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Employment status

Employment status refers to the contractual aspect of employment in terms of duration and number of working hours, incorporating economic risk, the autonomy and the authority which workers have in their jobs. The main categories are employee and self-employed. Employees are defined as someone who gets a salary from an employer or a temporary employment agency, with a distinction between employees with an unlimited or fixed-term contract. Self-employed persons can have employees. Across all workers a distinction can be made between those who work full-time and those who work part-time, either voluntarily or involuntarily.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation
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Workers on non-permanent contracts and workers with no formal contract are less satisfied with the functioning of democracy in their country, as are workers experiencing job insecurity. They are less...

1 september 2023
Corporate news

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (26)

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report investigates the social groups whose attachment to the labour market may be unstable and who are most likely to have non-standard working arrangements, and the implications of such arrangements, and job insecurity, for workers’ well-being, social exclusion, trust, perception of fairness

29 August 2023

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Syftet med denna rapport är att bedöma covid-19-krisens inledande effekter på sysselsättningen i Europa (fram till andra kvartalet 2020), inklusive dess konsekvenser för olika

11 March 2021

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Platform work emerged onto European labour markets about a decade ago. While still small in scale, it is growing and evolving into a variety of forms. Different types of platform work have significantly different effects on the employment and working conditions of the affiliated workers.

23 September 2019

Two-thirds of the EU labour force are in permanent, full-time employment; the remaining one-third has a non-standard employment status, meaning temporary or part-time employment or self-employment. Given the variety of employment statuses, it is worth asking whether working conditions differ across

22 November 2018

Annual review of working life 2017 is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway. The annual review collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s

22 October 2018

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Despite years of gender equality legislation, men outnumber women in management positions by two to one. While structural barriers continue to impede women’s career advancement, women themselves may be deterred from becoming managers if they perceive that it would have a negative impact on their

02 October 2018

Employment relations remain defined vis-à-vis the standard employment relationship (permanent, full-time, direct). Fixed-term contracts are therefore understood as non-standard employment contracts by which an employer hires an employee for a fixed duration. The main difference between permanent and

27 July 2017

Online resources results (152)

Self-employed satisfied overall with working conditions

The percentage of self-employed people in the Czech Republic (17.9%) is relatively high compared to the EU average of 15.5%. Beyond these Eurostat [1] figures, however, information on this category of workers is limited. [1] http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/about_eurostat

Positive views of current job and past career changes

An online survey in 2013 gathered information in the Czech Republic on professional career paths, aspirations and ‘career restarts’. The survey was carried out by marketing agency STEM/MARK [1]. The 500 questionnaires collected produced a research sample of 324 people all in employment, both

How trade unions help to protect workers’ rights

The work environment in Latvia has been examined in a survey, Work practices and people’s understanding of job security in Latvia (in Latvian, 1.62 MB PDF) [1], commissioned by the Free Trade Union Confederation of Latvia (LBAS [2]). It was carried out by leading independent sociological research

Health matters in hiring and retaining personnel

In common with the rest of Europe, the workforce in the Netherlands is ageing. The formal retirement age in the Netherlands recently increased from 65 to 67. Surveys based on the earlier retirement age showed that an increasing percentage of employees were willing to work until the official

Self-employed women shown to be less affected by crisis

In April 2013, the Spanish Self-Employed Federation (ATA [1]) published a report on the Spanish labour market focusing on the effects of the economic crisis on self-employment from a gender perspective. It compared the proportions of men and women registered as self-employed. [1] http://www.ata.es/

Trend of exit from labour market due to sense of despair

Spain’s General Workers’ Union (UGT [1]) has published a short report, The aggravation of the discouragement effect in the economy and society [2] (in Spanish, 596KB PDF), that shows there has been a reduction in the proportion of the population recorded as economically active in official statistics

Job security and stability are key factors sought by unemployed

The State Employment Agency (NVA [1]) in Latvia has released the results of its study Flexicurity in the Labour Market and The State Employment Agency’s Role in Implementing the Concept of Flexicurity in Latvia’s Labour Market (1.38MB PDF, in Latvian) [2]. [1] http://www.nva.gov.lv/ [2] http://www

Precarious work and young people

A new report, /Young people in precarious transitions: Work, everyday life and future/ examines the problems young people face when they move into the labour market in Portugal. One of its chapters, ‘Occupational structure, labour relations and precariousness’, analyses the difficulties experienced

Dynamics of unemployment and low-wage jobs – a longitudinal perspective

A longitudinal study, The structure and dynamics of unemployment, atypical employment and low-wage jobs’ (in German, 2.49 KB PDF) [1], was carried out by the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO [2]). It is based on the statistical analysis of social security data (provided by the Main

A fifth of employees satisfied with job and pay

In January 2011, market research company Spinter Tyrimai [1] carried out a public opinion survey in Lithuania. It was commissioned by online news portal Delfi [2] to examine job and pay satisfaction among Lithuanian people. The survey covered those in employment aged between 18 and 75. Using a


Blogs results (3)
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 februari 2021
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A debate has started in Italy about the support that the state should provide to undeclared workers operating in the informal economy during the COVID-19 crisis. Nunzia Catalfo, Italy’s Minister of Labour in April stated that ‘undeclared work should not exist’ but went on to acknowledge ‘it is a

11 maj 2020
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Up to the start of 2020, recent EU economic and labour market trends were often discussed in terms of the periods before and after the Great Recession. It now appears likely that, in the short- to medium-term, the repercussions of that economic crisis will be dwarfed by the unfolding impact of the

21 april 2020

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