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Employee representation

Employee representation may be defined as the right of employees to seek a union or individual to represent them for the purpose of negotiating with management on such issues as wages, hours, benefits and working conditions. In the workplace, workers may be represented by trade union and through works councils – or similar structures elected by all employees. EU law has established rights and obligations for employees and their representatives to be informed and consulted via a set of directives that provide for the information and consultation of the workers, at both national and international level.

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and focuses on comparative industrial relations, social dialogue and collective bargaining...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (74)

Previous Eurofound research developed three complementary tools to examine the dynamics of industrial relations and compare how national industrial relations systems are faring in terms of quality and change over time.

05 December 2023

This working paper investigates the practical implementation of the European Works Council (EWC) Directive at company level. It explores the challenges faced by existing EWCs and provides examples of solutions identified and remaining issues from the point of view of both workers and management. In

25 October 2022

U okviru svojeg mandata, koji uključuje i obvezu promicanja dijaloga među socijalnim partnerima, Eurofound već dulje od 40 godina prati i analizira promjene u sustavima radnih odnosa na razini EU-a i njegovih država članica. Ovo se ključno izvješće temelji na radu Eurofounda u tom području tijekom

11 December 2020

Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective

05 November 2020

The aim of this report is to add to the discussion on how Eurofound can contribute to supporting capacity building of social partners for effective social dialogue. The report includes a review by Eurofound aimed at identifying the capacity-building needs and initiatives of social partners in

10 September 2020

This study examines the interaction between social dialogue practices and human resources management (HRM) policies in European multinational companies (MNCs). It looks at the changing role of HRM and its interaction with European Works Councils (EWCs), which can act as a link between different

16 June 2020

In light of the limited action in many Member States to introduce or review gender pay transparency instruments as recommended, in November 2017 the European Commission announced the possible need for further targeted measures at EU level. This report reviews experiences in four Member States –

07 February 2018

This topical update looks at the issue of employee involvement and participation at work, specifically reviewing recent pieces of research at EU and national level, EU directives, changes in the legal framework, social partner initiatives and debates identified in EurWORK quarterly reports during

25 October 2016

This report maps, analyses and discusses key dimensions and indicators for a comparative framework of industrial relations. It then identifies and assesses existing data sources that can be used to measure the different dimensions of the comparative framework.

30 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Online resources results (298)

Employment security: the new big issue at establishment level

In times of high unemployment, increasing competition in the private sector and public budget constraints, employees tend to experience considerable worry about their jobs. The threat of workforce reductions and redundancies, mostly felt at shopfloor level, very much affects and influences the work

Industrial relations in German-owned companies in the UK

Do German-owned companies transfer a cooperative industrial relations style to their UK operations, or are such companies taking advantage of the deregulated UK environment to increase their quantitative flexibility? These questions are particularly topical, following a number of high-profile events

Commission tables draft Directive on national information and consultation

The possibility of the introduction of an EU-level framework for employee information and consultation was first raised in the European Commission's 1995 medium-term Social Action Programme. Calls for EU legislative action in this area became louder after the crisis sparked off by the closure of the

700 companies covered by 1976 Co-determination Act

The German system of co-determination [1] includes two distinct levels and forms of employee participation - company level co-determination by works council [2] s, and co-determination on the supervisory board [3] of companies through elected employee representatives. There are three forms of board

Results of first elections to Rsu representative bodies in the public sector

In November 1998, the first elections for Rsu worker representative bodies were held in the Italian public sector. The most significant results were the high participation rate and the success of the main trade union confederations, compared with independent unions.

1998 Working Conditions Act passed

In early November 1998, the Lower Chamber of the Dutch Parliament passed a new Working Conditions Act. Under pressure from a majority in the Chamber, it adopted a number of amendments to the previous bill. For the most part, these changes will mean a continuation of the status quo. The most

Comprehensive survey maps contemporary workplace relations

The first findings of the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS) were published on 20 October 1998 (The 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey: First findings [1], Department of Trade and Industry, October 1998). The survey is the largest of its kind ever conducted, and involved face-to

Trends in trade union membership

Trade union membership in Spain began to recover in the 1990s following a serious decline in the 1980s. Certain developments have encouraged greater membership amongst women, skilled workers and public employees, though it remains low amongst unemployed people and those in insecure jobs (mainly

Working group reports on industrial relations implications of transition from franc to euro

September 1998 saw the publication of a report on the impact of the introduction of the euro single currency on various aspects of industrial relations and other employment matters in France. The study, drawn up by a working group of employers, trade unions, social security organisations and the

Trade union campaigning underway for important representative elections

Luxembourg's "social elections" of employee representatives on various bodies are due to take place in November 1998. The polls may well result in the elimination of FEP, the sole trade union with nationally representative status only for private sector white-collar workers. Will this be an


Blogs results (1)
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Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

20 studenog 2019
Data results (1)
24 listopada 2023
Reference period:

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