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Pensionile jäämine

Pensionile jäämine alates 65. eluaastast ja sageli ka varem on ELis viimastel aastatel muutunud normiks. Pensionile jäämise vanus on ELi liikmesriikides erinev ning see on olnud tõusuteel. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 detsember 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Käesolevas aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju eakate kodanike elukvaliteedile, sealhulgas mõju nende heaolule, rahaasjadele, tööhõivele ja sotsiaalsele kaasatusele. Aruandes uuritakse mõju hooldusteenuste kasutamisele ja eakate sõltumist muust toetusest. Aruandes tutvustatakse...

28 jaanuar 2022
Publication
Research report
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 veebruar 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

Kuna beebibuumi põlvkond läheb pensionile, ületab pensionile jääjate arv tööturule sisenejate arvu. Kuna inimesed elavad kauem ja sündimus väheneb üle kogu Euroopa, on ELi poliitika prioriteet julgustada eurooplasi töötama kauem, et tagada pensionisüsteemide jätkusuutlikkus ja piisav sotsiaalkaitse. Viimastel aastatel on mõned liikmesriigid asunud tõstma riiklikku pensioniiga (nt Iirimaal tõuseb pensioniiga 2028. aastaks 68 aastani ja Saksamaal 2031. aastaks 67 aastani) ning otsivad viise, kuidas toetada inimeste püsimist tööturul pikemat aega. Paljud eakad töötajad soovivad ka töötamist jätkata.

Euroopa Komisjoni 2012. aasta valges raamatus pensionide kohta on esitatud algatused raamistiku loomiseks, et võimaldada eakatel töötajatel jätkata tööd ja säästa rohkem pensionile jäämiseks. Samuti kutsuti liikmesriike üles kaotama meeste ja naiste riikliku pensioniea erinevused ning vaatama läbi kohustusliku pensioniea põhjendamatud sätted. Komisjon on läbi vaadanud ka Euroopas rasket või ohtlikku tööd tegevate inimeste pensionisüsteemi, arutades toimuvaid reforme ja parimaid tavasid koos ELi liikmesriikidele suunatud soovitustega.

Eurofoundi töö

Aastate jooksul on Eurofound analüüsinud ELi liikmesriikides pensionile jäämise küsimusi. Uuringutes on vaadeldud varajasele ja järkjärgulisele pensionile jäämise võimalusi, töötamise ja osaliselt pensionile jäämise ühendamist, töötamist pärast pensionile jäämist, vabatahtlikku tegevust pensionil olles ja pensionide probleeme. Viimastel aastatel on uuringud keskendunud tööelu pikendamisele kehtivast pensionile jäämise vanusest lähtudes ning tööeelistuste, sissetuleku ja elukvaliteediga seotud küsimustele.

Pensionile jäämisega seotud tööelu eelistused

Eurofoundi Euroopa kolmanda elukvaliteedi uuringu tulemuste analüüsis uuritakse eakate töötajate tööaja eelistusi. Leitakse, et peaaegu pool üle 50-aastastest töötajatest eelistab töötada vähem tunde, arvestades oma rahalist vajadust. Märkimisväärne osa pensionäridest, kes praegu palgatööl ei ole, sooviksid tegelikult töötada vähemalt mõni tund nädalas. Uuriti ka seda, kuidas töökarjääri keskel tehtavad kokkuvõtted aitavad selgitada töötajate võimalusi jääda tööle kuni hilisema pensionieani. 

Töötamine koos osalise pensionile jäämisega

Praegu lahkuvad eakad töötajad töölt sageli enne ametlikku pensioniea saabumist terviseprobleemide, puuete ja hoolduskohustuste tõttu. Paljud inimesed lihtsalt soovivad töötada vähem, sobitades tööaega rohkem oma eelistustega. Üks võimalus motiveerida ja võimaldada inimestel kauem töötada on lihtsustada nende tööaja vähendamist, täiendades samal ajal sissetuleku kaotust osalise pensioni või hüvitisega. Eurofoundi uuringus on vaadeldud sellise osalise pensionisüsteemi mõju.

Töötamine pärast pensionile jäämist

Paljudes riikides on eakad otsustanud pärast pensionile jäämist teha edasi tasustatud tööd. Eurofoundi uuringus sissetuleku kohta pärast pensionile jäämist ELis vaadeldakse tasustatud tööd ja tööhõivevõimalusi otsivate pensionäride motiive. Uuritakse ettevõtte strateegiaid pensioniealiste inimeste töölevõtmisel ja nende tööl hoidmisel ning tõstetakse esile selliste eakate dilemmad ja eelised, kes soovivad teha tasustatud tööd. Analüüsitakse ka, mil määral on töö pärast pensionile jäämist seotud pensionile jäänud elanikkonna sissetuleku piisavusega.

Pensionireform

Pension on paljudele pensionile jäänud isikutele peamine sissetulekuallikas. Viimaste aastate pensionisüsteemide reform on keskendunud riiklike pensionide jätkusuutlikkusele ja tõhusa pensioniea tõstmisele. Eurofoundi uuringus sotsiaalpartnerite kaasamise kohta ELi pensionireformi vaadeldakse majandus- ja finantskriisile reageerimise tulemusena kasutusele võetud reforme, rõhutades sotsiaalpartnerite rolli sellistes reformides alates 2008. aastast.

Vabatahtlik tegevus

Arvestades Euroopa vananevat elanikkonda, on eakate sotsiaalne kaasamine ja eakate vabatahtliku töö edendamise strateegiad nüüdseks ELi poliitilise tegevuskava olulised teemad. Eakate vabatahtliku tegevuse uuring ELis näitab vabatahtliku tegevuse kõikide aspektide parimat tava ja seost sotsiaalse kaasamisega. Selles vaadeldakse meetmeid, kuidas tugevdada vabatahtlikku tegevust töölt pensionile jäämisel.

Pensionile jäänud naised ja mehed

Enamikus liikmesriikides lähevad naised pensionile varem kui mehed, osaliselt seetõttu, et nad pühendavad ülalpeetavate eest hoolitsemiseks rohkem aega kui nende meessoost kolleegid. Kuid paljude riikide tulevikuplaanid tõsta pensionile jäämise iga toob tõenäoliselt ka sellesse aspekti muutusi. Eurofound uuris eakaid naistöötajaid Euroopas ning nende põhjuseid jätkata tööturul osalemist seoses varasema pensionile jäämisega. 

Key outputs

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Käesolevas aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju eakate kodanike elukvaliteedile, sealhulgas mõju nende heaolule, rahaasjadele, tööhõivele ja sotsiaalsele kaasatusele. Aruandes uuritakse mõju hooldusteenuste kasutamisele ja eakate sõltumist muust toetusest. Aruandes tutvustatakse...

28 jaanuar 2022
Publication
Research report
ef18020_card_cover.png

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 veebruar 2019
Publication
Policy brief
ef18019_card_cover.png

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 oktoober 2018
Publication
Policy brief
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 detsember 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

As the average age of the European population and of the European workforce rises, more people of working age will have to combine employment with the provision of care, especially to elderly relatives. There are many actors and institutions involved in organising such care, and many institutional

22 October 2015

The need to reform pension systems is one of the key challenges for social policymakers in Europe. This article provides an update of how the EU 28 and Norway are tackling this issue in the face of demographic change, focusing in particular on the involvement of the social partners and governments.

02 October 2015

The ageing of European society is leading to a situation where, at current employment levels, supporting the retired population will become increasingly unaffordable. The proposed solution can be summed up simply: bring more of the working age population into work and extend everyone’s working life

23 January 2015

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

14 June 2014

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to

20 January 2014

Achieving work environments that make work sustainable over a lifetime is a key facet of the promotion of longer working lives. This study - based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey - considers the dimensions of work that have proved essential to the understanding of work sustainability

09 December 2012

The proportion of people aged 65 and over will rise from 17% to 30% of the EU population by 2060, while at the same time the working age population will decline. The European Commission estimates that most of the increase in public spending in the EU over the next 50 years will be on pensions, long

28 November 2012

It is increasingly common for workers in the EU to take up paid work after retirement. This trend adds an important dimension to the current discourse on extending working lives. Facilitating work after retirement for those who want to work can contribute to sustainable pension systems. This study

14 November 2012

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions carried out major surveys on working conditions in Europe in 1990, 1995 and 2000. The findings of these surveys reveal a number of alarming trends regarding age and working conditions, in particular: a low level of access

26 August 2012

Online resources results (98)

Norway: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A settlement on pensions, amendments to the Working Environment Act, plans for a survey of foreign tour bus companies and a new report on working environments and occupational health are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Belgium: latest working life developments Q2 2018

Ongoing discussions about pension reform for ‘heavy occupations’, the signing of an agreement in the non-profit sector and strikes in the railway sector are the main topics of this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Belgium in the first quarter of 2018

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

A considerable increase in the minimum wage, unions´request for early retirement for those working in hazardous conditions, and changes in the delivery of occupational health services are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Bulgaria: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Increases in the minimum retirement pension and minimum wage, protests by police at border checkpoints, and a Bulgarian elected Vice-President of the largest European trade union organisation, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Plans to raise the earliest retirement age and the right to remain employed for longer despite concerns by social partners, and research on attitudes towards industrial action in different income groupsare the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Netherlands: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Increase in employment figures and childcare facilities, a rise in the number of accidents in the workplace, initiatives to boost youth employment and new collective agreements are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Hungary: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Publication of a study on the minimum wage, the introduction of pensioners’ cooperatives to reduce labour and skill shortages, and a proposal to extend working time are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Hungary in

Portugal: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Efforts to improve equality and social cohesion, softening the cut in unemployment benefit, early retirement without penalties for long service and union calls for an end to wage and promotion freezes in the public sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports

Greece: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Continuing negotiations with the Troika on the Greek labour market and pensions system, the conclusion of a national collective employment agreement and a judgment on human trafficking are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Estonia: First steps towards a more flexible pension system

The Estonian government has proposed several changes to its pension system, including tying the retirement age to life expectancy and making the state pension less dependent on income. All interest groups will be kept informed and consulted during the preparation of the draft legislation, when the

Article

Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

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