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Upokojevanje

Do pred nekaj leti so se ljudje v EU praviloma upokojevali pri starosti 65 let in pogosto tudi prej. Upokojitvena starost je v državah članicah EU različna in se zvišuje. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 December 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Februar 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

Ko se bo upokojila „baby-boom“ generacija, se bo upokojevalo več delavcev, kot jih bo vstopalo na trg. Glede na to, da ljudje živijo dlje in da rodnost v Evropi upada, je prednostna naloga politike EU spodbujati Evropejce, naj delajo dlje, da bi zagotovili vzdržnost pokojninskih sistemov in ustrezno socialno zaščito. V zadnjih letih so nekatere države članice dvignile starostno mejo za upokojitev (na primer, Irska na 68 let od leta 2028 in Nemčija na 67 let od leta 2031) in proučujejo možnosti za spodbujanje delavcev, naj delajo dlje. Povečuje se tudi število starejših delavcev, ki želijo delati dlje.

V beli knjigi Evropske komisije iz leta 2012 o pokojninah so predlagane pobude za oblikovanje okvira, ki bi starejšim delavcem omogočal, da še naprej delajo in prihranijo več denarja za upokojitev. Države članice tudi poziva, naj odpravijo razlike v predpisanih upokojitvenih starostih med moškimi in ženskami ter pregledajo neupravičene obvezne upokojitvene starosti. Komisija je pregledala tudi režime upokojevanja za delavce v Evropi, ki opravljajo težka ali nevarna dela, pri čemer so potekale razprave o aktualnih reformah in dobrih praksah, podana pa so bila tudi priporočila za države članice EU.

Delo Eurofounda

V preteklih letih je Eurofound analiziral vprašanja, povezana z upokojevanjem v državah EU. V raziskavah so bile proučene možnosti za predčasno in postopno upokojitev, možnosti za združevanje dela in delne upokojitve, delo po upokojitvi, prostovoljstvo med upokojitvijo in vprašanja pokojnin. V zadnjih letih se raziskave osredotočajo na podaljševanje delovne dobe nad sedanjo upokojitveno starostjo, pa tudi na vprašanja, povezana z delovnimi preferencami, dohodki in kakovostjo življenja.

Delovne preference glede upokojevanja

V analizi ugotovitev Eurofoundove tretje evropske raziskave o kakovosti življenja so bile proučene preference starejših delavcev glede delovnega časa. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da bi skoraj polovica delavcev, starih 50 let in več, raje delala manj ur, pri čemer so se upoštevale njihove finančne potrebe. Velik del upokojencev, ki trenutno ne opravljajo plačanega dela, bi rad delal vsaj nekaj ur na teden. V preiskavi je bilo tudi proučeno, kako lahko pregledi na sredini poklicne poti pomagajo pojasniti možnosti delavcev, da nadaljujejo z delom do višje upokojitvene starosti. 

Združevanje dela z delno upokojitvijo

Trenutno se starejši delavci zaradi zdravstvenih težav, invalidnosti in obveznosti oskrbe pogosto upokojijo, preden dopolnijo zakonsko določeno upokojitveno starost. Veliko več ljudi pa si želi, da bi enostavno delali manj, da bi bil delovni čas bolj prilagojen njihovim preferencam. Eden od načinov, kako motivirati ljudi in jim omogočiti, da bi delali dlje, je, da se omogoči zmanjšanje števila delovnih ur, z nadomestitvijo izgube dohodka z delno pokojnino ali delnim nadomestilom. V študiji Eurofounda je proučen vpliv takih shem delnega upokojevanja.

Delo po upokojitvi

V številnih državah starejši opravljajo plačano delo tudi po tem, ko dosežejo upokojitveno starost. V študiji Eurofounda o dohodkih iz dela po upokojitvi v EU so obravnavani motivi upokojencev za iskanje plačanega dela in njihove zaposlitvene možnosti. Proučene so strategije podjetij za zaposlovanje in zadržanje upokojencev, izpostavljene pa so tudi dileme in prednosti za starejše, ki želijo opravljati plačano delo. Proučeno je tudi, v kakšnem obsegu je delo po upokojitvi povezano s primernostjo dohodka v populaciji upokojencev.

Pokojninska reforma

Pokojnine so za številne upokojence glavni vir dohodka. Reforma pokojninskih sistemov v zadnjih letih se osredotoča na vzdržnost javnih pokojnin in zviševanje dejanske upokojitvene starosti. V študiji Eurofounda o vključevanju socialnih partnerjev v pokojninsko reformo v EU so obravnavane reforme, uvedene kot odgovor na gospodarsko in finančno krizo, pri čemer je poudarjena vloga socialnih partnerjev pri takih reformah od leta 2008.

Prostovoljstvo

Zaradi starajočega se prebivalstva v Evropi socialna vključenost starejših in strategije za spodbujanje prostovoljskega dela med starejšimi zdaj zasedajo pomembno mesto v političnem programu EU. V študiji o prostovoljstvu starejših v EU sta predstavljeni dobra praksa pri vseh vidikih prostovoljstva in njena povezava s socialno vključenostjo. Obravnavani so ukrepi za okrepitev prostovoljstva med prehodom iz dela v upokojitev.

Upokojevanje žensk in moških

Ženske se v večini držav članic upokojujejo prej kot moški, deloma zato, ker namenjajo več časa skrbi za vzdrževane osebe kot pripadniki moškega spola. Vendar se bo to v prihodnjih letih verjetno spremenilo zaradi načrtov za zvišanje upokojitvene starosti v številnih državah. Eurofound je proučil primer starejših delavk v Evropi in spodbude za nadaljnje povečevanje njihovega vključevanja na trg dela, ki izhaja iz predčasnega upokojevanja. 

Key outputs

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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Februar 2019
Publication
Policy brief
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Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 Oktober 2018
Publication
Policy brief
ef1747_card_cover.png

Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 December 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of Europeans, and sometimes these outcomes have been uneven across age groups. Social policies – such as those in the areas of

19 December 2023

V poročilu je proučen vpliv pandemije covida-19 na kakovost življenj starejših državljanov, med drugim vpliv na njihovo počutje, finance, zaposlitev in socialno vključenost. V njem so obravnavani učinki pandemije na uporabo storitev oskrbe in opiranje starejših na drugo podporo. Predstavljeni so

28 January 2022

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers. This policy brief looks at inequalities in the quality of life of Europeans across six age groups.

05 February 2019

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it is necessary to identify what are the factors preventing or helping workers to have a sustainable work.

21 December 2017

With people living longer, the need for affordable care of high quality to support Europe’s population increases. Over the last ten years there has been an expansion of the private sector in terms of the number of care homes and the places they provide. This increase takes place in a context of

28 November 2017

This article explores the views of workers about the issue of extending working life. It highlights differences in the share of workers regarding the age they would like to work to and the ability to work until 60 in terms of employment status, sex and country.

28 September 2017
Publication
Research report

The ageing of the EU’s population and workforce has implications for employment, working conditions, living standards and welfare. This report draws on the expertise of four EU Agencies in their respective areas, covers the policy challenges associated with the ageing workforce and considers

29 June 2017

Demographic ageing poses the challenge of how to keep people in employment for longer without negatively affecting their health and well-being. The solutions are particularly critical for workers engaged in arduous work. This report examines how mid-career reviews can play a key role by clarifying

17 January 2017

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

Online resources results (98)

Norway: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A settlement on pensions, amendments to the Working Environment Act, plans for a survey of foreign tour bus companies and a new report on working environments and occupational health are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Belgium: latest working life developments Q2 2018

Ongoing discussions about pension reform for ‘heavy occupations’, the signing of an agreement in the non-profit sector and strikes in the railway sector are the main topics of this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Belgium in the first quarter of 2018

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

A considerable increase in the minimum wage, unions´request for early retirement for those working in hazardous conditions, and changes in the delivery of occupational health services are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Bulgaria: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Increases in the minimum retirement pension and minimum wage, protests by police at border checkpoints, and a Bulgarian elected Vice-President of the largest European trade union organisation, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q4 2017

Plans to raise the earliest retirement age and the right to remain employed for longer despite concerns by social partners, and research on attitudes towards industrial action in different income groupsare the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Netherlands: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Increase in employment figures and childcare facilities, a rise in the number of accidents in the workplace, initiatives to boost youth employment and new collective agreements are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Hungary: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Publication of a study on the minimum wage, the introduction of pensioners’ cooperatives to reduce labour and skill shortages, and a proposal to extend working time are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Hungary in

Portugal: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Efforts to improve equality and social cohesion, softening the cut in unemployment benefit, early retirement without penalties for long service and union calls for an end to wage and promotion freezes in the public sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports

Greece: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Continuing negotiations with the Troika on the Greek labour market and pensions system, the conclusion of a national collective employment agreement and a judgment on human trafficking are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Estonia: First steps towards a more flexible pension system

The Estonian government has proposed several changes to its pension system, including tying the retirement age to life expectancy and making the state pension less dependent on income. All interest groups will be kept informed and consulted during the preparation of the draft legislation, when the

Article

Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in

26 September 2016

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