Cómhargáil
Tagraíonn cómhargáil do gach caibidlíocht idir fostóir amháin nó níos mó (nó a n-eagraíochtaí) agus eagraíocht oibrithe amháin nó níos mó (ceardchumainn) chun coinníollacha oibre agus téarmaí fostaíochta a chinneadh, lena n-áirítear saincheisteanna a bhaineann le pá agus am oibre, agus chun caidreamh idir fostóirí agus oibrithe a rialáil, mar atá leagtha amach i gCoinbhinsiún 154 de chuid na hEagraíochta Idirnáisiúnta. Sainaithníodh roinnt gnéithe den chomhmhargáil ("struchtúr margála"). Ina measc seo tá clúdach a thagraíonn do chéatadán na bhfostaithe a mbíonn tionchar díreach ag comhaontuithe orthu; an leibhéal ag a dtarlaíonn margadh; raon feidhme, nó raon na n-ábhar a chuimsíonn margadh; agus doimhneacht – is é sin an méid a chuirtear comhaontuithe i bhfeidhm agus a athbhreithniú go comhpháirteach.
Faigh an t-ábhar is déanaí ar an ábhar seo thíos.
Pá íosta náisiúnta san AE: fás atá bunaithe ar bheartas, cóineasú leanúnach agus cóngaracht mhéadaithe do phá caibidlíochta
Le bliain anuas, lean íosphá náisiúnta ag ardú go suntasach ar fud an AE, go háirithe i dtíortha lár agus oirthear na hEorpa, ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag laghdú éagothromaíochtaí réigiúnacha. Tá Treoir an AE maidir le Pá Íosta tagtha chun cinn mar thiománaí suntasach d'arduithe pá íosta i go leor tíortha, ag sárú leibhéil boilscithe agus ag méadú níos tapúla ná urlár pá comhaontaithe i go leor earnálacha ar phá íseal.Léiríonn ceithre scór bliain de shonraí fórsa saothair Eorpach atá claochlaithe thar a bheith aitheanta
Léiríonn Suirbhé Eurofound ar Dhálaí Oibre 2024 an chaoi a ndearna digitiú, déimeagrafaic agus athrú aeráide athmhúnlú ar shaothar na hEorpa le 35 bliain.Todhchaí shóisialta agus fostaíochta na hEorpa a mhúnlú
Tá an tAontas Eorpach ag nascleanúint tréimhse claochlaithe domhain - ón ngéarchéim costas maireachtála go dtí an t-aistriú glas agus digiteach, athruithe déimeagrafacha, agus éiginnteacht gheopolaitiúil. Tá an Coiste um Fhostaíocht agus Gnóthaí Sóisialta Pharlaimint na hEorpa i gcroílár fhreagairt an AE ar na dúshláin sin. Le 60 Feisire, tá ról lárnach ag an gCoiste maidir le dálaí oibre cothroma, cosaint shóisialta láidir agus comhdheiseanna a áirithiú ar fud an Aontais.Bailíonn Eurofound faisnéis ar leibhéal na tíre maidir le cómhargáil san AE trína Líonra Comhfhreagraithe Eurofound. Ar fud an AE, tá clúdach cómhargála an-éagsúil, mar a léiríonn taighde Eurofound. Tá thart ar 60% d'fhostaithe clúdaithe ag cómhargáil san AE, ach tá sé seo idir 80% nó níos mó i dtíortha áirithe agus níos lú ná 10% i dtíortha eile (sonraí an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh).
Tarlaíonn cómhargáil, croílár an chaidrimh thionsclaíoch eagraithe, i suíomhanna institiúideacha éagsúla. Tá córais náisiúnta éagsúil i dtéarmaí róil faoi seach na cómhargála agus na reachtaíochta maidir le margadh an tsaothair a rialáil, sna leibhéil ag a ndéantar margáil (trasearnála, earnála, cuideachta agus ionad oibre, réigiúnach, gairme), agus sa tslí ina bhféadfadh idirbheartaíocht ag leibhéil éagsúla idirghaol a bheith acu (articulation). Is gnéithe tábhachtacha den chóras iad céimeanna láraithe agus comhordaithe na cómhargála – agus go háirithe margáil pá – agus impleachtaí do mhargadh an tsaothair agus do thorthaí maicreacnamaíocha araon. De ghnáth is comhaontú comhchoiteann é toradh na cómhargála. Is féidir le comhaontuithe den sórt sin na nósanna imeachta maidir le caidreamh idir na páirtithe sínitheacha agus téarmaí agus coinníollacha fostaíochta na n-oibrithe sin a chumhdaítear leis an gcomhaontú a rialáil, amhail pá agus am oibre.
Cé go n-aithnítear sa Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh neamhspleáchas na gcomhpháirtithe sóisialta, go háirithe i ndáil le margáil pá, tá tionchar suntasach ag beartais an Aontais ar chómhargáil chomhchoiteann agus ar an gcóras caidrimh thionsclaíoch i gcoitinne. Mar shampla, tugadh aghaidh sna moltaí tír-shonracha (CSRanna) faoi chuimsiú an tSeimeastair Eorpaigh ar shaincheisteanna amhail forbairtí pá a ailíniú le táirgiúlacht, socrú pá íosta agus córais innéacsaithe pá. Go ginearálta, tarlaíonn cómhargáil laistigh de chreat atá leagtha síos go páirteach i reachtaíocht an AE, lena n-áirítear forálacha maidir le pá comhionann as obair ar luach comhionann agus ceanglais na Treorach maidir le hAm Oibre agus reachtaíocht ghaolmhar.
An Coimisiún Eorpach: Seimeastar Eorpachopens in new tab
An Coimisiún Eorpach: Fáiltíonn an Coimisiún roimh chomhaontú polaitiúil maidir le pá íosta leordhóthanach d'oibrithe san Aontas Eorpachopens in new tab
An Coimisiún Eorpach: Treoir maidir le hAm Oibre (2003/88/CE)opens in new tab
Is rogha é seo de na torthaí is tábhachtaí don ábhar seo.
26 January 2024
Minimum wages for low-paid workers in collective agreements
In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24 low-paid sectors of interest – were selected to be ‘fully coded’ and representative data on negotiated minimum pay were compiled for 24 EU Member States. Based on more than 3,202 renewal texts, time series of collectively agreed minimum rates were created from 2015 to 2022 for 19 countries. This is the first time that an EU-wide data collection has provided comparative time series on negotiated pay. Key findings are is that in some countries outdated agreements contain rates below the applicable statutory minima, and that the potential of collective agreements to regulate pay generally or for employees earning higher wages than the minimum pay is not always fully capitalised on.
See also the national country reports (Eurofound papers), providing meta-data for the data collection, at the end of this web page.
30 August 2022
Moving with the times: Emerging practices and provisions in collective bargaining
This report analyses recent developments and emerging practices in collective bargaining processes and outcomes, mainly in the private sector. The report covers collective bargaining systems in 10 EU Member States and is based on cases identified through interviews with key stakeholders and negotiating parties at national level. It analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent economic and social crisis on collective bargaining dynamics and collective agreements. It also investigates practices and innovations that have emerged in response to structural drivers such as technological change, decarbonisation and climate-neutrality policies, and workforce ageing. It assesses the capacity of collective bargaining systems to adapt to structural changes in work, production and the labour market as well as medium-term trends.
4 March 2016
The importance of collective bargaining in establishing working time in Europe
1 March 2016
Working time developments in the 21st century: Work duration and its regulation in the EU
This report examines the main trends and milestones characterising the evolution of the most important aspects of collectively agreed working time in the European Union during the first decade of the 21st century. Drawing primarily on information collected by Eurofound across all EU Member States and Norway, it focuses in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. The report describes the institutional regimes of regulation and assesses the evolution of agreed working hours (hours expected to be spent on work according to collective agreements or agreed between employers and employees) and usual working hours (hours usually spent in practice in work activities) between 1999 and 2014. The report points to the tension that exists between the pressure for decreased working hours in favour of a better work–life balance and fewer health problems for workers and the need for working time flexibility to meet the demands of a modern world economy.
4 November 2015
Collective bargaining in Europe in the 21st century
Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008 economic crisis. This report sets out to map developments in all major aspects of collective bargaining (apart from pay and working time, which have been analysed separately by Eurofound) over the past 15 years. In doing so, it aims to distinguish long-term trends and to identify changes brought on by the crisis. It also aims to identify the directions collective bargaining is likely to take in the coming years. The study finds a common and strong trend of convergence across the EU towards decentralisation and more flexibility in collective bargaining processes, but with significant asymmetries in the timing and pace of change.
11 September 2015
Pay in Europe in different wage-bargaining regimes
National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources, including Eurofound and the European Commission AMECO database, this report analyses how the institutional features of national wage bargaining regimes influence pay outcomes. These features include bargaining level, type and level of coordination, use of opening clauses and the existence of wage pacts. The impact of government intervention through extension and derogation clauses and tripartite councils is also examined. The results of the study indicate that the key institutional variables of the wage-bargaining regime that influence pay outcomes are the type of coordination (how coordination is achieved) and the bargaining level.
13 April 2014
Pay in Europe in the 21st century
The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage‑setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage‑bargaining regimes have remained relatively stable over time in many countries, the most substantial changes were seen in Member States facing more difficult economic circumstances. This report provides comparative time series on wage‑bargaining outcomes across the EU Member States and Norway, discussing pay developments against the background of different wage‑bargaining regimes and looks into the link between pay and productivity developments. It also investigates the different systems and levels of minimum wages in Europe at present, carrying out an accounting exercise through a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage set at 60% of the median national wage (with some alternative scenarios as well for comparison) in order to benchmark and evaluate minimum wage levels and systems in Europe, and to discuss the possibilities and difficulties of coordination in this matter.
Soláthraíonn taighdeoirí Eurofound léargas saineolaithe agus is féidir teagmháil a dhéanamh leo le haghaidh ceisteanna nó fiosrúcháin ó na meáin.
Mária Sedláková
Research officerIs oifigeach taighde í Mária Sedláková san aonad Saol Oibre ag Eurofound. Tá sí freagrach as tuarascálacha forbhreathnaithe a dhréachtú le haghaidh staidéir ionadaíocha earnála, bainistíocht agus rialú cáilíochta tuairiscithe náisiúnta ar chaidreamh tionsclaíoch, idirphlé sóisialta agus saol oibre, agus forbairt tionscadail ar chómhargáil thar phá. Sula ndeachaigh sí isteach in Eurofound, d'oibrigh sí mar oifigeach taighde teicniúil sa Roinn Rialachais agus Trípháirteachais ag an Eagraíocht Idirnáisiúnta Saothair sa Ghinéiv ar an Tuarascáil Suaitheanta d'Idirphlé Sóisialta 2022. D'oibrigh sí freisin mar thaighdeoir in Institiúid Staidéar Saothair Lár na hEorpa sa Bhratasláiv (2013–2020), ag díriú ar idirphlé sóisialta, cómhargáil, dálaí oibre agus socheolaíocht na hoibre. Tá MA san Eolaíocht Pholaitiúil ag Maria le speisialtóireacht i bPolaitíocht Chomparáideach na hEorpa ó Ollscoil Lár na hEorpa.
Christine Aumayr-Pintar
Senior research managerIs bainisteoir taighde sinsearach í Christine Aumayr-Pintar san aonad Saol Oibre ag Eurofound. Comhordaíonn sí taighde Eurofound ar idirphlé sóisialta agus ar chaidreamh tionsclaíoch agus déanann sí maoirseacht ar Líonra na gComhfhreagraithe Eurofound (NEC). Díríonn a príomhshaineolas taighde – a chuirtear i ngleic léi ó thaobh comparáideach ar fud an AE – ar íosphá agus ar phá comhchaibidlíochta agus ar thrédhearcacht pá inscne. Sula ndeachaigh sí isteach i Eurofound in 2009, bhí sí ina taighdeoir ar mhargaí saothair agus ar eacnamaíocht réigiúnach ag Joanneum Research san Ostair. Ghnóthaigh sí céim Mháistir san Eacnamaíocht agus PhD san Eolaíocht Shóisialta/Eacnamaíocht tar éis di staidéar a dhéanamh ar eacnamaíocht i Graz, Vín agus Jönköping.
Tugann an rannán seo rochtain ar an ábhar ar fad a foilsíodh faoin ábhar.
