Skip to main content
shutterstock_retirees_learning_computer_skills.jpg

Upokojevanje

Do pred nekaj leti so se ljudje v EU praviloma upokojevali pri starosti 65 let in pogosto tudi prej. Upokojitvena starost je v državah članicah EU različna in se zvišuje. 

Topic

Recent updates

ef22025-card-cover.png

The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 December 2023
Publication
Policy brief
ef18020_card_cover.png

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Februar 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

Ko se bo upokojila „baby-boom“ generacija, se bo upokojevalo več delavcev, kot jih bo vstopalo na trg. Glede na to, da ljudje živijo dlje in da rodnost v Evropi upada, je prednostna naloga politike EU spodbujati Evropejce, naj delajo dlje, da bi zagotovili vzdržnost pokojninskih sistemov in ustrezno socialno zaščito. V zadnjih letih so nekatere države članice dvignile starostno mejo za upokojitev (na primer, Irska na 68 let od leta 2028 in Nemčija na 67 let od leta 2031) in proučujejo možnosti za spodbujanje delavcev, naj delajo dlje. Povečuje se tudi število starejših delavcev, ki želijo delati dlje.

V beli knjigi Evropske komisije iz leta 2012 o pokojninah so predlagane pobude za oblikovanje okvira, ki bi starejšim delavcem omogočal, da še naprej delajo in prihranijo več denarja za upokojitev. Države članice tudi poziva, naj odpravijo razlike v predpisanih upokojitvenih starostih med moškimi in ženskami ter pregledajo neupravičene obvezne upokojitvene starosti. Komisija je pregledala tudi režime upokojevanja za delavce v Evropi, ki opravljajo težka ali nevarna dela, pri čemer so potekale razprave o aktualnih reformah in dobrih praksah, podana pa so bila tudi priporočila za države članice EU.

Delo Eurofounda

V preteklih letih je Eurofound analiziral vprašanja, povezana z upokojevanjem v državah EU. V raziskavah so bile proučene možnosti za predčasno in postopno upokojitev, možnosti za združevanje dela in delne upokojitve, delo po upokojitvi, prostovoljstvo med upokojitvijo in vprašanja pokojnin. V zadnjih letih se raziskave osredotočajo na podaljševanje delovne dobe nad sedanjo upokojitveno starostjo, pa tudi na vprašanja, povezana z delovnimi preferencami, dohodki in kakovostjo življenja.

Delovne preference glede upokojevanja

V analizi ugotovitev Eurofoundove tretje evropske raziskave o kakovosti življenja so bile proučene preference starejših delavcev glede delovnega časa. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da bi skoraj polovica delavcev, starih 50 let in več, raje delala manj ur, pri čemer so se upoštevale njihove finančne potrebe. Velik del upokojencev, ki trenutno ne opravljajo plačanega dela, bi rad delal vsaj nekaj ur na teden. V preiskavi je bilo tudi proučeno, kako lahko pregledi na sredini poklicne poti pomagajo pojasniti možnosti delavcev, da nadaljujejo z delom do višje upokojitvene starosti. 

Združevanje dela z delno upokojitvijo

Trenutno se starejši delavci zaradi zdravstvenih težav, invalidnosti in obveznosti oskrbe pogosto upokojijo, preden dopolnijo zakonsko določeno upokojitveno starost. Veliko več ljudi pa si želi, da bi enostavno delali manj, da bi bil delovni čas bolj prilagojen njihovim preferencam. Eden od načinov, kako motivirati ljudi in jim omogočiti, da bi delali dlje, je, da se omogoči zmanjšanje števila delovnih ur, z nadomestitvijo izgube dohodka z delno pokojnino ali delnim nadomestilom. V študiji Eurofounda je proučen vpliv takih shem delnega upokojevanja.

Delo po upokojitvi

V številnih državah starejši opravljajo plačano delo tudi po tem, ko dosežejo upokojitveno starost. V študiji Eurofounda o dohodkih iz dela po upokojitvi v EU so obravnavani motivi upokojencev za iskanje plačanega dela in njihove zaposlitvene možnosti. Proučene so strategije podjetij za zaposlovanje in zadržanje upokojencev, izpostavljene pa so tudi dileme in prednosti za starejše, ki želijo opravljati plačano delo. Proučeno je tudi, v kakšnem obsegu je delo po upokojitvi povezano s primernostjo dohodka v populaciji upokojencev.

Pokojninska reforma

Pokojnine so za številne upokojence glavni vir dohodka. Reforma pokojninskih sistemov v zadnjih letih se osredotoča na vzdržnost javnih pokojnin in zviševanje dejanske upokojitvene starosti. V študiji Eurofounda o vključevanju socialnih partnerjev v pokojninsko reformo v EU so obravnavane reforme, uvedene kot odgovor na gospodarsko in finančno krizo, pri čemer je poudarjena vloga socialnih partnerjev pri takih reformah od leta 2008.

Prostovoljstvo

Zaradi starajočega se prebivalstva v Evropi socialna vključenost starejših in strategije za spodbujanje prostovoljskega dela med starejšimi zdaj zasedajo pomembno mesto v političnem programu EU. V študiji o prostovoljstvu starejših v EU sta predstavljeni dobra praksa pri vseh vidikih prostovoljstva in njena povezava s socialno vključenostjo. Obravnavani so ukrepi za okrepitev prostovoljstva med prehodom iz dela v upokojitev.

Upokojevanje žensk in moških

Ženske se v večini držav članic upokojujejo prej kot moški, deloma zato, ker namenjajo več časa skrbi za vzdrževane osebe kot pripadniki moškega spola. Vendar se bo to v prihodnjih letih verjetno spremenilo zaradi načrtov za zvišanje upokojitvene starosti v številnih državah. Eurofound je proučil primer starejših delavk v Evropi in spodbude za nadaljnje povečevanje njihovega vključevanja na trg dela, ki izhaja iz predčasnega upokojevanja. 

Key outputs

ef18020_card_cover.png

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Februar 2019
Publication
Policy brief
ef18019_card_cover.png

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 Oktober 2018
Publication
Policy brief
ef1747_card_cover.png

Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 December 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

hans-dubois-2023.png

Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
sanna-nivakoski-2023.png

Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of Europeans, and sometimes these outcomes have been uneven across age groups. Social policies – such as those in the areas of

19 December 2023

V poročilu je proučen vpliv pandemije covida-19 na kakovost življenj starejših državljanov, med drugim vpliv na njihovo počutje, finance, zaposlitev in socialno vključenost. V njem so obravnavani učinki pandemije na uporabo storitev oskrbe in opiranje starejših na drugo podporo. Predstavljeni so

28 January 2022

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers. This policy brief looks at inequalities in the quality of life of Europeans across six age groups.

05 February 2019

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it is necessary to identify what are the factors preventing or helping workers to have a sustainable work.

21 December 2017

With people living longer, the need for affordable care of high quality to support Europe’s population increases. Over the last ten years there has been an expansion of the private sector in terms of the number of care homes and the places they provide. This increase takes place in a context of

28 November 2017

This article explores the views of workers about the issue of extending working life. It highlights differences in the share of workers regarding the age they would like to work to and the ability to work until 60 in terms of employment status, sex and country.

28 September 2017
Publication
Research report

The ageing of the EU’s population and workforce has implications for employment, working conditions, living standards and welfare. This report draws on the expertise of four EU Agencies in their respective areas, covers the policy challenges associated with the ageing workforce and considers

29 June 2017

Demographic ageing poses the challenge of how to keep people in employment for longer without negatively affecting their health and well-being. The solutions are particularly critical for workers engaged in arduous work. This report examines how mid-career reviews can play a key role by clarifying

17 January 2017

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

Online resources results (98)

Agreement ends strike in nationalised coal mines

A month-long dispute over industrial restructuring hit Spain's publicly-owned coalmining companies in December 1997-January 1998. The dispute arose following the Government's amendments of agreements reached in May 1997, following the release of a critical report by the European Commission. A

Second incomes policy agreement for employment is signed

In December 1997, the Finnish social partners signed an incomes policy agreement for the period from January 1998 to January 2000. The agreement - which is probably one of the most comprehensive in Finnish history, covering over 98% of wage-earners - provides for pay increases which will raise

Firefighters take strike action

On 27 November 1997, the Finnish Firefighters' Union (Suomen Palomiesliitto, SPAL) called a strike which continues at the time of writing (11 December). The action arises from disagreements about firefighters' pay system, working hours and retirement age. An attempt at conciliation ended without

Redundancy agreement signed at Italian State Railways

In December 1997, the Italian State Railways signed an agreement with transport workers' trade unions on the management of redundancies. The agreement provides for the creation of a fund to deal with redundant staff by means of "mobility" procedures, the Wages Guarantee Fund, job-security agreements

Pension reform nears completion

Austria's pension reform is now almost complete (AT9707118F [1]). Below, the main features of the reform as they affect civil servants and employees are reported. The pensions schemes for farmers and employers have also been reformed, but are not reported here. [1] www.eurofound.europa.eu/ef

Welfare reform results from negotiations between government and trade unions

The finance law for 1998 approved by the Italian Government in November 1997 contains a number of proposals for welfare reform in the areas of social security and pensions. As regards pensions, the Government has signed an agreement with the Cgil, Cisl and Uil trade union confederations which makes

New bill deals with pensions in the private sector

A new bill to reform private sector pensions in Luxembourg, presented in August 1997, does not seek structural reform; instead it confines itself to specific changes and to the introduction of a two-tier system of disability pension.

Conference on employment, pay and working time

France's tripartite "national conference on employment, pay and working time" was held on 10 October 1997. The agenda was very full, ranging from youth employment to working time by way of pay policy. Prime Minister Lionel Jospin's most dramatic decision was a bill to implement a 35-hour working

Pilot agreement on partial retirement in south-west German metalworking

In order to reduce unemployment and create jobs for younger job-seekers, several legal regulations have been introduced in Germany to enable employees to take retirement early, and to promote the gradual transition of older employees to retirement. In 1996, the Federal Government introduced a new

Disproportionate number of older employees made redundant by Dutch companies

Although the Dutch Government and the social partners are keen to promote the participation of older employees on the labour market, it is reported that companies currently make disproportionately more older employees redundant. Following the Government's withdrawal of its "Directive concerning


Blogs results (1)
working_longer.jpg

There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 September 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.