— Massimiliano Mascherini, director de la Unidad de Políticas Sociales

Topic

Recent updates

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This report investigates the political dimensions of social cohesion in Europe, offering a 20-year perspective derived from 10 rounds of the European Social Survey. It scrutinises trends and regional variations...

26 Abril 2024
Publication
Research report

Mensajes políticos clave

Infografía

Las principales conclusiones de la investigación de Eurofound sirven de referencia para que los responsables políticos aborden algunas de las cuestiones clave en este ámbito.

  • La convergencia económica y social sostenible es esencial para la estabilidad duradera de Europa y requiere un enfoque europeo integrado.
  • Una actuación económica y social divergente entre los Estados miembros pone en riesgo la prosperidad compartida y la existencia de condiciones de vida y de trabajo dignas, por lo que resulta fundamental realizar un seguimiento de las tendencias de convergencia en la UE y aplicar políticas para evitar divergencias.
  • Antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, Europa había experimentado seis años de crecimiento económico ininterrumpido, amortiguando los efectos negativos de la crisis de 2008 y registrando una convergencia al alza en ámbitos como el empleo y el riesgo de pobreza. Pero no todos los Estados miembros se beneficiaron por igual y las disparidades regionales se incrementaron.
  • Se corre el riesgo de que la pandemia aumente aún más las desigualdades entre los Estados miembros y entre los grupos socioeconómicos. Pondrá a prueba la resiliencia económica y social de los Estados miembros frente al riesgo de divergencia económica y social en la Unión Europea. Tales disparidades crecientes también pueden afectar a la estabilidad de la UE y subrayan la necesidad de aplicar el pilar europeo de derechos sociales en su totalidad y de comunicar claramente estas medidas a la ciudadanía de la UE.
  • Mantener la confianza de la ciudadanía en las instituciones nacionales y europeas debe seguir siendo un objetivo fundamental en tiempos de crisis, ya que el cumplimiento de las medidas de control de la pandemia depende en gran medida de los niveles de confianza en las instituciones y las recomendaciones de la comunidad científica. El incremento en los niveles de confianza en las instituciones observado entre las personas encuestadas que se beneficiaron de medidas de apoyo también envía un mensaje claro a las administraciones nacionales y a la UE.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of social cohesion and convergence in the EU, helping to ensure its economies and societies are resilient to future shocks. Eurofound will expand on its work from previous years on the upward convergence theme, with particular emphasis on the potential rise of new inequalities among citizens and how to address the increased challenges to social cohesion brought about by the crisis. The Agency will report regularly on trends in upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension, as well as in the dimensions outlined in the European Pillar of Social Rights at Member State and regional levels, while also comparing the EU with other developed countries.

In exploring the drivers and implications of economic and social convergence, Eurofound will pay attention to a range of factors: social investment, mobility and institutional frameworks, regulation, welfare systems, institutional quality and public servicessocial dialogue and structural reforms. The research will examine the effectiveness of the EU’s response to the pandemic for economic and social convergence. It will also consider the situation in the euro area, as well as focusing on the role of industrial relations processes in influencing convergence.

Eurofound will investigate the trends and drivers of social cohesion in the European Union, in particular examining how the COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated existing inequalities or triggered new ones affecting society more broadly or specific groups of citizens. The analysis will focus on economic, social and health disparities, both in the labour market and in terms of access to and quality of crucial goods and services such as healthcare, housing, education and social protection. The link between inequalities, institutional trust and discontent will be studied. Other areas of interest include migration, integration and societal tensions.

The research results emerging from this activity will contribute to the work of the different services of the European Commission and the Employment Committee (EMCO), the Social Protection Committee (SPC), the Economic and Financial Committee (EFC), the Council and the European Parliament, including in relation to the European Semester.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to support sustainable upward economic and social convergence, to reduce multidimensional inequalities and to develop initiatives to strengthen social cohesion, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels brought about by COVID-19. By investigating the pandemic recovery programmes at European level and their effect on economic and social convergence, Eurofound aims to inform policymakers on ways to promote convergence and the effectiveness of various initiatives. Research on social cohesion is intended to advance the debate on ways to promote policies towards a fairer and more inclusive society.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research links in with the EU objective of sustainable economic and social convergence and will seek to support the debate on the European Pillar of Social Rights, its implementation and monitoring role, as well as on the reform of Economic and Monetary Union. Findings on trust can contribute to the initiatives regarding the Future of Europe debate.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to study upward convergence towards better working and living conditions and stronger economic and social cohesion. The focus is on the potential rise of new inequalities and how to explain and address the increased challenges to the social cohesion of the EU brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Eurofound continues to report on the latest trends in and drivers of upward convergence in the socioeconomic dimension by updating and maintaining its dashboard of indicators and by providing regular annual updates at Member State and regional level.

Building on previous work on income inequalities and on the middle classes, research concludes on trends in this area, shedding light on the impact of the increased cost of living on different income groups, including the middle class, and households.

Eurofound provides new evidence on the role of human capital in inequalities across the EU, in particular its role in ensuring social cohesion and convergence. Alongside exploring stocks and flows of human capital across Member States, the study offers an insight into the role of education as a driver of economic and social convergence. 

New evidence also sheds light on the emerging challenges and opportunities arising from the high inflow of Ukrainian refugees to the EU, focusing on integration efforts at EU and national level, as well as the impact on public services.

A new project on the role of digitalisation complements Eurofound’s work on convergence and inequalities. This research analyses the long-term trends in the uptake and usage of digital technologies by EU citizens and the progress made by Member States in fulfilling the targets set in their recovery and resilience plans. It also assesses if digitalisation is a driver of economic and social convergence in the EU, with a focus on income, employment and poverty.

Building on previous work in 2019 and drawing on newer data, Eurofound aims to identify changes in overall wealth distribution during recent years and produce a more detailed account of the size and composition of the population with no or negative wealth, and of the asset composition of the wealth quintiles.

New research also examines the dynamics of social cohesion, polarisation in perceived trust in institutions and satisfaction with democracy in Europe. This analysis explores social developments that can lead to tensions, withdrawal or radicalisation, and the main dimension of the polarisation in European societies over the last decade. Looking at the 2024 European elections, the research investigates new forms of inclusive participation and their possible effect on polarisation.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Enero 2024
Publication
Work programme

Eurofound expert(s)

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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Eleonora Peruffo is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. She works on topics related to upward convergence and social cohesion in Europe. During 2021–2022...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (37)

This report investigates the political dimensions of social cohesion in Europe, offering a 20-year perspective derived from 10 rounds of the European Social Survey. It scrutinises trends and regional variations in political participation, examining correlations with levels of institutional distrust

26 April 2024

This report focuses on the challenges that the EU Member States and Norway face when receiving and integrating refugees who fled Ukraine after Russia’s invasion in February 2022. It investigates their labour market integration and access to and experiences with public services that are crucial for

28 March 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing. This is done using a

21 September 2023

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

El presente informe analiza la dinámica del rendimiento medioambiental de los Estados miembros de la UE y hasta qué punto se han reducido las disparidades en el rendimiento desde principios de los años 2000. El informe es fruto de la cooperación entre Eurofound y la Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente

03 August 2023

En respuesta a la guerra de Rusia contra Ucrania, la UE activó su Directiva de protección temporal para las personas que han huido del país, permitiendo que se establezcan en la UE y accedan a los servicios públicos básicos y al mercado laboral. En la primavera de 2023, más de 4,5 millones de

14 June 2023

El año 2022 se inició con un optimismo prudente. Europa estaba saliendo de dos años de la pandemia de COVID-19, y NextGenerationEU estableció un plan para una recuperación que construya un futuro fuerte y sostenible. Sin embargo, el ataque ruso a Ucrania a principios de año cambió radicalmente la

04 May 2023

Históricamente, el debate político en torno a la convergencia de la UE ha cobrado impulso tras una crisis. A raíz de la pandemia de COVID-19, el objetivo del presente informe es hacer balance de las dos últimas décadas de tendencias de convergencia. El estudio comienza con una investigación empírica

22 March 2023

La pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo diferentes repercusiones en los grupos sociales, en función de las desventajas existentes, y en general se considera que desencadenó un aumento de las desigualdades en diferentes ámbitos de la vida. A partir de los indicadores del marco de seguimiento de la desigualdad

24 January 2023

Online resources results (2)
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Twin transition and pandemic challenge Eurofound to increase expertise, strengthen partnerships, expand reach, says new Director

Eurofound welcomed Ivailo Kalfin to his new role as Executive Director on 1 June. After one month in the job, he reflects on the challenges facing the EU, how they will impact on the work of Eurofound and his priorities for shaping the Agency over the next five years.

Monitoring Convergence in the European Union. Joint Meeting of the Social Protection Committee Indicators Sub-Group and the EMCO Indicators Group, 13 March 2018, Brussels, Belgium. Presentation by Massimiliano Mascherini, Senior Research Manager, Eurofound.

13 Marzo 2018
Blogs results (7)

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 Diciembre 2023

Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

24 Octubre 2023
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 Junio 2022
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When it comes to Europe’s COVID-19 recovery and its aspiration to build back a more resilient society, the so-called green and digital transitions have dominated EU policy discussions. And as Eurofound made preparations for the 2022 Foundation Forum – a unique occasion for high-level debate on the

11 Marzo 2022
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The exponential growth of COVID-19 cases across Europe this autumn has quickly erased hopes that the virus had been contained and confirmed the surge of another wave of the pandemic. With Member States now implementing new restrictive measures for the second time since March in an attempt to control

23 Octubre 2020
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 Mayo 2019
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When EU Heads of State or Government gather in Gothenburg this week to debate fair jobs and growth, it will be the first such ‘social summit’ in 20 years. At the heart of the agenda of this high-level gathering will be the formal proclamation of the European Pillar of Social Rights – 20 principles

14 Noviembre 2017
Upcoming publications results (2)

The focus of this report is on the role that human capital plays in determining inequalities across the EU, as well as within Member States. Using Cedefop’s work in this area, the report provides a comparative analysis of national trends in education and lifelong learning, including differences betw

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (2)

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