Življenjski pogoji
Življenjske razmere so okoliščine ali dejavniki, ki vplivajo na način življenja ljudi, zlasti glede njihovega dobrega počutja. Izraz "življenjske razmere" je tesno povezan z izrazom "kakovost življenja". Slednje je stopnja, do katere je posameznik zdrav, udoben in sposoben sodelovati ali uživati v življenjskih dogodkih. Izraz "kakovost življenja" se lahko nato nanaša tako na izkušnje, ki jih ima posameznik z lastnim življenjem, kot tudi na življenjske razmere, v katerih se posamezniki nahajajo.
Najnovejše vsebine na to temo so navedene spodaj.
Kartiranje zelene vedenjske javne politike v EU
Ta dokument prikazuje, kako daleč so države članice zgradile zmogljivosti za razvoj in izvajanje takšnih vedenjsko usmerjenih politik. Ugotavlja znatne razlike po celotni EU, z zaskrbljujočim vzorcem: države pod največjim prehodnim pritiskom so pogosto najmanj opremljene za oblikovanje politik, osredotočenih na človeka, ki bi to olajšale.Ali so Evropejci pripravljeni na podnebne spremembe?
Ker se podnebna kriza stopnjuje, ali je Evropa pripravljena na vročino? V tej epizodi Eurofoundovih pogovorov Mary McCaughey skupaj s strokovnjaki iz EEA in Eurofounda raziskuje past najemnikov in naraščajočo krizo dostopnosti. Kljub temu, da 80 % Evropejcev občuti vpliv ekstremnega vremena, si osupljivih 38 % ne more privoščiti hladenja svojih domov. Od tveganja »prenov« do regionalnih razlik v pripravljenosti razprava povezuje zelene ambicije EU in kruto realnost gospodinjstev. Odkrijte, zakaj individualna ozaveščenost ni dovolj in katere skupne politične ukrepe so potrebne za zaščito ranljivih.Rast brez odpornosti: skrita družbena razkol Evrope
Nedavna raziskava EU razkriva prepad med glavnimi gospodarskimi podatki in finančno realnostjo, s katero se soočajo gospodinjstva po vsej Evropi.Glavna vloga Eurofounda je prispevati k načrtovanju in oblikovanju boljših življenjskih razmer v Evropi. Eurofound od leta 1975 razvija program dejavnosti za spremljanje in analizo življenjskih razmer in kakovosti življenja v Evropi. Raziskava vključuje kartiranje in analizo ključnih elementov za izboljšanje življenjskih razmer ljudi, vključno z informacijami o njihovem dojemanju kakovosti življenja in družbe. Rezultati raziskave so namenjeni oblikovanju politik za izboljšanje življenjskega standarda in spodbujanje socialne kohezije ob gospodarskih razlikah in socialnih neenakostih.
Zaradi zdravstvene in gospodarske krize, ki je sledila pandemiji covida-19, je študija življenjskih razmer in kakovosti življenja dobila še večji pomen. Eurofound preučuje vpliv gospodarske krize na življenjske razmere Evropejcev v različnih življenjskih obdobjih in vlogo različnih pobud za lajšanje socialnih težav različnih skupin državljanov. Agencija bo še naprej spremljala trende na tem področju glede na ta novi izziv.
Glavni cilj EU je navzgor usmerjena socialna konvergenca, tj. izboljšanje življenjskega standarda, delovnih pogojev in gospodarskih rezultatov v državah članicah. Spremljanje in kartiranje razvoja življenjskih razmer in kakovosti življenja v državah članicah EU je zato prednostna naloga.
Evropski steber socialnih pravic, ki so ga institucije EU skupaj razglasile novembra 2017, zajema 20 načel na treh ključnih področjih: enake možnosti in dostop do trga dela, kar vključuje pravičnost v zvezi z življenjskimi razmerami in revščino; poštene delovne pogoje; socialna zaščita in vključevanje, ki vključuje stanovanja in pomoč brezdomcem. Načela zlasti poudarjajo vlogo javnih storitev pri izboljšanju kakovosti življenja.
Evropska komisija je marca 2021 začela izvajati akcijski načrt za preoblikovanje 20 načel stebra v konkretne ukrepe v korist državljanov EU v njihovem vsakdanjem življenju, in predlagala krovne cilje, ki jih mora EU doseči v naslednjem desetletju. Nov ambiciozen cilj, da se do leta 2030 vsaj 15 milijonov ljudi reši tveganja revščine ali socialne izključenosti, postavlja življenjske razmere in življenjski standard visoko na dnevni red socialne politike. Stebru je priložen pregled socialnih kazalnikov – seznam kazalnikov za spremljanje napredka pri izvajanju teh načel v državah članicah.
Evropska komisija je vzpostavila sklop statističnih podatkov o kakovosti življenja in leta 2003 uvedla statistiko EU o dohodku in življenjskih pogojih (EU-SILCopens in new tab). EU-SILC zbira primerjalne podatke o dohodku, revščini, socialni izključenosti, stanovanjskih razmerah, delu, izobraževanju in zdravju.
Evropska komisija: Akcijski načrt za evropski steber socialnih pravicopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Evropski steber socialnih pravic v 20 načelihopens in new tab
Eurostat: Evropski steber socialnih pravic – pregled stanjaopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Statistični podatki Evropske unije o dohodku in življenjskih pogojih - Eurostatopens in new tab
To je izbor najpomembnejših ugotovitev v zvezi s to temo.
19 December 2023
Intergenerational inequalities: How to close the gaps?
The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of Europeans, and sometimes these outcomes have been uneven across age groups. Social policies – such as those in the areas of social protection and housing – in some cases have benefited certain age groups over others. The upshot both of crises and of policies is that inequalities between the generations have widened in important areas.
This policy brief examines some of the intergenerational social trends that either were persistent or changed considerably over the last decade and a half, sometimes contrary to expectations. It focuses on significant developments that have received somewhat less attention in policy planning in the areas of income, housing, work and employment, and health. The intention is to develop a clearer sense of the direction of social change and bring medium- and long-term perspectives into policy thinking.
17 October 2023
Bridging the rural-urban divide: Addressing inequalities and empowering communities
The Treaty of Lisbon established territorial cohesion as the third dimension of European cohesion. Despite the high priority given in policy to achieving geographically balanced economic development, gaps in living conditions still exist between rural and urban areas. In some cases, these gaps are growing. This report documents rural–urban differences in social, political, cultural and economic outcomes. These differences may pose a serious threat to social cohesion in Europe. Indeed, this report finds that rural residents more often perceive themselves as disregarded by governments and have lower levels of trust in governments and institutions than urban residents. Moreover, public service provision in rural areas is poorer than in urban areas, and gaps in provision are continually emerging. To ensure a bright future for all areas, innovative solutions to combat economic decline must be found. This report outlines creative solutions that are being deployed across Member States to provide services in remote areas.
20 September 2023
Guaranteeing access to services for children in the EU
The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing. This is done using a convergence analysis, which tracks whether Member States are improving in respect of specific performance indicators and whether disparities between them are expanding or narrowing. The analysis, where possible, also looks at the differences between urban and rural areas and between children living in households with different levels of income and risk of social exclusion. The indicators chosen for analysis highlight the links between the Guarantee, the European Semester and the Social Scoreboard.
7 December 2022
Living, working and COVID-19 in the European Union and 10 EU neighbouring countries
The Living, working and COVID-19 survey, first launched by Eurofound in early 2020, aims to capture the wide-ranging impact of the pandemic on the work and lives of EU citizens. The fifth round of the Eurofound survey, which was implemented in spring 2022, also sheds light on a new uncertain reality caused by the war in Ukraine, record-high inflation and sharp rises in the cost of living. As a pilot survey, a shorter version of the questionnaire was fielded by the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 10 European Union (EU) neighbouring countries. This joint Eurofound-ETF factsheet presents a selection of results from the survey covering both the EU-27 and the 10 selected EU neighbouring countries.
The results reveal at least one clear commonality across respondents from all countries: serious concerns about the rising cost of living. At the same time, the results point to a large divergence in living and working conditions between respondents in the two groups of countries, but also show large differences within the EU itself and amongst the selected EU neighbouring countries.
6 July 2022
Fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey: Living in a new era of uncertainty
The fifth round of Eurofound's e-survey, fielded from 25 March to 2 May 2022, sheds light on the social and economic situation of people across Europe two years after COVID-19 was first detected on the European continent. It also explores the reality of living in a new era of uncertainty caused by the war in Ukraine, inflation, and rising energy prices.
The findings of the e-survey reveal the heavy toll of the pandemic, with respondents reporting lower trust in institutions than at the start of the pandemic, poorer mental well-being, a rise in the level of unmet healthcare needs and an increase in the number of households experiencing energy poverty.
30 March 2021
Wealth distribution and social mobility
This report explores the distribution of household wealth in the EU Member States and analyses the role of wealth in social mobility. Using data from three datasets (the Household Finance and Consumption Survey, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and the Luxembourg Wealth Study), it focuses on wealth per household member. Wealth composition is compared across social groups and countries, and the role of housing assets in wealth distribution and negative wealth is assessed. The findings show that parental background, including parental wealth, has an impact on educational and wealth mobility. In order to promote equality of opportunities in terms of access to education and housing, the impact of wealth inequalities, including differences in parental wealth, should be counterbalanced. The report also suggests that regularising wealth declaration in the EU could be a way of promoting social justice by minimising hidden wealth and combating tax evasion.
Raziskovalci agencije Eurofound zagotavljajo strokovno znanje in jih je mogoče kontaktirati za vprašanja ali poizvedbe medijev.
Sanna Nivakoski
Research officerSanna Nivakoski je raziskovalka v enoti za socialne politike pri Eurofoundu. Preden se je leta 2021 pridružila Eurofoundu, je delala kot podoktorska raziskovalka na Inštitutu za javno politiko Geary University College Dublin, Inštitutu za ekonomske in družbene raziskave v Dublinu ter Royal College of Surgeons na Irskem. Delala je na številnih raziskovalnih področjih v mikroekonomiji, vključno s pokojninskimi dohodki in premoženjem, pokojninskim varčevanjem, medgeneracijskimi transferji in finančnim vplivom vdovstva. Sanna je doktorirala iz ekonomije na Trinity College v Dublinu.
Eszter Sándor
Senior research managerEszter Sandor je višja vodja raziskav v enoti za socialne politike pri Eurofoundu. Ima strokovno znanje na področju metodologije anketiranja in statistične analize, sodelovala je pri pripravi in vodenju evropske raziskave o kakovosti življenja in nazadnje e-ankete o življenju, delu in covidu-19 ter je odgovorna za kakovost naborov podatkov. Njena raziskovalna področja so dobro počutje mladih in kakovost življenja v gospodinjstvih in družinah, vključno s subjektivnim počutjem, usklajevanjem poklicnega in zasebnega življenja ter življenjskimi pogoji. Pred tem je delala kot ekonomska svetovalka na Škotskem, kjer se je osredotočala na ocene gospodarskega učinka, vrednotenja in analize vhodnih in izhodnih rezultatov. Magistrirala je iz ekonomije in mednarodnih odnosov na Univerzi Corvinus v Budimpešti.
Hans Dubois
Senior research managerHans Dubois je višji vodja raziskav v enoti za socialne politike pri Eurofoundu. Njegove raziskovalne teme vključujejo stanovanja, prezadolženost, zdravstveno varstvo, dolgotrajno oskrbo, socialne ugodnosti, upokojitev in kakovost življenja na lokalnem območju. Preden se je pridružil Eurofoundu, je bil docent na Univerzi Kozminski (Varšava). Doktoriral je iz poslovne administracije in managementa na Univerzi Bocconi (Milano), potem ko je delal kot raziskovalec na Evropskem observatoriju za zdravstvene sisteme in politike (Madrid).
Ta razdelek omogoča dostop do vseh vsebin, ki so bile objavljene na to temo.
