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Starajoča se delovna sila

Staranje evropskega prebivalstva pomeni številne izzive za oblikovalce politike, povezane z zaposlovanjem, delovnimi razmerami, življenjskimi standardi in dobrim počutjem. Povzročilo je zaskrbljenost glede vzdržnosti pokojninskih sistemov in ponudbe delovne sile. Za spodbujanje možnosti zaposlovanja starajoče se delovne sile je potreben nov način razmišljanja na ravni podjetij, nacionalni ravni in ravni EU.

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EU context

Kljub znatni rasti stopenj zaposlenosti starejših delavcev v zadnjem desetletju v številnih državah EU je v skupnem poročilu Evropske komisije o zaposlovanju iz leta 2017 poudarjena možnost nadaljnjega povečevanja teh stopenj. Leta 2016 je bila v EU stopnja zaposlenosti starejših delavcev, starih od 55 do 64 let, 55,3-odstotna, medtem ko je bila pri osebah, starih od 15 do 64 let, 66,6-odstotna. Povečanje je največje pri starejših ženskah.

Evropski steber socialnih pravic zagotavlja okvir za pomoč pri prilagajanju trga dela novim izzivom, s spodbujanjem pravičnosti in solidarnosti med generacijami. Poudarja pravico do delovnega okolja, prilagojenega poklicnim potrebam delavca, da se jim omogoči, da podaljšajo svojo udeležbo na trgu dela. Poleg tega nedavni samostojni sporazum evropskih socialnih partnerjev o aktivnem staranju in medgeneracijskem pristopu vključuje zavezo za olajšanje udeležbe na trgu starejšim delavcem in omogočanje, da na njem ostanejo dlje časa.

Delo Eurofounda

Eurofound ima dolgo zgodovino strokovnega znanja na področju vprašanj, s katerimi se srečuje starajoča se delovna sila. Raziskave se od leta 1990 osredotočajo na udeležbo na trgu dela, delovno uspešnost, delovne pogoje in delovne preference starejših delavcev v političnem okviru spreminjajočega se demografskega profila Evrope. Delo se osredotoča tudi na javno podporo in pobude na ravni podjetij za spodbujanje zaposlovanja starejših delavcev. Proučujejo se starejše delavke, pri čemer se poudarja povečevanje stopenj zaposlenosti pri tej skupini in povečevanje njenega deleža v delovni sili, zlasti v starostni skupini 55–64 let.

Podatki iz raziskave

Obsežne raziskave Eurofounda zagotavljajo vrsto podatkov o položaju starejših delavcev. V šesti evropski raziskavi o delovnih razmerah (EWCS) so bili proučeni pogoji starejših delavcev, ob upoštevanju različnih razsežnosti kakovosti delovnih mest. Čeprav je pri starejših delavcih verjetnost, da postanejo brezposelni, manjša kot pri mlajših, podatki kažejo, da starejši delavci menijo, da v primeru, če postanejo brezposelni, ne bodo našli podobno plačane nove zaposlitve in bodo imeli celo težave pri ponovnem vstopu na trg dela.

V študiji, ki temelji na peti Eurofoundovi evropski raziskavi o delovnih razmerah (EWCS) so proučene značilnosti starejše delovne sile in dela v različnih starostnih obdobjih, pa tudi dejavniki, ki zagotavljajo trajnost dela starajoče se delovne sile: dobre delovne razmere, telesno in duševno dobro počutje ter ravnovesje med poklicnim in zasebnim življenjem.

Eurofoundova evropska raziskava o kakovosti življenja (EQLS) ponuja ugotovitve, povezane s starostjo, v zvezi z različnimi razsežnostmi kakovosti življenja v Evropi. Analiza delovnih preferenc po 50. letu temelji na ugotovitvah tretje raziskave EQLS in kaže, da številni starejši delavci raje delajo manj ur, tudi po upoštevanju njihovih finančnih potreb. Olajšanje tega tesnejšega usklajevanja delovnih ur s preferencami lahko omogoči ljudem, da delajo dlje, in jih za to motivira.

Daljša delovna doba

Eurofound se je nedavno pridružil trem drugim agencijam EU pri proučevanju starejšim prijaznega dela v Evropi, izzivov politike, povezanih s starajočo se delovno silo, in inovativnih rešitev.

Številni delavci niso sposobni ali niso motivirani za delo do zakonsko določene upokojitvene starosti. Vendar obstaja tudi skupina, ki je sposobna in pripravljena delati tudi po tem, ko doseže to starost. Eurofound je raziskal ta naraščajoči pojav nadaljevanja dela po upokojitvi.

Nedavna raziskava se je osredotočila na podaljševanje delovne dobe s prožnimi shemami upokojevanja, pri čemer so bile proučene zlasti sheme delnega upokojevanja, ki lahko to olajšajo. K daljši delovni dobi lahko prispevajo tudi pregledi na sredini poklicne poti. V raziskavi je bilo proučeno, kako lahko pomagajo pojasniti možnosti delavcev, da nadaljujejo z delom do višje upokojitvene starosti. V njih so poudarjeni različni instrumenti , ki so jih razvila podjetja, da bi zadržala starajoče se delavce.

Druga raziskava se je osredotočila na nacionalne in sektorske pobude vlad in socialnih partnerjev za zadržanje starejših delavcev na trgu dela, tudi s finančnimi spodbudami in izboljšanimi pogoji. Pri enem od prejšnjih projektov so bile analizirane pobude za upravljanje starosti, uvedene pred recesijo in po njej, za izpostavitev dobre prakse v podjetjih v Evropi.

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Key outputs

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Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

This working paper consists of examples of good practice in combating age barriers in employment in a variety of European countries. Its primary intention is to inform the debate in Europe about age and employment by providing practical examples of how 'different' private and public organisations

17 February 1998
Publication
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Online resources results (133)

Older unemployed workers less likely to find employment

In the context of the EQUAL [1] project ‘AGEpowerment [2]’, the Working Life Research Centre (Forschungs- und Beratungsstelle Arbeitswelt, FORBA [3]) carried out a study on the situation of older unemployed workers and their chances of reintegrating in the labour market. FORBA published the final

General support for lower retirement age

Under current regulations, the statutory retirement age is 65 years for men and 60 years for women. However, certain professional groups are entitled to early retirement schemes. Such privileges are mainly granted to employees performing jobs in hazardous working conditions. The main professions

People more willing to work until retirement age

The 2006 National Survey on Working Conditions (Nationale Enquête Arbeidsomstandigheden, NEA [1]) indicates that an increasing proportion of employees are willing to keep on working until retirement age. This increase of almost six percentage points in employees who state their willingness to

Employment rates of older workers on the rise

According to the European Labour Force Surveys, employment rates among older workers have increased faster in Finland than elsewhere (Figure 1). In Finland, the rapid rise in employment rates applies to both sexes. In other European countries, growth in employment rates has been higher among women

Earnings of older employees lagging behind

A survey carried out by the Research Institute for Labour and Social Affairs (Výzkumý ústav práce a sociálních vecí, RILSA [1]) focused on analysing the cost of work carried out by older employees aged over 50 years. The survey draws on data from the Average Wage Information System (ISPV [2]), which

Motivating people to work beyond retirement age

Sweden has a relatively high proportion of older people. According to data from Statistics Sweden (Statistiska Centralbyrån, SCB [1]), 17% of the population are currently aged over 65 years and this proportion will increase to 23% in 2050. Moreover, a substantial part of the generation born in the

Organisational strategies for active ageing

An article on age diversity (9.11Mb PDF) [1] published in the /Ageing International/ journal summarises the results of the project ‘Silver instruments and processes’ (Zilveren instrumenten en processen (in Flemish) [2]), which was run by a team of experts from the University of Hasselt and partly

HR management tools to deal with the ageing of the workforce

In November 2006, the Cologne Institute for Economic Research (Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, IW Köln [1]) published a study on a holistic human resource management (HRM) approach (in German, 3.63Mb PDF) [2] that can aid companies in their attempt to tackle the challenges of an ageing

Training in information technology for older workers

In 2005, the Centre for Population, Poverty and Socioeconomic Policy Studies (Centre d’Études de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Économiques)/International Networks for Studies in Technology, Environment, Alternatives, Development (CEPS/Instead [1]) conducted a survey on the use of

Increasing reliance on older workers in the labour market

Two of the most significant demographic trends in Hungary over the next few decades are expected to be a moderate decrease in the size of the population and a rapidly ageing demographic profile. The number of older people in the country is expected to increase from 15.1% to 20.4% between 2000 and


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Januar 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 Marec 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 November 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 Junij 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Januar 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 September 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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