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Cómhargáil
Tagraíonn cómhargáil do gach idirbheartaíocht idir fostóir amháin nó níos mó (nó a n-eagraíochtaí) agus eagraíocht oibrithe amháin nó níos mó (ceardchumainn) chun coinníollacha oibre agus téarmaí fostaíochta a chinneadh, lena n-áirítear saincheisteanna a bhaineann le pá agus am oibre, agus chun caidreamh idir fostóirí agus oibrithe a rialáil, mar atá leagtha amach i gCoinbhinsiún 154 an ILO. Sainaithníodh roinnt gnéithe den chómhargáil ('struchtúr idirbheartaíochta'). Áirítear orthu sin clúdach a thagraíonn do chéatadán na bhfostaithe a mbíonn tionchar díreach ag comhaontuithe orthu; an leibhéal ag a dtarlaíonn an mhargáil; raon feidhme nó raon na n-ábhar a chuimsítear sa mhargáil; agus doimhneacht – is é sin an méid a chuirtear comhaontuithe i bhfeidhm agus a athbhreithniú go comhpháirteach.
Faigh an t-ábhar is déanaí ar an ábhar seo thíos.
Caidreamh tionsclaíoch: Dioscúrsa ar shocruithe ama oibre agus forbairtí orthu in 2025
Léiríonn athruithe ar shocruithe ama oibre ar fud an AE in 2025 éagsúlacht na gcóras náisiúnta caidrimh thionsclaíoch agus na leibhéil ag a dtarlaíonn an t-idirphlé sóisialta. Déanann an t-alt seo anailís ar an dioscúrsa agus ar na forbairtí in 2025 maidir le ragobair, taifeadadh ama, saoire bhliantúil agus laghdú ama oibre.Pá íosta náisiúnta san AE: fás atá bunaithe ar bheartas, cóineasú leanúnach agus cóngaracht mhéadaithe do phá caibidlíochta
Le bliain anuas, lean íosphá náisiúnta ag ardú go suntasach ar fud an AE, go háirithe i dtíortha lár agus oirthear na hEorpa, ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag laghdú éagothromaíochtaí réigiúnacha. Tá Treoir an AE maidir le Pá Íosta tagtha chun cinn mar thiománaí suntasach d'arduithe pá íosta i go leor tíortha, ag sárú leibhéil boilscithe agus ag méadú níos tapúla ná urlár pá comhaontaithe i go leor earnálacha ar phá íseal.Léiríonn ceithre scór bliain de shonraí fórsa saothair Eorpach atá claochlaithe thar a bheith aitheanta
Léiríonn Suirbhé Eurofound ar Dhálaí Oibre 2024 an chaoi a ndearna digitiú, déimeagrafaic agus athrú aeráide athmhúnlú ar shaothar na hEorpa le 35 bliain.Bailíonn Eurofound faisnéis ar leibhéal na tíre maidir le cómhargáil san AE trína Líonra Comhfhreagraithe Eurofound. Ar fud an AE, tá clúdach cómhargála an-éagsúil, mar a léiríonn taighde Eurofound. Tá thart ar 60% d'fhostaithe clúdaithe ag cómhargáil san AE, ach tá sé sin idir 80% nó níos mó i dtíortha áirithe agus níos lú ná 10% i dtíortha eile (sonraí an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh).
Tarlaíonn cómhargáil, croílár an chaidrimh thionsclaíoch eagraithe, i suíomhanna institiúideacha éagsúla. Athraíonn na córais náisiúnta i dtéarmaí ról na cómhargála agus na reachtaíochta faoi seach maidir le margadh an tsaothair a rialáil, sna leibhéil ag a ndéantar margáil (trasearnála, earnála, cuideachta agus ionad oibre, réigiúnach, gairme), agus ar an mbealach ina bhféadfadh caibidlíocht ar leibhéil éagsúla idirbhaint a bheith aige (articulation). Gnéithe tábhachtacha den chóras is ea leibhéil láraithe agus comhordaithe na cómhargála – agus go háirithe an mhargáil pá – a bhfuil impleachtaí acu do mhargadh an tsaothair agus do thorthaí maicreacnamaíocha araon. De ghnáth is comhaontú comhchoiteann é toradh an chómhargála. Is féidir le comhaontuithe den sórt sin na nósanna imeachta maidir le caidreamh idir na páirtithe a shínigh agus téarmaí agus coinníollacha fostaíochta na n-oibrithe sin a chumhdaítear leis an gcomhaontú a rialáil, amhail pá agus am oibre.
Cé go n-aithnítear neamhspleáchas na gcomhpháirtithe sóisialta sa Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh, go háirithe i ndáil le margáil pá, bíonn tionchar suntasach ag beartais an Aontais ar chómhargáil agus ar an gcóras caidrimh thionsclaíoch níos leithne. Mar shampla, thug na moltaí tír-shonracha (CSRanna) faoi chuimsiú an tSeimeastair Eorpaigh aghaidh ar shaincheisteanna amhail forbairtí pá a ailíniú le táirgiúlacht, córais shocraithe pá íosta agus innéacsú pá. Go ginearálta, tarlaíonn cómhargáil laistigh de chreat atá leagtha síos go páirteach le reachtaíocht an AE, lena n-áirítear forálacha maidir le pá comhionann as obair ar luach comhionann agus ceanglais na Treorach um Am Oibre agus na reachtaíochta gaolmhara.
Is rogha é seo de na torthaí is tábhachtaí don ábhar seo.
26 January 2024
Minimum wages for low-paid workers in collective agreements
In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24 low-paid sectors of interest – were selected to be ‘fully coded’ and representative data on negotiated minimum pay were compiled for 24 EU Member States. Based on more than 3,202 renewal texts, time series of collectively agreed minimum rates were created from 2015 to 2022 for 19 countries. This is the first time that an EU-wide data collection has provided comparative time series on negotiated pay. Key findings are is that in some countries outdated agreements contain rates below the applicable statutory minima, and that the potential of collective agreements to regulate pay generally or for employees earning higher wages than the minimum pay is not always fully capitalised on.
See also the national country reports (Eurofound papers), providing meta-data for the data collection, at the end of this web page.
30 August 2022
Moving with the times: Emerging practices and provisions in collective bargaining
This report analyses recent developments and emerging practices in collective bargaining processes and outcomes, mainly in the private sector. The report covers collective bargaining systems in 10 EU Member States and is based on cases identified through interviews with key stakeholders and negotiating parties at national level. It analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent economic and social crisis on collective bargaining dynamics and collective agreements. It also investigates practices and innovations that have emerged in response to structural drivers such as technological change, decarbonisation and climate-neutrality policies, and workforce ageing. It assesses the capacity of collective bargaining systems to adapt to structural changes in work, production and the labour market as well as medium-term trends.
4 March 2016
The importance of collective bargaining in establishing working time in Europe
1 March 2016
Working time developments in the 21st century: Work duration and its regulation in the EU
This report examines the main trends and milestones characterising the evolution of the most important aspects of collectively agreed working time in the European Union during the first decade of the 21st century. Drawing primarily on information collected by Eurofound across all EU Member States and Norway, it focuses in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. The report describes the institutional regimes of regulation and assesses the evolution of agreed working hours (hours expected to be spent on work according to collective agreements or agreed between employers and employees) and usual working hours (hours usually spent in practice in work activities) between 1999 and 2014. The report points to the tension that exists between the pressure for decreased working hours in favour of a better work–life balance and fewer health problems for workers and the need for working time flexibility to meet the demands of a modern world economy.
4 November 2015
Collective bargaining in Europe in the 21st century
Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008 economic crisis. This report sets out to map developments in all major aspects of collective bargaining (apart from pay and working time, which have been analysed separately by Eurofound) over the past 15 years. In doing so, it aims to distinguish long-term trends and to identify changes brought on by the crisis. It also aims to identify the directions collective bargaining is likely to take in the coming years. The study finds a common and strong trend of convergence across the EU towards decentralisation and more flexibility in collective bargaining processes, but with significant asymmetries in the timing and pace of change.
11 September 2015
Pay in Europe in different wage-bargaining regimes
National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources, including Eurofound and the European Commission AMECO database, this report analyses how the institutional features of national wage bargaining regimes influence pay outcomes. These features include bargaining level, type and level of coordination, use of opening clauses and the existence of wage pacts. The impact of government intervention through extension and derogation clauses and tripartite councils is also examined. The results of the study indicate that the key institutional variables of the wage-bargaining regime that influence pay outcomes are the type of coordination (how coordination is achieved) and the bargaining level.
13 April 2014
Pay in Europe in the 21st century
The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage‑setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage‑bargaining regimes have remained relatively stable over time in many countries, the most substantial changes were seen in Member States facing more difficult economic circumstances. This report provides comparative time series on wage‑bargaining outcomes across the EU Member States and Norway, discussing pay developments against the background of different wage‑bargaining regimes and looks into the link between pay and productivity developments. It also investigates the different systems and levels of minimum wages in Europe at present, carrying out an accounting exercise through a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage set at 60% of the median national wage (with some alternative scenarios as well for comparison) in order to benchmark and evaluate minimum wage levels and systems in Europe, and to discuss the possibilities and difficulties of coordination in this matter.
Soláthraíonn taighdeoirí Eurofound léargas saineolaithe agus is féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh leo le haghaidh ceisteanna nó fiosrúcháin ó na meáin.
Christine Aumayr-Pintar
Senior research managerIs bainisteoir taighde sinsearach í Christine Aumayr-Pintar san aonad Saol Oibre ag Eurofound. Díríonn a príomhshaineolas taighde ar íosphón, pá comhchaibidlithe, idirphlé sóisialta agus trédhearcacht pá inscne. Tá sí ina comhúdar ar athbhreithnithe bliantúla Eurofound ar phá íosta le deich mbliana anuas. Idir 2021 agus 2026 chomhordaigh sí taighde Eurofound ar idirphlé sóisialta agus bhainistigh sí Líonra Comhfhreagraithe Eurofound. Sula ndeachaigh sí isteach in Eurofound in 2009, bhí sí ina taighdeoir ar mhargaí saothair agus eacnamaíocht réigiúnach ag Joanneum Research san Ostair. Tá céim Mháistir aici san Eacnamaíocht agus PhD san Eolaíocht Shóisialta/Eacnamaíocht, tar éis di staidéar a dhéanamh ar eacnamaíocht i Graz, Vín agus Jönköping.
Mária Sedláková
Research officerIs oifigeach taighde í Mária Sedláková san aonad Saol Oibre in Eurofound, a dhéanann speisialtóireacht ar chaidreamh tionsclaíoch comparparáideach, idirphlé sóisialta agus cómhargáil. Tá saineolas aici ar anailís ábhair ar chomhaontuithe comhchoiteanna. Scrúdaíonn a cuid oibre reatha ról na gcomhpháirtithe sóisialta i rialú seirbhísí fostaíochta poiblí náisiúnta agus institiúidí slándála sóisialta, chomh maith le ról an idirphlé sóisialta in imirce saothair. Cuireann sí freisin le hionadaíocht na gcomhpháirtithe sóisialta earnála ar leibhéal an AE a mheas agus na Seimineáir Malartaithe Tríthaobhacha débhliantúla a éascú. Sula ndeachaigh sí isteach in Eurofound, rinne Mária taighde ar chómhargáil sa Roinn Rialachais agus Trípháirteachais san Eagraíocht Idirnáisiúnta Saothair sa Ghinéiv (2020–2022), tar éis tréimhse mar thaighdeoir in Institiúid Staidéar Saothair Lár na hEorpa sa Bhratasláiv (2013–2020). Tá MA aici san Eolaíocht Pholaitiúil le speisialtóireacht i bPolaitíocht Chomparáideach na hEorpa ó Ollscoil Lár na hEorpa.
Victoria Cojocariu
Research officerIs oifigeach taighde í Victoria Cojocariu san aonad Saol Oibre ag Eurofound, ag obair ar idirphlé sóisialta agus caidreamh tionsclaíoch. Tá baint fhorleathan aici leis na staidéir ionadaíochta a dhéanann Eurofound chun tacú le hidirphlé sóisialta na hEorpa, chomh maith le staidéir a dhéanann anailís ar ról na gcomhpháirtithe sóisialta ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus Eorpach agus ar chleachtais chómhargála. I measc a cuid spéiseanna taighde tá digitiú, eagrú oibre agus cleachtais san ionad oibre. Ó 2025 i leith, bainistíonn Victoria bunachar sonraí EU PolicyWatch. Sula ndeachaigh sí isteach in Eurofound in 2019, bhí Victoria ina taighdeoir don Ionad um Nuálaíocht Phoiblí i mBúcairist agus don Open Society Foundation Romania, ag cur le tionscadail taighde náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta i réimse na himirce, an oideachais, rochtain ar mhargadh saothair náisiúnach tríú tír, chomh maith le cearta an duine. Tá céimeanna BA agus MA aici sa tSocheolaíocht.
Felix Appler
Research support officerIs oifigeach tacaíochta taighde é Felix Appler san aonad Saol Oibre ag Eurofound. Díríonn a chuid oibre ar chaidreamh tionsclaíoch, pá íosta agus bunachair shonraí a thógáil a bhaineann leis na topaicí seo. Roimhe sin, d'oibrigh sé in Oifig Staidrimh Chónaidhme na Gearmáine (Destatis) agus sa Bhanc Domhanda in Oirthear na hAfraice ag déanamh suirbhéanna teaghlaigh agus taighde ar mhargaí saothair agus bochtaineacht. Tá céim Mháistir san Eacnamaíocht ag Felix ó Ollscoil Bonn.
Tugann an rannán seo rochtain ar an ábhar ar fad a foilsíodh faoin ábhar.
